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Topic: Rouse History of Mathematics

	Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He was born at Auxerre in the Yonne département of France, the son of a tailor, and was educated by the Benedictines.
		He took a prominent part in his own district in promoting the revolution, and was rewarded by an appointment in 1795 in the Normal school, and subsequently by a chair in the Polytechnic school.
		After the British victories and the capitulation of the French under General Menou in 1801, Fourier returned to France, and was made prefect of Grenoble, and it was while there that he made his experiments on the propagation of heat.
	usapedia.com /j/jean-baptiste-joseph-fourier.html (491 words)

	The theory of equations (from mathematics, history of) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ever since Tartaglia and Ferrari in the 16th century had found rules giving the solutions of cubic and quartic equations in terms of the coefficients of the equations, formulas had unsuccessfully been sought for equations of the fifth and higher degrees.
		Because mathematics has served as a model for rational inquiry in the West and is used extensively in the sciences, foundational studies have far-reaching consequences for the reliability and extensibility of rational...
		Mathematics is often defined as the study of quantity, magnitude, and relations of numbers or symbols.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=66021 (811 words)

	Euler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Prize of 1727 went to Bouguer, an expert on mathematics relating to ships, but Euler's essay won him second place which was a fine achievement for the young graduate.
		Daniel Bernoulli held the senior chair in mathematics at the Academy but when he left St Petersburg to return to Basel in 1733 it was Euler who was appointed to this senior chair of mathematics.
		He gave a mathematics lesson to one of his grandchildren, did some calculations with chalk on two boards on the motion of balloons; then discussed with Lexell and Fuss the recently discovered planet Uranus.
	www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Mathematicians/Euler.html (4046 words)

	Station Information - Daniel Bernoulli
		Petersburg in 1724 as professor of mathematics, but did not like it there, and a temporary illness in 1733 gave him an excuse for leaving.
		His earliest mathematical work was the Exercitationes (Mathematical Exercises), published in 1724, which contains a solution of the differential equation proposed by Jacopo Riccati (the Riccati equation).
		Two years later he pointed out for the first time the frequent desirability of resolving a compound motion into motions of translation and motions of rotation.
	www.stationinformation.com /encyclopedia/d/da/daniel_bernoulli.html (440 words)

	Sources for the Math Symbols and Words Pages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Mathematical Dictionary and Cyclopedia of Mathematical Sciences comprising definitions of all the terms employed in mathematics -- an analysis of each branch, and of the whole, as forming a single science.
		The Fontana History of the Mathematical Sciences: The Rainbow of Mathematics, London: Harper-Collins, 1997.
		A History of the Mathematical Theories of Attraction and the Figure of the Earth: From the Time of Newton to that of Laplace.
	members.aol.com /jeff570/sources.html (1122 words)

	The Math Forum - Math Library - History/Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The development of comparatively simple mathematics (through the calculus, for example) is now well documented, principally as part of the study of the development of scientific ideas in distinct human cultures through the 18th century.
		The development of mathematics in the last couple of centuries is instead more frequently studied thematically - that is, the worldwide development of algebra, or statistics, say - or through the lives of individual mathematicians.
		Papers from a Mathematics graduate from The University Of Sussex at Brighton: Number Theory: GCD and Prime Factorisation; Molien's Theorem, Invariant Theory and Gregor Kemper; A History of Equality.
	mathforum.org /library/topics/history (3156 words)

	Newton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Isaac Newton was born in the manor house of Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire.
		According to de Moivre, Newton's interest in mathematics began in the autumn of 1663 when he bought an astrology book at a fair in Cambridge and found that he could not understand the mathematics in it.
		Other major works of mathematics which he studied around this time was the newly published major work by van Schooten Geometria a Renato Des Cartes which appeared in two volumes in 1659-1661.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Newton.html (3702 words)

	Center for Technology and Teacher Education: Content Areas: Mathematics
		The Geometry Center is a mathematics research and education center at the University of Minnesota.
		The History and Pedagogy of Mathematics Newsletter is the communication of the International Study Group on the Relations Between History and Pedagogy of Mathematics, an affiliate of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction.
		This virtual version of the exhibition displayed at the Museum of the History of Science in Oxford during 1995 is derived from the printed catalog that accompanied the exhibition and includes over 6000 words of text together with some 150 or so images illustrating a selection of the objects on display.
	www.teacherlink.org /content/math/relatedlinks/history.html (1599 words)

	Untitled Document
		One particularly interesting attribute of these "builders" of mathematical structure is how clear they were about what to prove.
		What is difficult to understand for the ordinary mathematics students is just how brilliant these people were and how tenaciously they attacted problems.
		History of Mathematics, 2 volumes, David E. Smith, Bover, New York, 1958.
	distance-ed.math.tamu.edu /Math629/content.htm (504 words)

	Lambert (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The mathematical sciences, in particular algebra and mechanics, provided me with clear and profound examples to confirm the rules I had learned.
		In fact it was Pringsheim in 1898 who first noted that Lambert's proof was absolutely correct and exceptional for its time, since the expansion of the tangent function was not only written down formally, but also proved to be a convergent continued fraction.
		In this latter topic, he gave a mathematical formulation of the law of mortality in 1772.
	www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /history/Mathematicians/Lambert.html (2205 words)

	History of Mathematics, Science, and Technology
		The Math Archives: History of Mathematics - University of Tennessee.
		The History of Mathematics - Trinity College, Dublin.
		The MacTutor History of Mathematics - The University of St. Andrews, Scotland.
	www.dcc.vccs.edu /lrc/historyweb/scitec.htm (672 words)

	Taylor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		We know something of the details of Taylor thoughts on various mathematical problems from letters he exchanged with Machin and Keill beginning in his undergraduate years.
		Taylor added to mathematics a new branch now called the "calculus of finite differences", invented integration by parts, and discovered the celebrated series known as Taylor's expansion.
		Taylor had a highly mathematical approach to the subject and made no concessions to artists who should have found the ideas of fundamental importance to them.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Taylor.html (1853 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The History of Mathematics archive, which is part of the Mathematical MacTutor system developed at the University of St Andrews (in Scotland).
		History of Mathematics maintained by David E. Joyce (Clark University, USA).
		The Hooke Museum of the History of Science at the University of Oxford.
	coyote.csusm.edu /DJBarskyWebs/330page.html (640 words)

	Relevant Web Sites
		This is a typical example of the cult of Galileo, who came to be a symbol to be venerated rather than an author to be studied and understood.
		History of Mathematics archive at the School of Mathematics, Trinity College, Dublin
		Mathematical papers and other material relating to certain mathematicians and philosophers, including Hamilton, Riemann, Berkeley, Boole, Cantor and Newton.
	www.csubak.edu /~rpeck/math450/sites.htm (171 words)

	mathematics, history of -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		More results on "mathematics, history of" when you join.
		Collection of resources on the idea that the psyche behind mathematics education is the same as that behind literature and aesthetics.
		The history of computers from the war inspired uses to the transistors in modern machines.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9109827 (848 words)

	AMU CHMA NEWSLETTER #3 (03/02/1989)
		It is for this reason that the Mathematical Research Institute IRMA at Abidjan (Ivory Coast), preoccupied with the need to keep alive the scientific dimension of the African soul, has started research on the social-cultural environment of the African, including his games.
		In this treatise,on the basis of philosophical or mathematical arguments the author justifies certain definitions of the 'Science of Arithmetics', like those that relate to the concepts of unity, number and base, definitions that he had given in his famous work on arithmetics Talkhis and that had been criticized by his contemporaries.
		This method that consists of a detailed study of the linguistic structure and the mathematical structure of the expressions, has produced evidence of the fact that the similarity or the difference between numeration systems is not always a function of the geographical distance nor of the inclusion in the same linguistic group or sub-group.
	www.math.buffalo.edu /mad/AMU/amu_chma_03.html (3337 words)

	History of Mathematics Resources on the Web
		Its goals are to "promote research into the history of mathematics and its use at all levels of mathematics education." Links include the Society's file of Abstracts of papers published in books and journals since 1992 and WWW Resources.
		Covers almost all aspects of the history of science, from antiquity to the early twentieth century -- particularly strong in their collection of scientific instruments, including early mathematical instruments -- currently has "virtual exhibitions" entitled The Measurers: A Flemish Image of Mathematics in the Sixteenth Century and The Geometry of War, 1500-1750.
		Mathematical history of the early Hewlett Packard calculators (page is not affiliated with the corporation).
	library.humboldt.edu /~chadwick/MathHistoryWebResources.html (1530 words)

	References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		W. Rouse Ball, A Short Account of the History of Mathematics, Dover 1960 (reprint of 1908 work), pp 522.
		John Fauvel and Jeremy Gray, eds., The History of Mathematics: A Reader, Macmillan Education in association with the Open University, London 1987, pp 628.
		Dirk J. Struik, A Concise History of Mathematics.
	www.math.utah.edu /~carlson/history/references.shtml (345 words)

	SYLLABUS: HISTORY 201L
		This session will discuss several approaches to the history of science in the West and China and the relevance of the history of science for Chinese intellectual history.
		Peter Reill, "The History of Science, the Enlightenment and the History of ëHistorical Scienceí in Germany," 214-31 (offprint).
		Roger Hart, "Proof, Propaganda, and Patronage: A Cultural History of the Dissemination of Western Studies in Seventeenth-Century China." UCLA Ph.D. dissertation in History, 1997.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /history/elman/classes/201L/f97 (1973 words)

	Eighteenth-Century Resources -- Science and Mathematics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Resources on the history of science are growing, but few focus specifically on the eighteenth century.
		History of Mathematics (University of St. Andrews) -- Extensive general site on the history of maths.
		History of Medicine Division, NLM -- Includes 60,000 images, some from the eighteenth century.
	www.c18.rutgers.edu /li/science.html (559 words)

	17th Century : History, Page 1, 17th Century, History,17th Century, Renaissance, 17th Century, History, ...
		Mathematicians of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries- Available here are accounts of the lives and works of seventeenth and eighteenth century mathematicians (and some other scientists), adapted from A Short Account of the History of Mathematics by W. Rouse Ball (4th Edition, 1908).
		History of England & Great Britain- A Guide to Resources & Research on the Web, from the Department of History, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs.
		History of the United Kingdom: Primary Documents, 1486 - 1688- A wonderful site from Richard Hacken of Brigham Young University, a must visit.
	www.17thcenturynet.net /17.british.history.page.1.html (900 words)

	BSHM: WWW Resources
		The site for the 4th International Laboratory for the History of Science, which was held during May/June 2001, and took place over three sessions: Brunelleschi's perspectival experiments and the historical development of drafting instruments; Masaccio's Trinity: looking again and again; and The theory and practice of vision in Leonardo and his followers.
		There is a separate education section covering abstracts of papers on the uses of history of mathematics in education, history of mathematics courses, and the history of mathematics education.
		Researchers in mathematics education, teachers, curriculum developers, mathematicians, and historians of mathematics are members of the group.
	www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk /bshm/resources.html (4468 words)

	Subject Reference: Mathematics
		This sit provides a detailed history of algebra and computing that provides many hypertext links to the people and places that were important in its development.
		The aims of the British Society for the History of Mathematics are to promote research into the history of mathematics and its use at all levels of mathematics education.
		Numerous links are given to mathematical tables for various subjects: general math, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus, and advanced topics such as fourier series and transforms.
	www.ferris.edu /library/Subject/math.html (1521 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Short Account of the History of Mathematics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A Concise History of Mathematics by Dirk Jan Struik
		The standard history treats hundreds of figures and schools instrumental in the development of mathematics—from the Phoenicians to such 19th-century giants as Grassman, Galois, Riemann.
		This is a classic history of mathematics and is surprisingly readable considering it was first published in 1912.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0486206300?v=glance (1011 words)

	PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway: Search/Browse Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This website produced by Dr David R Wilkins of the School of Mathematics, Trinity College, Dublin, is an account of the life and works of Jean-le-Rond D'Alembert (1717-1783) whose studies included inertia, fluids and physical astronomy.
		The website is adapted from 'A Short Account of the History of Mathematics' by W W Rouse Ball (4th Edition, 1908) and is a concise biography of the life of Jean-le-Rond D'Alembert.
		The biography was written by staff at Bellevue Community College (Washington, USA) as part of a collection of biographies of famous mathematicians and is condensed from 'Men of Mathematics' by E T Bell (1937, Simon and Schuster) and 'An Introduction to the History of Mathematics', 4th ed, by H Eves (1976, Holt, Rinehart and Winston).
	www.psigate.ac.uk /roads/cgi-bin/psibrowse.pl?limit=0&toplevel=policy&subject=509.2a (1355 words)

	The Journal of Professor Abraham Van Helsing And Short Account of the History of Mathematics by W. W. Rouse Ball, ISBN ...
		At last unearthed, the personal story of the greatest vampire hunter of all time is revealed in his own words.
		This is the classic resource on the history of math providing a deeper understanding of the subject and how it has impacted our culture, all in one essential volume.
		From the early Greek influences to the middle ages and the renaissance to the end of the 19th-century, trace the fascinating foundation of mathematics as it developed through the ages.
	janwyck.com /professor.htm (202 words)

	History of Mathematics, Biographies, Career Profiles
		History of Science (History of the sciences related to Astronomy, with many further links; from the same site as the preceding one)
		Mathematics Careers Bulletin Board of AMS and SIAM.
		Career profiles of people with mathematical training who know work in research or in the industry.
	www.ma.tum.de /web/hist (220 words)

	Descartes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		While in the school his health was poor and he was granted permission to remain in bed until 11 o'clock in the morning, a custom he maintained until the year of his death.
		This idea became the foundation for his way of thinking, and was to form the basis for all his works.
		In 1618 he started studying mathematics and mechanics under the Dutch scientist Isaac Beeckman, and began to seek a unified science of nature.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Descartes.html (1604 words)

	History of Mathematics Resources on the Web
		Its goals are to "promote research into the history of mathematics and its use at all levels of mathematics education." Has a link to the Society's file of brief abstracts of papers published in books and journals since 1991.
		Has several links to mathematics resources on the web, including some in the history of mathematics.
		A collection of links to resources on the history of mathematics, such as the Vatican Exhibit materials on ancient mathematics; Fermat's last theorem; a paper written by George Boole in 1848; etc. -- annotated version is especially useful because there are excellent summaries of what the sites contain.
	library.humboldt.edu /~chadwick/mathhist.html (632 words)

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