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Topic: Roughage

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	ANS 312 -- Applied Animal Nutrition Feedstuffs and Ration Formulation -- OSU Extended Campus - Oregon State University
		Roughages are the bulkier feeds in the ration; feedstuffs with less mass per unit volume.
		As roughages are high in fibrous carbohydrates and microbial enzymes are required for digestion of fibrous carbohydrates, utilization efficiency of roughages is dependent on the site and extent of microbial fermentation in the GI tract.
		Based on the relatively high utilization efficiency of roughages in the GI tract and roughages are a source of fibrous carbohydrates to maintain optimal functioning of the GI tract, generally, roughages are added to ruminant rations.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/dce/ans312/four/intro_rough_trans.htm (995 words)

	Stretching Your Horse’s Hay Supply During Drought
		The amount of feed should be adjusted based on the quality of the roughage, the addition of grain to the diet, the horse’s physiological state (e.g., growth, lactation, level of work), and the desired level of body condition (Table 1).
		Roughages, including hay and pasture, are the most important component of your horse’s diet.
		Roughages, by definition, are feeds that are high in fiber (minimum 18 percent crude fiber).
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/livestk/01625.html (947 words)

	High Grain Rations for Cattle
		When roughage is the main diet ingredient, the pH of the rumen ranges from 6.5 to 6.8, or just slightly acid.
		Roughages are made up of fiber, lignin, cellulose and other hard-to-digest carbohydrates.
		Therefore, when starting cattle on feed, that is, changing from a high roughage to a high grain ration, make ration changes gradually, usually over a three-week period.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/livestk/01614.html (1496 words)

	Roughage animal feed - Patent 4315025
		A roughage feed ration for beef cattle or lamb comprising roughage and captan in a weight-gaining-effective amount between 1 and 200 parts per million based on the weight of the roughage in the feed ration.
		I have found that with roughage feeds there is a surprisingly higher rate of weight gain and generally more efficient feed utilization at relatively low dosage of captan compared to prior art dosage levels of captan indicated as most desirable for feeding to ruminating animals, especially dosages indicated as most desirable for concentrate feeds.
		On the other hand, roughage feeds typically contain materials such as alfalfa hay, which has a high fiber or cellulosic content in the range of 50% to 60%, and of this only about 50% is usable by the animal for weight gain.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4315025.html (2403 words)

	Land and Livestock Post>Technology
		A horse must usually be fed roughage regularly to keep its digestive system functioning properly, to minimize vices such as wood chewing and to help meet some percentage of the horse’s daily nutrient requirements.
		Roughage that smells the least bit moldy or musty should always be avoided.
		The presence of dirt, dust and trash in roughage may indicate that it was harvested carelessly.
	www.landandlivestockpost.com /commentary/092301roughage.htm (640 words)

	Quality Forage for Maximum Production and Return
		Roughage is the term used to define a feed containing a large percentage of fiber.
		The decline in roughage intake for one unit of grain added varies from as low as 0.2 unit of roughage to 1.0 unit.
		The ideal roughages are those with smaller reductions in intake when grain is fed. Overall, legumes permit greater intake than grasses at the same digestibility of dry matter.
	www.ag.ndsu.edu /pubs/ansci/range/as1117w.htm (4039 words)

	MSU Veterinary Extension
		Most veterinarians and equine nutritionists would agree that the minimum amount of roughage required for a performance horse, two years of age or older, should be at least 1.0% of the bodyweight (BW) per day for a 1,000-lb horse.
		Roughage is the main source of fiber for horses.
		The average total amount of roughage (different kinds of hay) consumed was 64% of the ration, or approximately 22 pounds per day (equals 2.2% of BW per day).
	cvm.msu.edu /extension/docs/eq_Fiber.htm (785 words)

	horse nutrition basics - vitamins, water, fiber ,roughage
		However, it is highly recommended that all horses either have access to a pasture or be fed sufficient long roughage in the diet to minimize the digestive dysfunction often attributed to feeding large amounts of concentrates.
		A good rule of thumb is that horses should be fed at least 1 percent of their body weight per day of good-quality roughage or be given access to a pasture for sufficient time to allow them to consume at least 1 percent of body weight of dry matter per day.
		Once the roughage has been selected, the concentrates must be balanced for all nutrients so that the final ration will meet the total daily nutrient requirements of the animal in an amount of feed the animal will consume.
	home.att.net /~horsenutrition101/basics5.html (498 words)

	Long Fiber: Critical to good nutrition
		Goats are ruminants, and ruminants must have roughage in their diet to keep the rumen functioning properly.
		Roughage is defined as any feed ingredient that has a high concentration of fiber that breaks down slowly.
		In terms of processed feed, roughage is made up of materials such as cottonseed hulls, soybean hulls, oat hulls, rice hulls, and "forage products," which are defined on feed tags as high-fiber ingredients that include any type of hay, silage, or fresh forage.
	www.tennesseemeatgoats.com /articles2/longfiber06.html (1069 words)

	ADM Alliance Nutrition
		Roughage Buster is a supplement designed to provide crude protein, Alliance Nutrition¹s scientifically formulated base and trace minerals plus vitamins A, D, and E to cattle on pasture or high-roughage rations.
		Roughage Buster has been formulated to provide approximately 0.3 lb of protein per head per day at the mid-range consumption target.
		Roughage Buster is available in 33.3 lb block and 50 lb bag loose formulations manufactured with the patented OptiCor manufacturing process.
	www.admani.com /alliancebeef/RoughageBuster2.htm (768 words)

	Processing, preserving and using cassava leaf silage for Mong Cai sows in Central Vietnam
		Roughages were ad libitum urea-treated (4%) rice straw in the dry season with 6 kg/day natural grasses and in the wet season natural grasses ad libitum (Table 1).
		The data on two of the buffaloes slaughtered from each of the dietary treatments (Table 5) for the wet season study indicated that the carcass yield was not affected by diet, but that yiled oif lean meat and fat was higher on the diet with the higher level of concentrates.
		Season affected fattening performance of buffaloes because of the ready availability of grass in the wet season whereas urea-treated rice straw had to be used in the dry season with only a limited (6 kg) supply of grass. Growth rates were 360 and 570 g/day in the wet and dry seasons.
	www.mekarn.org /sarpro/sahn.htm (1012 words)

	The Importance of Roughage
		By nature ruminants have developed this complex digestive system, which allows them to consume and store roughages (fibrous feedstuffs) during the light of day when it's safe for them to graze and then regurgitate (chew a cud) and complete the digestive cycle at night.
		The most important thing club lambs gain from consuming adequate amounts of roughage is not vitamins or minerals, it is a thing called "scratch factor".
		Scratch factor is when the stems of roughage rub against (scratch) the walls of the rumen.
	lambinators.homestead.com /roughage.html (2079 words)

	[No title]
		This is often referred to as the protein-sparing effect of ammoniated roughages, and is likely due to the increase intake of digestible dry matter (DM) and added crude protein of ammoniated roughages which increases microbial protein synthesis in the rumen.
		Digestibility and Intake Roughage digestibility and intake are enhanced beyond the improvements seen when a protein supplement is used to correct a protein deficiency in untreated roughage (Table 1).
		Supplementing Ammoniated Roughages Because many low quality roughages contain extremely low protein (less than 5%), and because all of the added ammonia nitrogen from the ammoniation process is not available to the animal, additional natural protein supplementation may increase animal performance (Zorilla-Rios et al., 1991; Beck et al., 1992).
	countyext.okstate.edu /enidarea/Ammoniation.doc (2928 words)

	ADM Alliance Nutrition
		Roughage Buster Plus is a supplement in a cooked molasses tub form.
		Roughage Buster Plus is scientifically formulated by Alliance Nutrition™ and contains the base and trace mineral formulas researched by Alliance Nutrition to be most effective for forage digestion.
		Research has demonstrated that biuret is effective in increasing roughage digestibility, which results in improved body condition and reproductive performance.
	www.admani.com /alliancebeef/RoughageBusterPlus.htm (749 words)

	Extending Livestock Feed Supplies Section Four - Feeds and Feeding - Beef - Livestock - Manitoba Agriculture, Food and ...
		The problem of wintering and feeding dry cows, beef cows and bred heifers under conditions of limited roughage can be solved by using grains to replace a large proportion of the roughage.
		If poor quality roughage such as straw is used, include a protein supplement in the ration during the last two months of pregnancy and until the cows are on satisfactory pasture.
		When poorer quality roughages or straws are included in the ration, there is an advantage to grinding [1.3 cm (1/2 inch) screen or larger], both from consumption and utilization aspects as well as rates of gain.
	www.gov.mb.ca /agriculture/livestock/beef/baa05s16.html (2297 words)

	Apparatus and method for processing, creating and dispensing a roughage ration - Patent 6086001
		This improved machine is characterized by two independently hydraulically driven floor chains that are each capable of carrying a large bale (or bales) of roughage through a series of vertically aligned shredders at different rates of speed.
		This produces a blend of differing types of roughage consistent with the desired nutritional component considered most economical and efficient for the particular livestock being fed. The processed ration is dropped onto a conveyor chain and immediately delivered into feed bunks for livestock consumption.
		Thus, the percentage of roughage on floor chain 30L that has been processed by shredders 28 can be varied from the percentage of roughage on floor chain 30R that has been processed by shredders 28.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6086001.html (2042 words)

	Feeding the right hay mix...
		On one end of the spectrum is the late cutting alfalfa which is a low roughage hay that has high protein and digestibility.
		This hay provides only a roughage so when fed as the only source, the horse will loose weight even if it is fed free choice.
		The rule of thumb for the amount of roughage the horse must have each day is 2% of its body weight.
	members.tripod.com /horsedoc_org/hay_selection.htm (802 words)

	Welcome to KRAFFT
		When composing the ration, the analysis of the roughage should therefore always be the fundament.
		The problem is, that roughage may shift considerably with each delivery and during storage.
		They can be used as the basic sources of roughage or as complements securing the nutritional level.
	www.krafft.nu /uk/roughage.asp (305 words)

	By-product Roughage Feedstuffs for Dairy Cattle
		By-product roughages are almost always mixed with the concentrate portion of the ration in various amounts depending on other available sources of roughage.
		Peanut hulls are used primarily as a roughage extender during periods when cottonseed hulls and other sources of roughage are scarce or expensive.
		During extreme roughage shortages, ground rice hulls may substitute for 10 to 20% of the other roughages in the ration.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /DS069 (885 words)

	Eye Weekly - The art of noise - 07.05.01 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Since forming Roughage back in 1987, Asher has parlayed his cultish musical interests directly into a burgeoning documentary film career.
		Watching Roughage should be less like attending a concert and more like attending a ritual -- even an exorcism.
		If people just agree to open their minds and stick with it, they'll be taken to a part of their brain they probably don't visit very often.
	www.eye.net /eye/issue/issue_07.05.01/film/roughage.html (681 words)

	REVIEW: Dietary Roughage Concentration and Health of Newly Received Cattle Professional Animal Scientist - Find Articles
		Because the receiving period is crucial to the economic outcome of cattle feeding, the opposing strategies of starting cattle on higher vs. lower roughage diets continue to be debated in the cattle feeding industry.
		The rationale for starting cattle on a high roughage diet is based on the perceived advantage of decreasing mortality and morbidity, as these two aspects of cattle health can affect overall economics markedly.
		Obviously, a properly functioning immune system requires a supply of energy; hence, dietary energy concentration (typically modified by changing the roughage concentration in the diet) was recognized early on as one potentially important factor affecting the ability of beef cattle to respond to a BRD challenge.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4035/is_200510/ai_n15742772 (844 words)

	Scientists learn more about how roughage keeps you 'regular'
		The fact that consuming roughage increases mucus production was known, and years ago, Dr. McNeil discovered frequent cell injury and repair occur when we eat.
		On the cellular scale, roughage, such as grains and fibers that can't be completely digested, are a mechanical challenge for these cells," says Dr. McNeil.
		Toru Tanaka, a pharmacologist at the Josai University in Japan and an expert in mucus measurement, is a study co-author.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-08/mcog-slm082106.php (734 words)

	The degradability characteristics of fifty-four roughages and roughage neutral-detergent fibres as described by in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The degradability characteristics of fifty-four roughages and roughage neutral-detergent fibres as described by in vitro gas production and their relationship to voluntary feed intake.
		Fifty-four roughages of known voluntary dry-matter intakes (DMI; range 7.8-35.2 g/kg live weight per d) were examined in vitro in a gas production test.
		Samples (200 mg) of roughage and roughage neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) respectively were incubated in a mixed suspension of rumen contents for 96 h and the gas volumes recorded after 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54, 60 and 96 h.
	www.uni-hohenheim.de /i3ve/00068900/20298041.htm (361 words)

	Land and Livestock Post, a publication of The Bryan-College Station Eagle
		This month, I will discuss the mechanics of roughage digestion and provide specific feeding guidelines to minimize or alleviate gut disturbances and abnormal feeding behavior in horses.
		Roughages can be green growing pastures or hay.
		Roughage provides nutrients, a "scratch factor," to keep the gut lining healthy and stimuli to keep the gut muscular waves (peristalsis) moving ingesta through the tract from front to rear.
	www.landandlivestockpost.com /commentary/071905roughage.php (965 words)

	Oil-palm Fronds As A Roughage Feed Source For Ruminants In Malaysia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A trial of silage made from oil-palm fronds as a source of roughage for lactating dairy cows was also carried out (Table 6).
		The trials confirmed that oil-palm frond silage made of oil-palm fronds could be fed to lactating dairy cows as a roughage source without adverse effects on animal condition or milk flavor.
		By using oil-palm fronds as a roughage source for livestock, feeding, operational and management costs are tremendously reduced.
	www.agnet.org /library/article/eb420.html (2475 words)

	Research report
		In Experiment 1, one hundred crossbred heifers were fed to evaluate the effects of roughage source and particle size on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics.
		These results indicate that different roughages may be substituted at equal levels of NDF without adversely affecting intake or performance.
		These data, along with previous research indicate that physical form or particle size of roughages are most likely not an important consideration when formulating feedlot diets.
	www.ansi.okstate.edu /research/2004rr/07/07.htm (1122 words)

	Tend-R-Leen: The original no-roughage feeding program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The improved efficiency of feeding whole shelled corn outweighs the smaller amount of whole kernels that are not digested.
		Since rumen digestion is reduced, the animal is not required to consume roughage.
		Actually, if a small amount of roughage is fed, it is not utilized by the cattle.
	www.tendrleen.com /progwhy.htm (329 words)

	SWISS1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It was estimated that 130 million tonnes of total roughage are available in the RD. Sorghum and pearl millet residues together contributed 50% of the total roughage produced, while other crop residues accounted for 31%.
		That is, RD1 and RD2 were identified based on the relative contributions of sorghum and millet residues to total available roughage (determined from secondary data) and on the relative importance of sorghum and millet straw in animal’s diets (information taken from the results of the primary survey).
		In the 58 districts of RD2, the share of sorghum and millet residues in total available roughage is 49% and 5%, respectively.
	www.ilri.cgiar.org /InfoServ/Webpub/Fulldocs/Impact3/chapter3.htm (1905 words)

	DCT - Wheat for Roughage
		Please send your comments and sund suggestions to Dale Watson, Commercial Agriculture Beef and Livestock Specialist, University of Missouri Extension, 111 N. Mason, Carrollton, MO 64633, call 660-542-1792, or send messages by e-mail to: watsond@missouri.edu.
		The question regarding harvesting wheat for roughage instead of for grain has been discussed with a number of producers.
		Although many midwest producers do not produce wheat on a large scale, it is a very valuable cover crop for establishing new seeding.
	muextension.missouri.edu /agconnection/DCT/CT042700.html (477 words)

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