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	Richard A. Bartle: Early MUD History
		Roy was mainly interested in the programming side of things, rather than the design of rooms, puzzles and so on.
		Roy's reasons for writing MUD were twofold: to make a multi-player adventure game; to write an interpreter for a database definition language.
		This was partly because Roy didn't know the kind of things that would be needed from a game-design perspective, and partly because the multi-user aspect came to dominate the project.
	www.mud.co.uk /richard/mudhist.htm (1153 words)

	Smart Computing Encyclopedia Entry - Trubshaw, Roy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Roy Trubshaw wrote the first prototype MUD (multi-user dungeon or multi-user dimension) program in the autumn of 1978 while a third-year undergraduate student at the University of Essex.
		Trubshaw had always been more interested in programming while Bartle had the flair for writing content, and the final program respectively reflected these contributions.
		Trubshaw is the company’s technical director, directing operations like project management, networking, and database implementation.
	www.smartcomputing.com /editorial/dictionary/detail.asp?guid=&searchtype=1&DicID=18856&RefType=Encyclopedia (299 words)

	GameSpy.com - Article: The History of MUDS
		Roy Trubshaw: The database format contained all the basic ideas to be found in Advent, extended ADVENT, and some of the ideas from D&D. The interpreter at this point allowed users to inhabit the same dungeon see each other and talk to one another.
		Roy Trubshaw: No. Online gaming wasn't even an option, the IBM PC was two years in the future, the Internet was still a mixture of EPSS and the Arpanet and was largely the preserve of the Military and Academia.
		When Roy Trubshaw left, he handed Richard Bartle some 25% of the original code, which had been rewritten in BCPL for flexibility reasons (Assembler language is fast, but is not practical to add on and modify an Assembler program).
	archive.gamespy.com /articles/january01/muds1/index6.shtm (488 words)

	Part One: The Play’s the Thing
		The first mud we recognize as such came about in the late 1970’s, developed in England by a couple of students at Essex university, Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle.
		The very first MUD was written by Roy Trubshaw in MACRO-10 (the machine code for DECsystem-10's).
		Roy rewrote it almost immediately, and the next version, also in MACRO-10, was much more sophisticated.
	www.raphkoster.com /gaming/book/3a.shtml (731 words)

	GameSpy.com - Gaming's Homepage
		Trubshaw had contributed about 25% of what would eventually be considered the first "Multi-User Dungeon" (MUD), although Bartle admits it was "the most crucial bit" in another GameSpy Interview.
		Trubshaw and Bartle's multiplayer game was now massively multiplayer, accessable around the world...
		Trubshaw and Bartle grew tired of exiting the game everytime they wanted to make a change, or of having to equip themselves for battle everytime they wanted to test out a part of the game.
	archive.gamespy.com /articles/july03/25smartest/index8.shtml (981 words)

	MUD's of the Past to MMORPG's of the Future (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A man by the name of Roy Trubshaw was the first to conceive the idea of making this program.
		Roy designed this system while he was at Essex University in England.
		After it was deemed as not yet playable, Roy and some others, most notably Richard Bartle, helped to create a game that was playable in the spring of 1979.
	www.rit.edu /~atb1927/imm/project1/history.html (238 words)

	History of the Internet - By Robin Hamman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Bartle writes that when Roy Trubshaw left him in charge, "there was no objective for players, and only primitive communication.
		Trubshaw and Bartle's MUD was initially used only by students at Essex since the DEC 10 at Essex was not connected to any network, but it wasn't long before things changed.
		Trubshaw and Bartle licensed the programme of the original MUD at Essex to the online service CompuServe where it continues to run under the name British Legends.
	www.socio.demon.co.uk /history.html (2180 words)

	MUD History - Summary, Richard Bartle, MUD1, Zork, Adventure, D&D, AberMUD, LPMUD, MOO, Multi-User Dungeon
		The first Multi-User Dungeon was usually just called MUD, and was written in 1978 by Roy Trubshaw, a student at Essex University in England, originally in the MACRO-10 language for a DECsystem-10 computer.
		Trubshaw converted MUD to BCPL, and then handed over development to Richard Bartle, also a student at Essex University in England (see Early MUD History and Interactive Multi-User Computer Games).
		Bartle and Trubshaw have continued to be involved in MUD's and gaming, and are currently Directors of MUSE.
	www.livinginternet.com /d/di_major.htm (950 words)

	Destination: Morrowind
		In the spring of 70 the first MUD was created, by a man named Roy Trubshaw.
		Back then they worked on a DEC-10, and had a max of 50kbs of memory, which isn't much even for a text based system, and the MUD was done in assembly, so it was extremely hard to manage.
		Roy decided that he couldn't keep up with this system so decided to change over to and code in BCPL, and this became the first MUD with external connections, although it was the 3rd version of the original.
	morrowind.ttlg.com /features/mith.shtml (689 words)

	Roy Trubshaw: ZoomInfo Business People Information
		MUDs (text based fantasy based chat groups) were the first indication, (Roy Trubshaw, Essex University, 1979), of the unique affordances of computer-mediated interaction between people.
		Roy Trubshaw was a young computer science student at Essex University who had a love of programming and a love of Dungeons and Dragons (D&D).
		The popularity of these gaming forms fed directly into the development of the first MUD (with Trubshaw and Bartle) and was also a powerful force in early computer programming subcultures.
	www.zoominfo.com /people/trubshaw_roy_41388982.aspx (319 words)

	Richard A. Bartle: it's a mugs game
		Trubshaw had discovered the original single-user adventure game written by Crowther and Woods to run on a DEC mainframe.
		But Trubshaw wasn't happy with Adventure - as far as he was concerned there were two things wrong with it.
		So Trubshaw made a few changes to the structure of the program - and introduced a facility for several people to play at once - meeting and interacting within the game.
	www.mud.co.uk /richard/ccegw90.htm (1764 words)

	Mappa.Mundi Magazine - Map of the Month - Mapping MUDs
		The first MUD was created by two students, Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw, at the University of Essex, UK, at the end of the 1970s.
		Trubshaw and Bartle created what was perhaps the first multi-user, virtual reality space that was publicly available on the Net and they are still actively involved in MUD development with their company MUSE.
		Of course the ideas that laid behind Trubshaw and Bartle's first MUD had a much longer genealogy, owing a great deal to classic dungeon and dragons computer games Zork and Adventure of the mid 1970s, which in turn drew inspiration from the Dungeons and Dragons role-playing board game.
	mappa.mundi.net /maps/maps_005 (1230 words)

	History
		MUD was originally conceived in 1978 as a test for a shared memory system under development by Roy Trubshaw at Essex University, England.
		Its first version was not yet a playable game; later additions and rewrites by Trubshaw and others, including Richard Bartle, resulted in playable versions as early as 1979.
		The core 25% of this version was the work of Trubshaw, with Bartle adding the rest incrementally over a period of three years.
	www.mud2.com /history.htm (501 words)

	GameSpy.com - Article: The History of MUDS
		In part two of our MUD feature, we speak with Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle, MUDs founding fathers.
		Roy Trubshaw, then a student, started writing on the university's DEC-10 minicomputer in MACRO-10 -- the Assembler language for the DEC PDP series of 36-bit minicomputers.
		Roy Trubshaw: There were several crucial things which all came together to allow the first MUD to be written.
	www.gamespy.com /articles/january01/muds1/index4.shtm (604 words)

	www.Gamer-Girl.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		With Roy Trubshaw, Bartle designed and created the first online interactive world in 1978, called MUD.
		I gave them an argument for giving it only to Roy, an argument for giving it to both of us, and an argument for giving it only to me. They went with the latter.
		I assume this is because Roy hasn't done anything in the games world since MUD1 but I've stayed with it the whole time, written books, papers, etc.
	www.gamer-girl.org /features/bartleint.html (1500 words)

	MUD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The name was chosen partly as a tribute to the DUNGEN variant of Zork, which Trubshaw had greatly enjoyed playing.
		Trubshaw converted MUD to BCPL, and then handed over development to
		Essentially, the idea is the same, and the level of interactivity probably has increased only marginally, if at all.
	stage.itp.nyu.edu /history/timeline/MUD.html (148 words)

	Early MUD History
		MUD (Multi-User Dungeon) was created and written by Roy Trubshaw at Essex University in Britain.
		The point of the game was to gain points until you achieved the rank of wizard, at which point you became a wizard and gained certain powers over mortals.
		The game gained some popularity in Britain when a guest account was set up that allowed users on JANET (the British academic network) to play during the small hours of the morning each day.
	www.ludd.luth.se /mud/aber/mud-history.html (3030 words)

	MUD Timeline
		Roy Trubshaw, a student at Essex University, writes the very first MUD on the university's DEC-10 mainframe, in MACRO10 assembly language.
		Roy graduates from Essex University, and Richard takes full control of the game, fleshing out the database and adding additional commands.
		Richard Bartle leaves his position as lecturer at Essex University, and together with Roy Trubshaw and Simon Dally, forms MUSE Ltd to produce and market the next generation of multi-user games.
	www.iol.ie /~ecarroll/mud/timeline.html (455 words)

	MIST (game) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Running at the University of Essex England between the hours of 2am and 8am and at weekends, and free to use, it attained immense popularity among a dedicated user base.
		It was based upon the MUD1 code by Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw, and ran until the machine that hosted it, a DEC-10, was superseded.
		It was notable for its "dog eat dog" and "anything goes so long as some more powerful character doesn't decide otherwise" philosophy, so to speak.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/MIST_(game) (190 words)

	Interview with Richard Bartle - June 1996
		AX: Most people know that the original MUD was developed by Roy Trubshaw and yourself at Essex University, during 1979-80.
		Roy and I first met when I went to sign up for Essex University's Computer Society ("CompSoc" -- not to be confused with "ComSoc," the Communist Society).
		This was within days of my arrival at Essex, although he was just another face at the time.
	www.mud2.com /ivw9606.htm (2312 words)

	INFORMATION ON THE FIRST MUD DEVELOPMENT
		The very first MUD was written by Roy Trubshaw in MACRO-10 (the
		Roy's reasons for writing MUD were twofold: to make a multi-player
		Zork, but neither I nor Roy were aware of it at the time.
	www.ourplace.org /firstmud.shtml (2850 words)

	The Dot Eaters - Player4 Stage2 - Classic Video Game History
		In 1979 at Essex University in England, Roy Trubshaw writes the very first MUD (Multi-User Dungeon), created on that pantheon of computer game platforms, the DEC-10.
		It is a text-based multi-user world into which people can login and have limited interaction with an item database and use a rudimentary chat system.
		When Trubshaw leaves Essex, development of the program falls to Richard Bartle, who refines the gameplay on top of the MUDDL (MUD Definition Language) architecture created by his colleague.
	www.emuunlim.com /doteaters/play4sta2.htm (1894 words)

	MUD1 History
		The version you see here is a straightforward port of the original MUD code base (1985 version) to the Windows NT/2000 Server platform.
		The author of this port is Viktor Toth (also known as MrSpock the wizard to players of British Legends, or Viktor the arch-wizard at MUD2.COM.) The original code remains the copyrighted property of Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle, and is used with permission.
		MUD1 © 1980-2005 Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle
	www.british-legends.com /history.htm (176 words)

	MUDSpeke: version
		It was conceived and written by Roy Trubshaw, with helpful programming suggestions by Keith Rautenbach and others, and encouragement/praise from Nigel Roberts and Richard Bartle.
		The heart of version 3A was Trubshaw's, amounting to perhaps 25% of the code (the hardest 25%!); the rest was added incrementally by Bartle over the next 3 years.
		interpreter made it to 4B, with Trubshaw coding the FE and the inter-process communication.
	www.iol.ie /~ecarroll/mud/ms/version.html (429 words)

	Introduction: The State of Play
		I was playing a version of MUD, the Multi-User Dungeon which had been developed by Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw at the University of Essex in 1979.
		MUD was a complex variant of a common style of computer game known as the "adventure game", in which players would participate in a fictional world, moving through and acting in a textual virtual environment recorded in a software database.
		Bartle and Trubshaw's original MUD proved exceptionally popular, attracting players from all over the world.
	www.ics.uci.edu /~jpd/publications/mud-intro.html (2726 words)

	jargon, node: MUD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The acronym MUD is often lowercased and/or verbed; thus, one may speak of `going mudding', etc.
		Historically, MUDs (and their more recent progeny with names of MU- form) derive from a hack by Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw on the University of Essex's DEC-10 in the early 1980s; descendants of that game still exist today and are sometimes generically called BartleMUDs.
		There is a widespread myth (repeated, unfortunately, by earlier versions of this lexicon) that the name MUD was trademarked to the commercial MUD run by Bartle on British Telecom (the motto: "You haven't lived 'til you've died on MUD!"); however, this is false -- Richard Bartle explicitly placed `MUD' in the public domain in 1985.
	www.jargon.net /jargonfile/m/MUD.html (450 words)

	Wired News: Games Started Off Without a Bang (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Even though people have always paid attention to the loud and flamboyant games, some of the industry's greatest innovations have evolved from much humbler, quieter environs.
		Text-based games, which were played on computers, got their start in the late '70s when Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw introduced Multi-User Dungeon (MUD).
		The game was so popular that other players began upgrading the game, changing it to match their own tastes.
	www.wired.com /news/games/0,2101,53765,00.html (698 words)

	MUD - CompWisdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		There are a number of variations on the MUD, including MOOs, MUCKs, and MUSHes, each associated with a server program of that name and varied mainly by the programming language used and the capabilities offered.
		Regardless of what it stands for, a MUD is an online environment where multiple users are logged on and interacting with one and other.
		The state of the art in MUD design is still moving very rapidly, with new simulation designs appearing (seemingly) every month.
	www.compwisdom.com /topics/MUD (2368 words)

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