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Topic: Royal coronations in Poland

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	Cracow \| Guide \| Krakow Wawel \| Royal Castle
		The royal castle has had a decidedly bumpy history, knowing periods of both great splendour and great humiliation.
		However, the mythic Szczerbiec Sword, which was used during coronations from the 13th century onwards, is still to be found.
		Partially reconstructed after its rediscovery a hundred years ago, it is the best preserved pre-Romanesque church in Poland - a treasure from the dawn of Christianity in Poland, which came a full millennium ago.
	www.cracow-life.com /poland/krakow-royal-castle (799 words)

	Poland : Introduction \| Frommers.com
		Poland's stereotyped reputation has often been that of a state of chubby cabbage-eating peasant farmers who play the tuba and do a funny three-step dance called the Polka and drink a lot of beer.
		It was Poland's late 20th century move to re-legalize trade union Solidarity and an agreement to hold partially free parliamentary elections that started the shock waves that began the dramatic 1989 domino-like collapse of Eastern European governments that transformed the Soviet Union and shifted the balance of power throughout the world.
		One of Poland's oldest cities and home of its oldest university, Kraków is full of both buildings and customs that date from the 13th and 14th centuries and numerous stories and tales that color the city.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/poland/3537010001.html (845 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Coronation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A coronation is a ceremony marking the investment of a monarch with regal power through, amongst other symbolic acts, the placement of a crown upon his or her head.
		The coronation of Empress Farah, of Iran in 1967.
		A coronation following the Byzantine formula was instigated with the coronation of King Clovis of the Franks at Rheims (497), in which a dove was made to descend with an ampule of oil, with which the king was anointed.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Coronation (1171 words)

	Coronation - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The coronation of Empress Farah, of Iran in 1968.
		A coronation is a ceremony in which a monarch is adorned with a coronation crown as a symbol of monarchy.
		Formerly, in many kingdoms, the coronation was a highly solemn ceremony in which anointing with holy oil, followed by ratification as the proper occupant of the throne, were important parts.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Coronation (991 words)

	Mr & Mrs John Poland
		Poland was also made the recipient of a gift in recognition of her long and weary vigils while her husband was at sea on lifeboat duty, and tributes were made to the many humanitarian services rendered to the lifeboat cause over such a long period by the principal guest of honour.
		Poland had been connected with the lifeboat nearly all his life, while he had been an officer for the ten and three-quarter years, and he had never once shirked his duty, in summer or winter, in fair weather or foul.
		Poland was 12 years of age when she first took on the duties of bell ringer, succeeding her father, the late Mr.
	www.old-kirkcudbright.net /books/papers/hubby.htm (1358 words)

	Wikipedia: Warsaw
		Warsaw remained the capital of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1795, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, to become the capital of the Province New East Prussia.
		On 17th September, eastern Poland was invaded by the USSR.
		Western Poland was incorporated into the German Reich, eastern Poland into the USSR while central Poland, including Warsaw, became part of a German-occupied military zone, the General Government.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/w/wa/warsaw_1.html (1026 words)

	Polish History - Part 1
		Poland of the 10th through 12th centuries, as many other states of the early Middle Ages, was a monarchy treated by the ruler as a dynastic property and heritage--a patriarchy.
		Thanks to the decision of Mieszko I, Poland was provided with the foundations of her development and participation in the commonwealth of the states and nations of Europe.
		Poland's independence was manifested by the royal coronations of her rulers (Boleslaus the Brave in 1025 and Mieszko II in 1025.)
	www.poloniatoday.com /history1.htm (1373 words)

	Learn more about Kraków in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It is also the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodship (województwo małopolskie) since 1999, previously the capital of Krakow Voivodship since 14th century.
		The greatest period of Kraków's history began with the reign of King Casimir III of Poland who founded a university, the Jagiellonian University in 1364, the second oldest in central Europe after the University of Prague.
		Kraków's importance began to decline, accelerated by the pillage of the city during the Swedish invasion and the Black Death that left 20,000 of the city's residents dead.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /k/kr/krakow.html (1694 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The basic causes leading to the three successive partitions (1772, 1793, 1795) that eliminated Poland from the map were the decay and the internal disunity of Poland and the emergence of its neighbors, Russia and Prussia, as leading European powers.
		coronation coronation, ceremony of crowning and anointing a sovereign on his or her accession to the throne.
		Royal Society Royal Society, oldest scientific organization in Great Britain and one of the oldest in Europe.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Royal+coronations+in+Poland (530 words)

	Wawel
		The Royal Castle and the Cathedral are situated on the Hill.
		The political and dynastic tensions that led to the final ascendence of Kraków as the royal seat are complex, but for most of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Wawel was the seat of national government.
		When Poland lost its political independence during the period of the partitions, Wawel became a symbol of the lost nation; demonstrations and meetings combined contemporary political action with a claim for the significance of the once-powerful state, taking on nationalist overtones.
	www.ufaqs.com /wiki/en/wa/Wawel.htm (826 words)

	Encyclopedia: Royal coronations in Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Cecylia Renata, (July 16, 1611 - March 24, 1643 or 16441) was a daughter of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor from the house of Habsburg, and Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574-1616), Queen of Poland and the consort of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth monarch Władysław IV Waza.
		Reign in Poland From November 8, 1632 until May 20, 1648 Reign in Russia From 1610 until 1635 Elected in Poland On November 8, 1632 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Elected in Russia In 1610 Coronation On February 6, 1633 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Royal House...
		Reign in Poland From September 18, 1587 until April 19, 1632 Reign in Sweden From November 17, 1592 until July 24, 1599 Elected in Poland On September 18, 1587 in Wola, today suburb of Warsaw, Poland Coronation in Poland On December 27, 1587 in the Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland Coronation...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Royal-coronations-in-Poland (4131 words)

	Wawel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Royal Castle and the Cathedral are situated on the Hill.
		The political and dynastic tensions that led to the final ascendence of Kraków as the royal seat are complex, but for most of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Wawel was the seat of national government.
		When Poland lost its political independence during the period of the partitions, Wawel became a symbol of the lost nation; demonstrations and meetings combined contemporary political action with a claim for the significance of the once-powerful state, taking on nationalist overtones.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wawel (887 words)

	Krakow, Poland by europe-cities - Krakow travel guide
		The tremendous complex houses the Gothic Cathedral, built between the 1320 and the 1364, on the ruins of the former Romanic Cathedral of the 11th century.
		It became famous for the coronations and funerals of the Polish kings as well as the place of sepulture of national heroes and people of merit.
		The Royal Castle - the next place of interest on the hill, in its present state dates back to the beginning of the 16th century when was built in Renaissance style during the reign of Sigismundus the Old and his Italian-born wife Bona Sforza.
	www.europe-cities.com /krakow.aspx (901 words)

	Coronation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A coronation is a ceremony marking the investment of a monarch with regal power through, amongst other symbolic acts, the placement of a crown upon his or her head.
		The infant Mary was crowned as Queen of Scots in the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle on September 9, 1543.
		A coronation following the Byzantine formula was instigated with the coronation of King Clovis of the Franks at Rheims (497), in which a dove was made to descend with an ampule of oil, with which the king was anointed.
	www.globaloneness.com /coronation (1062 words)

	Warsaw article - Warsaw Polish Warszawa other names Polish Poland Vistula Baltic Carpathian - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In the course of the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920 there was a huge Battle of Warsaw fought on the eastern outskirts of the city in which the capital of Poland was defended and the Red Army defeated.
		In 1995 the Warsaw Metro finally opened and with the entry of Poland into the European Union in 2004 Warsaw is currently experiencing the biggest economic boom in its history.
		It is seen as the heartland of Poland by foreign investors whose interest in city development is projected onto the number of over 650 million Euro a year (2002).
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Warsaw,_Poland (3508 words)

	Coronations in Catholic Theology
		While the coronation was not itself held generally to confer the Kingship, it nevertheless seemed to be necessary for the royal personage to enjoy the fullness of the graces thereof.
		At the cathedral of Rheims, he was anointed: first on the top of the head in the form of a cross, between the shoulders, and at the bending and joints of both arms; this was done of course with chrism into which had been mixed a particle from the sacred ampulla.
		Both in Poland and Aragon special cere-monies accompanied the King’s sleep the previous night; in the first case, he had to greet the procession of lay and clerical notables which arrived in his bedroom prior to conducting him to Cracow Cathederal, lying on his bed fully vested.
	www.royaltymonarchy.com /opinion/articles/coulombe/coronat2.html (4155 words)

	Finance Choices - Personal Finance Wiki
		The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816.
		In the course of the Invasion of Poland, Warsaw was severely bombed, and in the course of the Siege of Warsaw approximately 10 to 15% of its buildings were destroyed.
		Also the former royal residencec of king Jan III Sobieski in Wilanów and Belweder are notable for their baroque architecture and beautiful parks.
	www.financechoices.co.uk /personal-finance-wiki.php?title=Warsaw (4716 words)

	CORONATION FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The duty of coronation was assigned to the Patriarch_of_Constantinople, possibly at the coronation of Marcian (AD 450), but certainly at the coronation of his successor Leo (457) (.html">Bury 1923).
		In the United_Kingdom, the coronation ceremony takes place in Westminster_Abbey, with the monarch seated on the ancient St._Edward's_Chair or Coronation chair (which then again includes the Scottish Stone_of_Scone).
		From 1305 to 1963 the Popes were crowned with the Papal_Tiara in a coronation ceremony in St._Peter's_Basilica in Rome.
	www.bradleyisenbek.com /coronation (1041 words)

	Station Information - Gniezno, Poland
		Gniezno is a town in central in central Poland, some 50 km east of Poznan, inhabited by about 73,000 people.
		Gniezno's Roman Catholic archbishop is traditionally the Primate of Poland (Prymas Polski).
		After the partitions of Poland the see was often combined with others,first with Poznan and then with Warsaw.
	www.stationinformation.com /encyclopedia/g/gn/gniezno__poland.html (220 words)

	Geo.ca - Everything for travel, Business travel, Vacation travel, Cruises, Travel accessories and Group travel. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Poland will appeal to travelers of Polish heritage who want to visit their ancestral homeland or those who have already visited eastern Europe and want to gain a broader understanding of the region.
		Don't miss the beautifully restored 14th-century Town Hall (the interior is overwhelmingly ornate); the magnificent houses along the Royal Way; the city's gates; the prison tower (and its torture museum) and the huge St. Mary's Church (the largest brick church in Poland).
		Poland's traditional "fast food" is a hot bowl of potatoes, grease and sour milk, which tastes as good as it sounds.
	www.geo.ca /mpoland.htm (5232 words)

	Kingship in the Work of the Inklings
		The Kings under Ingwe, like those of Munster, Ulster, Connaught, and Leinster, in the one example, or those of France, Naples, Poland, Scotland, etc., in the other, carry on their reigns with little or no regular counsel or approval given by their overlord; his primacy is strictly of honour, though no less prized for that.
		Their coronations including sacred anointing were likened to an eighth sacrament; during the ceremony they wore the vestments of a deacon or sub-deacon.
		The pre-eminent centre of royal authority in mediaeval monarchs was judicial.
	www.royaltymonarchy.com /opinion/articles/coulombe/inklings.html (4280 words)

	Cracow,_Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It is the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodship (województwo małopolskie) (since 1999); previously it was the capital of Kraków Voivodship (since the 14th century).
		The rebellion cost Poland the city of Gdańsk, which was taken by the Teutonic Orders, but German-speakers lost their political ambitions and began to Polonize.
		Poland was partitioned again in 1939, at the outset of the Second World War, and Nazi German forces entered Kraków in September of that year.
	www.apawn.com /search.php?title=Cracow,_Poland (2131 words)

	The Rulers of Poland
		Mieszko was baptized in 966, bringing Poland into the sphere of European Christian civilization and established relations with the greatest powers of that period, the papacy and the empire.
		Poland's independence was then established by the royal coronations of Boleslaw in 1024.
		Eventually, Casimir returned to Poland with German assistance, rebuilt the state and became known as the Restorer, but he did not attempt to shed the dependence on the Empire.
	home.no.net /bhb2/pl-h01e.htm (838 words)

	poznan
		The population grew to 20.000 and Poznań was one of the biggest cities in Poland.
		With the second partition of Poland 1793 Poznań fell to Kingdom of Prussia and was made the capital of the province of South Prussia.
		With the rigged elections of 1947 Poland was put under strict control of the communist party and the Sovietisation of the state and economy.
	www.fact-library.com /poznan.html (2144 words)

	(Poland: History of its Elective Democracy)
		In 1572 Inquisition was banned in Poland, and from 1563 onwards the state ceased to execute sentences imposed by Church courts.
		Those who voted in the royal election for Conti retained their pro-French sympathies and were in subsequent decades suitably manipulated by the Bourbon court, adding to the general confusion.
		The process of reunification of Poland from the dynastic subdivisions of the Middle Ages, and the growth of the state through political unions, led to the gradual shift of the political center of gravity of the country.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /JJ.html (11665 words)

	Warsaw - Wikinfo
		Warsaw remained the capital of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1795, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, to become the capital of the Province New East Prussia.
		Western Poland was incorporated into the German Reich, eastern Poland into the USSR while central Poland, including Warsaw, became part of a German-occupied military zone, the General Government.
		Nonetheless, the city resumed its role as the capital of Poland and the country's centre of social, political, economic, scientific and cultural life.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Warsaw (3265 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Coronation
		coronation ceremonial in the world the history of which is so well known to us as that of England and we have consequently given it the preference in order of treatment.
		coronation of the emperor and to trace the stages of their development, the subject remains intricate and obscure.
		coronation and by means of a golden needle a drop of its contents was extracted and mixed with chrism.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04380a.htm (6027 words)

	Business Software Review : Article 'Cecylia Renata' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Cecylia Renata, (1611-1643/1644 1) was a daughter of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor from the house of Habsburg and Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574-1616), Queen of Poland and the consort of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth monarch Władysław IV Waza.
		In Poland she is also known as Cecylia Renata Rakuszanka or Cecylia Renata Austriaczka, both names meaning Cecylia Renata of Austria.
		She married Władysław on 13 September 1637 and on the same day she was coronated in the St. John's Cathedral in Warsaw.
	www.business-software-review.org /DisplayArticle82269.html (862 words)

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