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Topic: Roughness

	Roughness and Wind Shear
		In the wind industry one distinguishes between the roughness of the terrain, the influence from obstacles, and the influence from the terrain contours, which is also called the orography of the area.
		The proper definition of roughness classes and roughness lengths may be found in the Reference Manual.
		Roughness lengths may be found in the Reference Manual.
	www.windpower.org /en/tour/wres/shear.htm (635 words)

	Effect of Roughness ; on wall-bounded flows
		In fact, the higher the Reynolds number (Re), the more likely the effects of roughness are significant, since the size of the roughness elements becomes increasingly large compared to the near-surface viscous length appropriate for smooth-wall flows.
		Unfortunately the impact of surface roughness is not entirely understood, and a number of important fundamental questions have not yet received a satisfactory answer.
		This is consistent with the conclusions drawn from the statistical results, that roughness modifies the transport process in the wall-normal direction.
	www.umaine.edu /MechEng/Kiran/rough.html (464 words)

	Roughness
		The instrument to measuring hull roughness is The BSRA Roughness Gauge. The instrument measures the Average Hull Roughness (AHR), which is defined as the average of minimum 100 measurements of Mean Hull Roughness (MHR). MHR is the average of highest peak to lowest trough in 50 mm measuring length. MHR is comparable to “Average Rmax” or Rtm.
		Specimens A and B are replicas of the surface roughness of new or reconditioned propeller blades.
		Though roughness on the pressure side of the propeller will cause less increase in resistance compared to a similar roughness on the suction side, it is normally recommended to polish to the same grade on the two sides.
	www.phoenixmarine.ca /roughness.htm (924 words)

	Roughness Patent
		If the bandwidth in the interference pattern is equal to the period of the roughness, then the light reflected from a rough surface has maximum or minimum intensity.
		By changing bandwidth in interference pattern and synchronously measuring intensity of the light reflected from a rough surface, it is possible to obtain the information about bandwidth in the interference pattern when the signal has a maximum or minimum intensity.
		To obtain size of a roughness it is necessary to compare intensities of reflected light in specular direction 4a and in any additional direction 4b.
	www.instant-analysis.com /Patents/Roughness_Patent.htm (1144 words)

	Spectral and Roughness Analysis of Sound Signals - Auditory Roughness
		The term roughness describes an aural sensation and was introduced in the acoustics and psychoacoustics literature by Helmholtz (end of the nineteenth century) to label harsh, raspy, hoarse sounds.
		Roughness is one aspect of timbre and one of the perceptual manifestations of the energy content of amplitude fluctuation.
		Psycho-physiologically, the roughness sensation can be linked to the inability of the auditory frequency-analysis mechanism to resolve inputs whose frequency difference is smaller than the critical bandwidth and to the resulting instability or periodic "tickling" (Campbell and Greated 1994: 61) of the mechanical system (basilar membrane) that resonates in response to such inputs.
	musicalgorithms.ewu.edu /learnmore/MoreRoughness.html (868 words)

	Roughness Surveys
		Highway engineers are interested in road roughness as it is a good overall indicator of the quality of a pavement and influences road user satisfaction and vehicle operating costs.
		The roughness vehicle is driven over these sections and a regression equation is developed which relates the raw roughness to the IRI.
		The roughness is summed over the sampling interval and a single value is given, for example 120 counts/100 m.
	www.romdas.com /surveys/sur-rgh.htm (1834 words)

	surface roughness tester portable
		Surface roughness, for purposes of this forum, is the result of some machining process and its effect on the material surface in question.
		Ra is commonly defined as the arithmetic average roughness.
		Today, for the purpose of checking Ra values, the use of portable, hand held, surface roughness testers are not only economical, but are digital and easy to use.
	www.phase2plus.com /surface-roughness-tester.htm (181 words)

	NRL - Anatomy of the Ocean Surface Roughness (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Conventional View: Traditionally, the ocean surface roughness is equated to the meansquare slope of the ocean surface waves.
		This result is consistent with the surface roughness data collected by Cox and Munk (referred to as CM hereafter) in slick surface conditions.
		(a) The ocean surface roughness measured in clean and slick surface conditions (symbols) reported by Cox and Munk2 and the comparison with calculated mean-square slopes based on established wave spectral models (curves).1 (b)-(d) Breaking roughness calculated from the difference of the total roughness (clean water condition) and the mean-square slopes assuming three different cutoff wavenumbers.
	www.nrl.navy.mil /content.php?P=02REVIEW165 (397 words)

	Roughness Measurements - Advanced Surface Microscopy, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Roughness is equally important for other electronic materials, such as SiC (silicon carbide) and GaAs (gallium arsenide).
		For diffusers, controlled roughness is important to achieve the desired effect; part of the control relates to the roughness power spectrum, so that the diffuse scattering is isotropic and achromatic.
		In the paper industry, surface roughness and porosity are critical factors in determining whether a paper can sell for $1/sheet (photo quality inkjet paper), $0.005/sheet (multipurpose photocopier paper), or somewhere in the middle.
	www.asmicro.com /Applications/Roughness.htm (260 words)

	Evaluation of Pavement Roughness - Vehicle Response Methods (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Early vehicle response roughness equipment used at Canadian airfields typically consisted of a standard commercially available passenger automobile instrumented with a roughness measuring device of some type - possibly a Roadmeter which measured the relative displacement between the vehicle chassis and the wheel axle as the automobile was driven over the pavement surface.
		The questions remained: "How rough is the pavement surface?" and "What is an unacceptable level of roughness?" To answer these questions a panel of human raters would be assembled to rate the roughness of a series of pavement test sections for "Riding Comfort" on a scale of 1 (very rough) to 10 (extremely smooth).
		Roughness guidelines for use in establishing the need for corrective action to restore smoothness based on RCI roughness indices are given in the table below.
	www.tc.gc.ca /CivilAviation/International/Technical/Pavement/evaluation/smoothness/vehicle.htm (1227 words)

	Vegetation
		Thus, two roughness regimes exist at one point even when the trees are separated by a distance several times the height of the trees and the latter occupies only a small fraction of the surface area in a larger region consisting of trees and surrounding bare or grassy terrain.
		The obstacle height and a roughness are specified in the eighth and ninth slot in the data statement, immediately after the parameter omega, which is the precipitable water amount.
		If both roughness length and obstacle height are specified for the case of vegetation, but the partial vegetation mode is turned off, the model still calculates a dual roughness regime, although this option is a bit artificial.
	www.essc.psu.edu /~tnc/modelch2.html (3101 words)

	Roughness of a terrain
		The roughness of a particular surface area is determined by the size and distribution of the roughness elements it contains; for land surfaces these are typically vegetation, built-up areas and the soil surface.
		A description and illustration of four such roughness classes is given in the figures below which furthermore give the relation between roughness length and roughness class, the former being the commonly used length scale to characterise the roughness of a terrain.
		Example of terrain corresponding to roughness class 2: farm land with wind-breaks, the mean separation of which exceeds 1000 m, and some scattered built-up areas.
	www.risoe.dk /vea/projects/nimo/WAsPHelp/RoughnessofaTerrain.htm (295 words)

	CHAPTER IX. SURFACE ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENTS
		The estimated surface roughness parameters are 11.25 cm for correlation length and 1.23 cm for rms height.
		The roughness estimates for this surface are 1.23 cm for rms height, and 7.75 cm for correlation length, with the correlation function given in Figure IX-21.
		In addition to the surface roughness measurements, the laser profilometer was used to measure the raw data required to determine the ``aerodynamic roughness'' of the vegetation surface.
	hydrolab.arsusda.gov /washita92/datarpt/chap9.htm (2479 words)

	ROUGHNESS - Surface
		Roughness is a vegetational structural variable and is important in models because it is used to calculate wind effects on evapotranspiration, and controls the rate of transfer of moisture from vegetation to atmosphere.
		Roughness is generally derivable from vegetation structure and associated variables.
		Roughness needs to be estimated at the level of continuous data fields and point data sets.
	www.wmo.ch /web/gcos/terre/variable/roughn.html (191 words)

	AFM for Nano-Surface Texture/Roughness
		The atomic force microscope is ideal for quantitatively measuring the nanometer scale surface roughness and for visualizing the surface nano-texture on many types of material surfaces.
		After acquiring an AFM image it is possible to measure the 1-D surface roughness on a line in the horizontal or vertical direction in the image.
		Surface roughness calculations are similar to line roughness calculations but they include data in the x and y plane of the surface.
	www.pacificnanotech.com /nano-roughness_single.html (1025 words)

	Monitoring Tablet Surface Roughness During the Film Coating Process
		The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change of surface roughness and the development of the film during the film coating process using laser profilometer roughness measurements, SEM imaging, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis.
		The results clearly showed that the surface roughness of the tablets increased until the film coating covered the whole surface area of the tablets, corresponding to a coating time period of 15 to 30 minutes (from the beginning of the spraying phase).
		The aim of this study was to evaluate the change of surface roughness and the development of film coating during the film coating process using laser profilometer roughness measurements, SEM imaging, and EDX analysis.
	www.aapspharmscitech.org /view.asp?art=pt070231 (3196 words)

	Roughness profiles and tension/release patterns - Pantelis N. Vassilakis - 149th ASA/CAA meeting - 2005
		In addition, the strong link, within Western tradition, between roughness and annoyance, and the assumption that rough sounds should be avoided, limit the range of roughness variations explored, further reducing the contribution of auditory roughness contrasts to the organization and recognition of musical tension and release.
		Fitz, while the roughness calculation portion is based on a roughness estimation model introduced and tested in a previous study by the author.
		Auditory roughness appears to be just one of the cues guiding musical tension judgments, often overridden by tonal and temporal cues, as well as by expectations of tension/resolution raised by such cues.
	www.aip.org /149th/Vassilakis.html (1151 words)

	Runway Roughness Criteria (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The objective of this research project is to develop practical procedures for measuring and characterizing the roughness of runways and taxiways.
		An essential part of this effort is the definition of a profile index that characterizes the level of roughness encountered by aircraft using the airport pavements.
		Change in roughness due to the maintenance operations is quantified and discussed with respect to minimums.
	www.airporttech.tc.faa.gov /pavement/25rough.asp (454 words)

	SRA © 2007 - Spectral and Roughness Analysis of Sound Signals
		SRA is a web application that calculates the auditory roughness of sound signals, based on a roughness calculation model by Dr.
		Kelly Fitz and colleagues, and the spectral parameters are fed to the roughness calculation model.
		Configure the amplitudes of the spectral components to be used in the roughness calculation.
	musicalgorithms.ewu.edu /algorithms/Roughness.html (155 words)

	Profilometer for Surface Roughness Measurement from Ambios Technology
		Profilometer Surface Roughness and Finish Measurement, SPM and Interferometer Equipment
		Whether you are a researcher looking to measure: surface flatness, surface waviness, surface quality, surface topography, and/or surface characterization, the XP profilometer addresses surface finish metrology measurement for a variety of results achieved via surface scanning of substrates, surface texture management, surface imaging, and surface technology.
		Acting as a surface roughness gauge, tester and inspection system; our surface technology utilizes the highest level of industry parameters and standards.
	www.ambiostech.com (308 words)

	Unnecessary Roughness by Shin Yu Pai (Book) in Poetry
		A vicious socializing process is enacted in Unnecessary Roughness, as is a mindset that is as ruthlessly competitive as it is often awkwardly sexual.
		Shin Yu Pai's most recent work, Unnecessary Roughness (2005), is a visual and linguistic maze that explores the insular world of high school athletics with a violent curiosity.
		It is also a chapbook in the classic sense -- it is a unified work in which all the poems direct their gaze towards sports, our idealization of sports from the beginnings of youth, and our societal obsession with sports with an unyielding focus.
	www.lulu.com /content/103810 (1307 words)

	Appendix E: Measuring Pavement Roughness - HPMS Field Manual (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Roughness is defined in accordance with ASTM E867 as "The deviation of a surface from a true planar surface with characteristic dimensions that affect vehicle dynamics and ride quality." After a detailed study of various methodologies and road profiling statistics, the International Roughness Index (IRI) was chosen as the HPMS standard reference roughness index.
		Roughness data should be reported in IRI units for all sections in accordance with Table IV-1 in Chapter IV.
		Where roughness data are collected in both directions, the State should use the "inventory direction" selected in accordance with the discussion on page IV-2 of the HPMS Field Manual for reporting IRI data and should use this same direction for all future HPMS reporting.
	www.fhwa.dot.gov /ohim/hpmsmanl/appe.htm (2082 words)

	X-ray scattering from roughness on the Web
		These measurements are especially valuable for semiconductor multilayers where the roughness anysotropy, the skew roughness correlations between interfaces, and the distributions of atomic steps on vicinal interfaces can be investigated [13-18] (Fig.3).
		The vertical and horizontal correlation lengths of roughness are specified as common for the whole structure.
		The inheritance is the lower the shorter is the lateral size of roughness (Fig.2c).
	sergey.gmca.aps.anl.gov /TRDS_sl.html (2463 words)

	Online Etymology Dictionary
		horreur, from L. horror "bristling, roughness, rudeness, shaking, trembling," from horrere "to bristle with fear, shudder," from PIE base *ghers- "to bristle" (cf.
		O.E. smoð "free from roughness, not harsh," of unknown origin.
		A 1599 dictionary has smoothboots "a flatterer, a faire spoken man, a cunning tongued fellow." The usual O.E. form was smeðe, and there is a dial.
	www.etymonline.com /index.php?search=roughness (125 words)

	Thickness and Roughness
		Roughness of a paper surface is particularly important in paper and board destined to be printed.
		It is, for example, possible to compare the roughness, at the macro scale, of coated paper before and after calendering and measure no difference at all, when in fact a clear difference can be seen by eye and felt with a thumb.
		Macro roughness may well have a significant effect on end use properties but it is, perhaps, not really roughness at all.
	www.ppfrs.org.uk /ianson/paper_physics/Thickness_and_Roughness.html (2308 words)

	Defining Roughness
		Roughness values are determined for cross sections based on a set of material properties defined for the cross sections.
		Create a master set of materials (land use) types that define the possible choices to be found in the floodplain you are modeling.
		When WMS writes the SMPDBK input file, average roughness values are computed based on the conveyance for the elevation/top-width increment.
	www.ems-i.com /wmshelp/Hydraulic_Models/Simplified_DAMBRK/Defining_Roughness.htm (228 words)

	Schmitt- Online Support -Tech Overview,Effects of Surface Roughness (Site not responding. Last check: )
		While RMS or Ra roughness parameters have evolved as popular numbers to specify, detailed information about the surface is lost in the "averaged" nature of these numbers.
		In the case of reflective surfaces, surface roughness causes incident light to be scattered in directions other than the specular reflection direction (angle of reflection = angle of incidence), as shown in Figure 2.
		The final choice of methods depends on the type of data that is required, the speed with which the data must be acquired, the skill level or training time of the operator and the environment in which the measurements must be made.
	www.schmitt-ind.com /support-technical-papers-scatter.shtml (2851 words)

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