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Topic: Route of administration

Related Topics

Subcutaneous injection

Infusion pump

Intravenous

Intramuscular injection

Intravenous therapy

Enema

Food and Drug Administration

Injection

Endocarditis

Bowel

Septicaemia

Subcutaneous

Heroin

Diarrhea

Clyster

	Route of administration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The pharmacokinetic properties of a drug (that is, those related to processes of uptake, distribution, and elimination) are critically influenced by the route of administration.
		Enteral routes are generally the most convenient for the patient, as no punctures or sterile procedures are necessary.
		This is the most reliable route, as in acutely ill patients the absorption of substances from the tissues and from the digestive tract can often be unpredictable due to altered blood flow or bowel motility.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Route_of_administration (705 words)

	Administration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The word administration is from the Middle English administracioun, deriving from the French administration, which is itself derived from the Latin administratio: a compounding of ad ("to") and ministratio ("to give service").
		Administration is both an art and a science (if an inexact one), and arguably a craft, as administrators are judged ultimately by their performance.
		Administration pendente lite, where there is a dispute as to the person entitled to probate or a general grant of letters the court appoints an administrator till the question has been decided.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Administration (1575 words)

	Drg00301
		Administration to or in the interstices of a tissue.
		Administration of a drug within a portion of a tooth which is covered by enamel and which is separated from the roots by a slightly constricted region known as the neck.
		Administration to the outside of the dura mater of the spinal cord..
	www.fda.gov /cder/dsm/DRG/drg00301.htm (706 words)

	CORK Bibliography: Route of Administration
		Aims: Rectal administration of methadone may be an alternative to intravenous and oral dosing in cancer pain, but the bioavailability of the rectal route is not known.
		Administration via the intranasal route is well described for other drugs, but has only recently been evaluated in a clinical setting for diamorphine.
		Administration of iv nicotine caused a small suppression of ad libitum smoking behavior; denicotinized smoke produced a significantly larger reduction, showing that short-term satiation is more dependent on the presentation of smoke than delivery of nicotine per se.
	www.projectcork.org /bibliographies/data/Bibliography_RouteOfAdministration.html (14562 words)

	Untitled Document
		Intramuscular administration – When this route is used, the drug is injected into a muscle, most often the deltoid or vastus lateralis muscles.
		Intravenous administration – When this route is used, the drug is given directly into a vein where it immediately enters the systemic circulation.
		Transdermal administration When the transdermal route is used, the opioid is absorbed through the surface of the skin.
	www.rnceus.com /ages/routes.htm (1009 words)

	Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics
		However, the term enteral is commonly used to refer to any route of administration that involves absorption anywhere from the mouth to the rectum.
		Thus, sublingual administration is often categorized as an enteral route of administration.
		Whenever the route of administration is such that there is an organ of elimination between the administration site and the systemic circulation, there is the potential for a first-pass effect.
	www.uiowa.edu /~c046138/tut-route.htm (642 words)

	FHWA Route Log and Finder List (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Interstate routes in the 48 contiguous States and the District of Columbia are designated with a prefix "I" followed by a number (1 to 3 digits).
		For north-south routes, the lowest numbers begin in the west, while the lowest numbered east-west routes are in the south.
		The routes and route numbers shown are all routes on the Interstate System as of October 31, 2002.
	www.fhwa.dot.gov /reports/routefinder (2971 words)

	K/DOQI Update 2000
		A European study noted that when the route of administration in 15 patients was shifted from SC to IV (which differs from the protocol of most comparative studies), there was no difference in the mean thrice weekly dose of Epoetin or mean Hct during 6 months of therapy at each route of administration.
		The frequent administration of Epoetin appears to be more efficient, ie, administration of Epoetin on a two to three times per week basis appears to allow lower total weekly doses than administration once per week.
		IP administration must be done into a dry abdomen or one with a minimal amount of dialysate.
	www.kidney.org /professionals/kdoqi/guidelines_updates/doqiupan_iv.html (2942 words)

	[Changes in heroin administration route and frequency of human immunodeficiency virus infection]
		The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the way of drug administration in a series of DA individuals in the province of Cadiz, Spain, and the evolution of the frequency of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in these patients.
		The frequency of the use of the intravenous route throughout the semesters analyzed was I/89: 85.7%, II/89: 89.6%, I/90: 80%, II/90: 80.8%, I/91: 59.8%, II/91: 50%, I/92: 44.9%, II/92: 39%, I/93: 34.3% (p < 0.00001).
		The decrease in the use of the intravenous route and the reduction in anti HIV seropositivity demonstrated a correlation coefficient of 0.91 with a confidence interval from 0.62 to 0.98 (p < 0.05).
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1995/aug/M9580861.html (560 words)

	Optimizing analgesic response when pain is uncontrolled by oral opioids
		The choice of an alternative route is influenced by a consideration of the benefits, risks, effectiveness and costs for each individual patient; the choice is also limited by what drugs and delivery options are available in the country or care setting.
		A/ Yes, oral administration of opioids is not always possible because of side effects related to central nervous system toxicity such as drowsiness, cognitive impairment, hallucinations, myoclonic jerks that affect a small proportion of patients.
		By contrast, when changing the route of administration and not the drug, the dose of the drug must be adjusted, particularly if the opioid undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism.
	www.whocancerpain.wisc.edu /eng/16_1-2/optimizing.html (1929 words)

	Route of Administration for Epoetin Therapy: Are There Differences in Cardiovascular-Related Outcomes and Mortality?
		The route of epoetin administration has important implications in terms of the dose, frequency of administration, costs, and, potentially, outcomes.
		In a 1993 controlled European multicenter study, administration of SC epoetin did not result in increased hypertension or cardiovascular disease as a cause of death among the study population.
		The choice of epoetin route of administration is a complex issue involving consideration of patient clinical and facility characteristics.
	www.mtppi.org /rhe_cv.asp (395 words)

	AOD Thesaurus Annotated Hierarchy: biomedicine EF EG16.2
		The major distinction between routes of administration is not the site where a substance is introduced or applied to the body, or even the way it is introduced or applied, but whether it takes effect merely in the local area where it is applied or whether it reaches its destination through systemic circulation.
		The administration of a substance to the mucosa of the tongue and under the tongue.
		With rectal administration that is not purely topical, some proportion of the drug may be absorbed directly through the rectal mucosa and not be subject to first pass through the liver, whereas another portion may pass into the intestine and be absorbed from there.
	etoh.niaaa.nih.gov /AODVol1/aodhnef.htm (1645 words)

	Injections of Koi
		One group of experts feel that intramuscular injection is not only the preferred route of administration but rather the only route of administration that should be attempted for a variety of reasons.
		Some also feel that the uptake of the injected solution is just as efficacious with the IM route of administration, and it is easier to teach this technique without most of the risks involved in IP injections.
		First, with the IP route of administration, it is obvious that an increased chance exists of perforating an organ because in an IM injection the needle is penetrating only muscle tissue and is removed from close proximity to the organs.
	www.akca.org /library/inject.htm (864 words)

	Characteristics of Primary Heroin Injection and Inhalation Admissions: 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The most common route of administration among primary heroin admissions was injection (62 percent), followed by inhalation (33 percent), smoking (2 percent), oral (2 percent), and other (1 percent).
		There were no substantial differences between the sexes in the preferred route of administration; males comprised 67 percent of inhalation admissions and 69 percent of injection admissions.
		Routes of administration for primary heroin admissions differed by source of referral to treatment.
	oas.samhsa.gov /2k4/heroin/heroin.htm (1468 words)

	Nanotech News - Route of Administration Affects Tumor Uptake of Nanoparticle Anticancer Drug Formulation
		In particular, stomach and brain levels of the nanoparticle were significantly higher than free drug after intraperitoneal injection, suggesting that this route of administration might be useful for delivering drug-loaded nanoparticles to brain tumors — etoposide is currently used to treat brain and stomach cancer.
		All routes of administration produced higher levels of tumor uptake of nanoparticle-encapsulated drug compared to free drug, but the most pronounced effect was seen by tumors growing close to the site of subcutaneous administration.
		This work appeared in a paper titled, “Influence of administration route on tumor uptake and biodistribution of etoposide loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in Dalton’s lymphoma tumor bearing mice.” Investigators from the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences in Delhi, India, participated in this study.
	nano.cancer.gov /news_center/nanotech_news_2005-06-27d.asp (429 words)

	Pharmacy Times: Effective Route of Vancomycin Administration
		Because of the relatively high cost of vancomycin, it is important that the medication is utilized only when necessary and with the correct route of administration.
		It is very important for a pharmacist to correctly advise a physician about the proper route of administration of an antibiotic.
		Likewise, intravenous (IV) administration of vancomycin is not indicated for the treatment of Pseudomonas colitis caused by Clostridium difficile, due to the low concentrations achieved in the colon, which are not enough to show an infection-killing effect.
	www.pharmacytimes.com /article.cfm?ID=1319 (340 words)

	Module 2: Pain Management: Overview of Management Options (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Intravenous administration is indicated for postoperative pain relief or other circumstances when GI absorption is restricted, patients cannot swallow, or rapid (or closely tailored) effects are desirable.
		The benefits and risks of the various administration routes are listed in the Table, Benefits/Risks of Various Routes of Administration.
		Intramuscular administration is not generally recommended due to its multiple disadvantages: painful administration, unpredictable absorption, complications involving tissue fibrosis and abscesses, and rapid declines in analgesic effect.
	www.ama-cmeonline.com /pain_mgmt/module02/04pharm/09_01.htm (294 words)

	WSAVA 2001 - Perioperative Use of Opioids in Dogs and Cats
		The route of administration can also affect the efficacy of analgesia provided by the opioids.
		These effects are variable between agents, dosage, route of administration, and severity of pain present at the time of administration.
		Parenteral administration of potent opioids is more likely to result in the aforementioned side effects.
	www.vin.com /VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00009.htm (912 words)

	Multiple Indicator Analysis - SECTION IV. DATA NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND DRUG USE BEHAVIORS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Route of drug administration has a profound influence on the development of drug dependence (Strang et al.
		The TEDS data show that the proportion of admissions for heroin injection declined from 74 percent in 1993 to 67 percent in 1998, while that for inhalation of the drug increased from 23 to 28 percent (SAMHSA 2000c).
		Some differences in groups who smoke cocaine and use the drug by other routes of administration are apparent in the 1998 TEDS data.
	csat.samhsa.gov /MIA/section4.htm (1528 words)

	Routes of Opioid Administration
		As mentioned in the section on pain strategy, having considered specific side effects to be avoid and "two-fers," the route of therapy is usually a key consideration in choosing a particular agent.
		Generally, the oral route is the preferred route of administration.
		The transdermal route is useful when the enteral route cannot be used.
	www.mywhatever.com /cifwriter/library/70/4928.html (780 words)

	Accepted Medical Use of Medical Cannabis: Route of Administration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Progress has been made in recent years in reducing the disadvantages of certain routes of cannabis administration, notably the slow onset of action with oral use and harm associated with the inhalation of combustion products when smoking cannabis.
		Preliminary studies using rectal, sublingual and transdermal routes indicate that these alternatives to the two most common forms of ingestion may be utilized medicinally in the future, further reducing the possible risks associated with the administration of cannabis or single cannabinoids" (Grotenhermen 2001).
		One must recall that harms caused by a certain route of administration, particularly smoking, are not caused by the pharmacologically active constituents of marijuana itsself.
	www.drugscience.org /amu/amu_administration.htm (755 words)

	Heroin Update: Effects of Administration Examined
		By either route, heroin was detected in the subjects' blood within 1 to 2 minutes of administration.
		By either route, low and moderate doses of heroin produced miosis within 5 to 15 minutes; for high doses, smoking and injecting both caused miosis within 2 minutes.
		According to a report by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, the purity of an ounce of heroin purchased on the street rose from 34 percent in 1990 to 66 percent in 1993.
	www.nida.nih.gov /NIDA_Notes/NNVol10N4/HeroinUpdate.html (1001 words)

	Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Inadequate Immune Response Among Public Safety Workers Receiving Intradermal ...
		Nonresponders were vaccinated with one additional dose by the ID route; if adequate antibody titers did not develop, an additional dose by the same route was administered.
		Because of the generally poor immune response to ID vaccination and the demographic composition of public safety workers (e.g., some groups may consist predominantly of men, many of whom may be greater than 40 years of age), ID vaccination for public safety workers is not recommended.
		Because ID administration of hepatitis B vaccine induces a poor immune response, especially in older men, any potential savings in costs resulting from ID administration of the recommended vaccine dose will likely be negated by the costs of required postvaccination testing and additional vaccination of nonresponders.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00015006.htm (1605 words)

	CTD, Inc, Cyclodextrin Resource: - Route of Administration
		Cyclodextrins are able to be used via every route of administration possible.
		The main causes of toxicity caused by Cyclodextrins are related to effects on sensitive cell membranes and bulk effects (such as precipitation).
		There are general rules about the suitability of certain Cyclodextrins for various routes of administration that early tox/safety studies have established.
	www.cyclodex.com /about.asp?page_id=5&n=5 (360 words)

	Effect of route administration and liposome entrapment on the metabolism and disposition of adriamycin in the rat -- ...
		Effect of route administration and liposome entrapment on the metabolism and disposition of adriamycin in the rat -- Parker et al.
		Articles by Parker, R. Articles by Sieber, S. Effect of route administration and liposome entrapment on the metabolism and disposition of adriamycin in the rat
		Irrespective of the route of administration, tissue distribution of Adr was
	dmd.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/10/5/499 (371 words)

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