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	Photosynthetic carbon reduction
		A limited carboxylation capacity cannot be offset by a higher capacity for regeneration of the CO acceptor ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP).
		Generally, photosynthesis is considered limited by the availability of light or of CO From the vantage point of rubisco this appears as a limitation of the rate of regeneration of RuBP (light limited) or of CO, in which case rubisco would be RuBP saturated.
		The suppression of CO release in photorespiration is relevant regardless of whether rubisco or RuBP regeneration limit photosynthesis.
	www.wisc.edu /biotron/Sharkey/Courses/Biochem621/CHAPTER.html (6981 words)

	Photosynthetic Dark Reaction
		residue of RuBP Carboxylase, in the presence of Mg that reacts to form the carbamate group is distinct from CO that binds to RuBP Carboxylase as substrate.
		The activase is a large multimeric protein complex that may surround RuBP Carboxylase while inducing the conformational change to the open state.
		RuBP Carboxylase Activase facilitates release of CA1P from RuBP Carboxylase, when it is activated under conditions of light via thioredoxin.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/dark.htm (1161 words)

	Carbon Assimilation :: Microbiology and Bacteriology :: The world of microbes
		There are four pathways that are used to for the fixation of CO, the ribulose bisphosphate pathway (RuBP), the reductive tricarboxylic acid pathway (rTCA) the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway (rACA) and the 3-Hydroxypropionate cycle.
		RuBP is not just the providence of photosynthetic organisms however, many other autotrophs use RuBP and it is by far the most commonly found method for CO fixation in nature.
		One ATP is expended to regenerate Ribulose bisphosphate.
	www.bact.wisc.edu /Microtextbook/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=63&page=1 (1155 words)

	Photo_2_D (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		When the stomata of the leaf (the leaf pores) are closed during the normal daylight hours, oxygen accumulates from the light reactions.
		It is reacted with RuBP to release carbon dioxide.
		RuBP is the carbon dioxide acceptor molecule that begins the Calvin cycle.
	www.walledlake.k12.mi.us /wlchs/teachers/Kochenderfer/APReview/Photo_2_D.html (64 words)

	Modeling of C3 photosynthesis
		Proponents of this, (the single enzyme school) argued that this approach was robust, because it followed biochemical theory and focussed the prediction of CO assimilation upon the Rubisco reaction, with its inputs and outputs, rather than distributing the control of reaction over processes removed from carboxylation to varying degrees.
		When RuBP is limiting due to a deficiency in the Calvin cycle, it causes an accumulation of PGA which has inhibitory effect on enzyme (product inhibition) and produces a limitation in the second step.
		Thus, with regards to RuBP, if there is a shift from the limitation in energy supply to a limitation in the Calvin cycle, it should be evident through a shift in their responses from equation 19 to equation 20.
	www.farazdaghi.com /papers/html/photosynthesis.htm (4396 words)

	BCH/PPA 503 \| Lecture Two Web Notes
		The acceptor for CO fixation was found to be the 5-carbon sugar ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP).
		Enzymatic abstraction of the C-3 proton of RuBP yields a 2,3-enediol intermediate (I), which is stereo-specifically carboxylated at C2 to create the 6C ß-keto acid intermediate (II), 3-keto-arabinitol.
		The phosphoglycolate (glycolate-2-P) produced by the oxygenation of RuBP by RUBISCO cannot be directly utilized by the Calvin cycle.
	www.uky.edu /~dhild/biochem/2/lect.html (879 words)

	13th International Congress on Photosynthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		To clarify mechanisms of the temperature acclimation for photosynthesis, various photosynthetic properties were analyzed in leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grown at 15/10°C or 30/25°C Moreover, we also analyzed the leaves of the plants that were transferred from high to low temperature.
		CO From gas-exchange analyses of partial reactions of photosynthesis, the temperature dependence and the optimum temperature of RuBP regeneration changed depending on the growth temperature.
		The optimum temperature of RuBP carboxylation drastically changed depending on the growth temperature, although kinetic properties of Rubisco are generally considered to be similar among higher plants and growth temperatures.
	abstracts.co.allenpress.com /pweb/pwc2004/document?ID=39781 (308 words)

	Summary of “Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism”, Chapter 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The reactions of the cycle were elucidated by a combination of theorizing and experimentation using a radioactive carbon isotope, paper partition chromatography, and autoradiography.
		RuBP is the initial CO2 acceptor, and 3PG is the first stable product of CO2 fixation.
		The remaining intermediates of the Calvin–Benson cycle include a variety of sugar phosphates with four, five, six, and seven carbon atoms, and some of the reactions use ATP and NADPH + H+.
	www.utep.edu /jellzey/webpages/CHAPTER08_files/slide0043.htm (117 words)

	ODU Biology 108N: C-4 Plants
		The next step is a surprise: the malate (or aspartate, depending on the species) moves from the mesophyll cells to bundle sheath cells surrounding the vascular bundles of the leaf, where it is decarboxylated to yield CO and pyruvate.
		RuBP carboxylase is found in the chloroplast, whereas PEP carboxylase occurs in the cytoplasmic ground substance.
		Glycolate is oxidized in the peroxisomes of photosynthetic cells and is formed by the oxidative breakdown of RuBP by RuBP carboxylase, the identical enzyme that fixes CO into PGA in the C
	www.lions.odu.edu /~knesius/miniunits/epsilon/epsilon14.html (1146 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The 5-carbon molecule Ribulose bis-P (RuBP) is the CO2 acceptor and binds to the enzyme first in the active site at the top of the beta barrel.
		RuBP binding to the active site has been studied using an inhibitor (CABP) which resembles the RuBP with CO2 attached to it.
		This RuBP endiol is the highly reactive form of the substrate that can react with CO2 to form the 6 carbon intermediate that breaks down into 2 molecules of triose, which are used by the plant chloroplast to make sugars.
	www.bio.mtu.edu /campbell/401l16bp4.html (404 words)

	[No title]
		Therefore the decrease in RuBP content of leaves at low RWC (Giménez et al., 1992; Gunasekera and Berkowitz, 1993; Tezara et al., 1999) is significant.
		There was a strong sigmoidal dependence of A on RuBP in water-stressed sunflower (Giménez et al., 1992), with little change in Rubisco activity, which suggests that Apot was determined by RuBP content.
		Indeed, total RuBP concentration (Rt) may be two- to three-fold greater than Et in unstressed chloroplasts.
	www.lycos.com /info/photosynthesis--chloroplasts.html (584 words)

	CHEM 445 lectures
		RuBisCO is arguably one of the most important proteins of the earth's biosphere, since all life on the planet essentially depends on the ability of photosynthetic organisms to "fix" CO as carbohydrates.
		The bound magnesium is essential in facilitating the conversion of the RuBP substrate to an enediolate form of RuBP.
		The formation of the enediolate is the rate-limiting step of the rubisco mechanism, and is also the first step in the mechanism of the competing oxygenase reaction.
	guweb2.gonzaga.edu /faculty/cronk/chemistry/CHEM445/L12-index.cfm?CFID=48213&CFTOKEN=54822585 (501 words)

	Dear Professor Reese,
		It initiates photosynthetic assimilation of CO2 by catalyzing the reaction between co2 and RuBP to produce two molecular of 3 phosphoglycerate (Spreitzer,R.J. The activity of Rubisco is regulated by many factors, such as light intensity, CO2, temperature et.al.
		Based on the observations:(1)there are conformational changes in the Rubisco molecular through its activation-inactivation process; (2) Rubisco activation by RA is an ATP hydrolysis-dependent process;(3) RA is in large concentrations in leaves and does not follow conventional enzyme kinetics and must reach noncatalytic concentrations to activate Rubisco, Jimenez,S.de et.al.
		This indicated that the reaction between RA and Rubisco should be the RA to form a framework to bind and drive alterations in the conformation of parts of the large Rubisco holoenzyme rather than a "crevice" in rubisco into which an RA monomer or small oligomer would insert.
	biomicro.sdstate.edu /reesen/APP/exams/bing3.html (1285 words)

	Photosynthesis Problem Set 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Suppose that photosynthesis is proceeding at a steady pace in a typical experiment with the lights on, and carbon dioxide is being combined with ribulose-bisphosphate (RuBP) to produce 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG).
		The remaining reactions of the Calvin Cycle are not blocked by the absence of CO Intermediates in the cyclic pathway would be converted to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), and the level of RuBP would rise.
		Calvin and associates used this experimental strategy to identify RuBP as the acceptor of CO during carbohydrate biosynthesis.
	www.biology.arizona.edu /biochemistry/problem_sets/photosynthesis_2/04c.html (158 words)

	SCOPE 56 - Global Change: Effects on Coniferous Forests and Grasslands, Chapter 6 Photosynthesis
		PGA is metabolized through the Calvin cycle to resynthesize ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate (RubP), the primary acceptor of CO Carbohydrate for storage and post-photosynthetic metabolism is gained by the transfer of intermediates of the Calvin cycle into synthetic pathways, particularly that leading to sucrose, the major carbohydrate exported from photosynthetic cells.
		An environmentally induced change in capacity for carboxylation of RubP appears to be commonly matched by a change in the capacity for RubP-regeneration, and vice versa, such that the two processes remain colimiting (Evans and Farquhar 1991).
		Limitation on regeneration of RubP may also be imposed by capacity to utilize the carbohydrate synthesized (Sage 1994), since increase in source strength relative to sink strength is well known to feedback onto photosynthetic rates (Stitt 1991).
	www.icsu-scope.org /downloadpubs/scope56/Chapter06.html (13094 words)

	Modified Pathway To Synthesize Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate in Methanogenic Archaea -- Finn and Tabita 186 (19): 6360 -- ...
		of genes that encode ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/oxygenase
		RuBP is slightly more stable than PRPP at 83°C (Fig.
		RuBP at 83°C and higher temperatures be considered.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/186/19/6360 (4174 words)

	Photosynthesis Lab pg1
		These plants attach CO to the 5 carbon sugar RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) with the assistance of the enzyme RuBP carboxylase (rubisco).
		PGA is shunted through a series of reactions (the Calvin cycle) resembling the reverse of glycolysis, eventually producing the 6-carbon sugar glucose and regenerating the resident CO acceptor, RuBP.
		and CAM) in which, prior to CO fixation to RuBP, CO is attached to the 3 carbon phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form a 4-carbon organic acid (malic acid or oxaloacetic acid).
	home.earthlink.net /~dayvdanls/photolab/photolab0.htm (497 words)

	Inactive enzymatic mutant proteins (phosphoglycerate mutase and enolase) as sugar binders for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate ...
		The linear combination of reactors in the 11 step RuBP regeneration process requires large volume and weight and are unsuitable for use in mobile CO emitters leaving only the stationary source of emission to be controlled using this technology [8,9].
		The four reactors harboring enzymatic complexes/mixtures [2] replace the current 11 reactors for conversion of 3PGA into RuBP [8,9] and are termed as enzyme-complex reactors (Figure 1).
		The first module is Rubisco reactor where CO is fixed onto RuBP and converted into 3PGA, the second involves regeneration of ATP which acts as a cofactor for subsequent process and the third being RuBP regeneration [8,9].
	bmc.ub.uni-potsdam.de /1475-2859-4-5/text.htm (3487 words)

	-- BIO 313W
		Chemical energy from light reactions used to fix carbon dioxide to produce sugars.
		Like Krebs cycle in that starting compound (ribulose 1,5 biphosphate - RuBP) is regenerated at the end.
		ATP and NADPH used to generate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GP: for glucose synthesis) and to regenerate RuBP.
	fsweb.berry.edu /academic/MANS/mcipollini/bio313w/modules/page53.html (761 words)

	Effector-Mediated Interaction of CbbRI and CbbRII Regulators with Target Sequences in Rhodobacter capsulatus -- Dubbs ...
		In the presence of 1 mM RuBP, the CbbR
		The observation that RuBP affected CbbR binding in vitro is
		RuBP, and it is thus conceivable that an accumulation of RuBP
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/186/23/8026 (4944 words)

	Limitation to Photosynthesis in Water-stressed Leaves: Stomata vs. Metabolism and the Role of ATP -- LAWLOR 89 (7): 871 ...
		As the decrease in RuBP relative to 3PGA was measured
		observation of Gunasekera and Berkowitz (1993) that RuBP increased
		synthesis and thus RuBP synthesis are impaired (Jacob and Lawlor, 1992).
	aob.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/89/7/871 (7438 words)

	photo-carbonMet.html
		In the fixation of CO, the #3 carbon of RuBP is oxidized from the level of alcohol to the level of acid.
		There are a number of factors that affect the relative rates of carboxylation and oxygenation, such as source of enzyme, as mentioned, and conditions that otherwise affect the relative stabilities of the two transition states, such as temperature.
		According to this model, activase is the "silver bullet." It causes the release of CA1P from the ECM; it causes the release of RuBP from the catalytically inactive E. It causes the release of Xu5P from the ECM.
	www.bio.fsu.edu /courses/bot-4503/photo-carbon.htm (10643 words)

	From the Cover: Activation of Rubisco regulates photosynthesis at high temperature and CO2 -- Jensen 97 (24): 12937 -- ...
		The binding of RuBP causes conformational changes that produce a dead-end complex consisting of inactive Rubisco and tightly bound RuBP.
		Because of the lower affinity, RuBP dissociates from the active site of Rubisco (step 7), which frees the site for subsequent carbamylation (step 1) or rebinding of RuBP (step 3), but probably after dissociation of activase (step 8).
		Crafts-Brandner and Salvucci (6) show that an accelerated rate of Rubisco deactivation occurs at high temperature (steps 2 and 3), which is not matched by a faster rate of activation by activase.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/24/12937 (1040 words)

	Botany online: rubisco reaction mechanism
		The enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco) catalyzes the addition of gaseous carbon dioxide to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP).
		The first step on the reaction pathway is the tautomerisation of RuBP to the enediolate.
		The new covalent bond between CO and RuBP results in a branched C
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/fo24_1/ereact.htm (540 words)

	Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Content, Assimilatory Charge, and Mesophyll Conductance in Leaves -- ...
		RuBP carboxylation is the major rate-determining reaction in photosynthetic
		The continuous decrease in Rubisco activity during the RuBP utilization reaction was explained by competitive inhibition of
		Pi was probably bound in RuBP, leaving little of it in PGA or
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/119/1/179 (6170 words)

	RuBP-regeneration versus Rubisco Limitations of Photosynthesis at Low CO2 and Low O2 in Bean and Oats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This is because of increasing RuBP oxygenation and subsequent photorespiration.
		At these low light levels where RuBP regeneration theoretically should be limiting, photosynthesis declined as CO levels fell, in contradiction to modelled predictions.
		As a consequence, the initial slope of the photosynthetic CO response was light dependent at low O
	abstracts.aspb.org /pb1997/53/1567.shtml (281 words)

	Quia - PHOTOSYNTHESIS REVIEW
		Rubisco or RuBP carboxylase is an enzyme responsible for carbon fixation of RuBP and CO2 to make 3 phosphoglycerate a 3 carbon compound
		The light independent reaction can occur anytime, if provided with the materials from the l`ight dependent reaction ATP and NADPH and is called the ______ cycle.
		What molecule is the Carbon dioxide acceptor found in the Calvin cycle and is catalyzed by RuBP carboxylase?
	www.quia.com /jg/242004list.html (519 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Carboxylation: Three molecules of RuBP react with three molecules of carbon dioxide to form a short-lived six-carbon intermediate.
		Regeneration of RuBP: For the Calvin cycle to run continuously there must be a regular supply of ATP and NADPH and also sufficient amount of RuBP which accepts carbon dioxide.
		A complex series of reactions utilising five molecules of phosphoglyeraldehyde and three molecules of ATP results in the regeneration of RuBP.
	www.classteacher.com /student/arena/questionpapers/classtwelve/biology97set2-4.html (155 words)

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