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Topic: Rubidium vapor

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	Rubidium: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,564 entries.
		Rubidium is easily ionized, so it has been considered for use in ion engines for space vehicles (but caesium and xenon are more efficient for this purpose).
		Rubidium has also been considered for use in a thermoelectric generator using the magnetohydrodynamic principle, where rubidium ions are formed by heat at high temperature and passed through a magnetic field.
		Rubidium (L rubidus, deepest red) was discovered in 1861 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in the mineral lepidolite through the use of a spectroscope.
	www.chemie.de /lexikon/e/Rubidium (915 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		Rubidium would not normally be made in the laboratory as it is available commercially.
		Rubidium is not made by the same method as sodium as might have been expected.
		The ion-pair satellite band located in the blue wing of the rubidium second resonance doublet line was observed in the absorption measurements of a dense rubidium vapor.
	lycos.cs.cmu.edu /info/rubidium--methods.html (269 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Rubidium
		Rubidium is a relatively nontoxic element and has not show to be of toxicological concern from the nutritional point of view.
		Rubidium is not found uncombined in nature but occurs widely distributed in lepidolite (the major source), carnallite, pollucite, and some rare minerals, and with lithium in seawater, brines, and natural spring waters.
		Although rubidium is much more abundant in the earth's crust than chromium, copper, lithium, nickel, or zinc, and about twice as abundant in seawater as lithium, it did not become available commercially until the early 1960s as a byproduct of the manufacture of lithium chemicals.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Rubidium (2574 words)

	ooBdoo
		Rubidium is the second most electropositive of the stable alkaline elements and liquefies at high ambient temperature (102.7 F = 39.3 C).
		Rubidium is easily ionized, so it has been considered for use in ion engines for space vehicles (but caesium and xenon are more efficient for this purpose).
		Rubidium (L rubidus, deepest red) was discovered in 1861 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in the mineral lepidolite through the use of a spectroscope.
	www.oobdoo.com /wikipedia/?title=Rubidium (0 words)

	Rubidium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		Rubidium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Rb and atomic number 37.
		Rubidium is easily ionized, so it has been considered for use in ion engines for space vehicles (but caesium and xenon are more efficient for this purpose).
		Rubidium (L rubidus, deepest red) was discovered in 1861 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in the mineral lepidolite through the use of a spectroscope.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3DRubidium%26type%3Den (839 words)

	Rubidium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		Rubidium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Rb and atomic number 37.
		Rubidium is the second most electropositive of the alkaline elements and can a liquid at room temperature.
		Rubidium can be easily ionized and because this has been considered for use in ion engines for space vehicles (but caesium and xenon are more efficient for this purpose).
	www.freeglossary.com /Rubidium (0 words)

	American Elements: Rubidium Supplier & Technical Information
		Rubidium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.
		Rubidium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates.
		As to rubidium ’s electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 12.5 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 0.82.
	www.americanelements.com /rb.htm (679 words)

	Magnetic resonance cell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		The rubidium pellet 14 serves as a reservoir necessary to replenish the portion of rubidium vapor which gradually and inavoidably disappears from the interior of the cell.
		The cell is mounted in a temperature controlled oven (not shown) and maintained at a temperature of approximately 80 degrees C., at which temperature rubidium is vaporized from pellet 14 in a quantity sufficient to absorb a substantial fraction of the pumping light entering the cell 10.
		The rubidium vapor is optically pumped by illuminating the cell with circularly polarized light from a rubidium discharge lamp at the D.sub.1 rubidium spectral line.
	www.stickebana.com /scitech/diffusers/magnetic_resonance_cell.html (4236 words)

	MIT OpenCourseWare \| Physics \| 8.13-14 Experimental Physics I & II "Junior Lab", Fall 2004 - Spring 2005 ...
		Measurement of the Zeeman splittings of the ground state of the natural rubidium isotopes; measurement of the relaxation time of the magnetization of rubidium vapor; and measurement of the local geomagnetic field by the rubidium magnetometer.
		Rubidium vapor in a weak (~.01-10 gauss) magnetic field controlled with Helmholtz coils is pumped with circularly polarized D1 light from a rubidium rf discharge lamp.
		The degree of magnetization of the vapor is inferred from a differential measurement of its opacity to the pumping radiation.
	ocw.mit.edu /OcwWeb/Physics/8-13-14Fall-2004-Spring-2005/Labs/detail/lab17.htm (0 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		Rubidium is the second most electropositive of the stable alkaline elements and liquefies at high ambient temperature (102.7Â°F = 39.3Â°C).
		Rubidium has also been considered for use in a thermoelectric generator using the magnetohydrodynamic principle, where rubidium ions are formed by heat at high temperature and passed through a magnetic field.
		Rubidium crystals are a key component of the subdermal transponders injected into Capt. James T. Kirk and Cmdr. Spock before they beam down to the surface of Ekos in the Star Trek episode "Patterns of Force".
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=rubidium (897 words)

	NIST develops the tiniest magnetic sensor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		Rubidium is heated within a sealed, transparent cell to form a rubidium vapor.
		A laser beam from a semiconductor is transmitted through the rubidium vapor.
		Magnetic field due to metal in the vicinity of the sensor affects the amount of laser light that is absorbed by the atoms in the vapor.
	www.earthtimes.org /mobile/1074.xhtml (338 words)

	Rubidium (Rb) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects
		Rubidium can be liquid at ambient temperature, but only on a hot day given that its melting point is about 40°C. It ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently with water and even with ice at -100 C, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen.
		Rubidium is considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust.
		The amount of rubidium produced every year is small, and what demand there is can be met from a stock of a mixed carbonate by-product that is collected during the extractium of litium from lepodite.
	www.lenntech.com /Periodic-chart-elements/Rb-en.htm (522 words)

	MIT OpenCourseWare \| Physics \| 8.13 Experimental Physics I & II "Junior Lab", Fall 2002 \| Labs \| Optical ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		Rubidium vapor in a weak (~.01-10 gauss) magnetic field controlled with Helmholtz coils is pumped with circularly polarized D1 light from a rubidium rf discharge lamp.
		The degree of magnetization of the vapor is inferred from a differential measurement of its opacity to the pumping radiation.
		In the first part of the experiment the energy separation between the magnetic substates of the ground-state hyperfine levels is determined as a function of the magnetic field from measurements of the frequencies of rf photons that cause depolarization and consequent greater opacity of the vapor.
	www.core.org.cn /OCW_CN/Physics/8-13Experimental-Physics-I---II--Junior-Lab-Fall2002/Labs/detail/lab17.htm (289 words)

	Optical Diagnostics
		Detection of such inherently weak signal is aggravated by the fact that the desired scattering is superimposed upon a much more intense interference due to elastic scattering from window and wall surfaces and/or, in the case of molecular plasmas, Rayleigh scattering from the heavy species.
		A cell filled with the vapor is then inserted into the path between the scattering volume and the detector.
		At OSU we utilize a rubidium vapor filter in combination with a diode laser injection-seeded, titanium:sapphire laser tuned to 780.24 nm.
	rclsgi.eng.ohio-state.edu /~liu/optical_diagnostics2.htm (0 words)

	rubidium
		Rubidium-87 is present to the extent of 27.83% in natural rubidium and is a beta emitter with a half-life of 4.9 x 10^10 years.
		It is also proposed for use as a working fluid for vapor turbines and for use in a thermoelectric generator using the magnetohydrodynamic principle where rubidium ions are formed by heat at high temperature and passed through a magnetic field.
		Rubidium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes and as a photocell component.
	www.speclab.com /elements/rubidium.htm (459 words)

	Rubidium - Symmetricom
		Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metals group.
		Rubidium is easily ionized and because of this has been considered for use in "ion engines" for space vehicles; however, cesium is somewhat more efficient for this purpose.
		It is also proposed for use as a working fluid for vapor turbines and for use in a thermoelectric generator using the magneto-hydrodynamic principle where rubidium ions are formed by heat at high temperature and passed through a magnetic field.
	www.symmttm.com /rubidium.html (292 words)

	Voltage variable crystal controlled oscillator - Patent 4479096
		Rubidium vapor cell frequency standards as well as other types of atomic stabilized frequency sources are described extensively in the literature.
		When an electromagnetic field of frequency equal to the resonance frequency of the rubidium vapor is applied to the vapor cell, the number of energy level transitions in the rubidium-87 gas is increased and more of the light emitted by the rubidium lamp is absorbed by the rubidium vapor cell.
		As is well-known in the art to which the present invention pertains, when the frequency of the applied electromagnetic field matches the resonance frequency of the rubidium cell, the maximum number of energy transitions occur and the maximum absorption of rubidium-87 light is produced in the rubidium cell.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4479096.html (4240 words)

	Stanford PRS10 Rubidium Frequency Standard - Operation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		The amount of light from a rubidium discharge lamp that reaches a photodetector through a resonance cell will drop by about 0.1% when the rubidium vapor in the resonance cell is exposed to microwave power near the transition frequency.
		The crystal oscillator is stabilized to the rubidium transition by detecting the light dip while sweeping an RF frequency synthesizer (referenced to the crystal) through the transition frequency.
		Manufacturers of rubidium frequency standards sometimes use a crystal frequency that is an exact sub-multiple of the hyperfine transition frequency in order to simplify the design of the RF frequency synthesizer.
	www.rohde-schwarz.com /www/dev_center.nsf/html/prs10operat (0 words)

	PRS10 - Rubidium Frequency Standard
		The amount of light from a rubidium discharge lamp that reaches a photodetector through a resonance cell will drop by about 0.1 % when the rubidium vapor in the resonance cell is exposed to microwave power near the transition frequency.
		The crystal oscillator is stabilized to the rubidium transition by detecting the light dip while sweeping an RF frequency synthesizer (referenced to the crystal) through the transition frequency.
		Manufacturers of rubidium frequency standards sometimes use a crystal frequency that is an exact sub-multiple of the hyperfine transition frequency in order to simplify the design of the RF frequency synthesizer.
	www.thinksrs.com /products/PRS10.htm (1111 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Lee, Wonchul
		A single mode pulsed titanium:sapphire laser in combination with a rubidium vapor filter is employed in order to completely attenuate strong Rayleigh scattering/stray light, which causes severe interference because of the weak intensity and small wavelength shift of Thomson/rotational Raman scattering.
		When the wavelength of the laser is precisely tuned to the strong absorption line of rubidium at 780nm, the Rayleigh/stray light signal is absorbed essentially completely by the filter, placed in the detection path, while the Doppler broadened/wavelength shifted signal is transmitted.
		In order to optimize the instrument, the spectral purity as a function of circulating seed power in the laser cavity, as well as the effect of seed wavelength – cavity wavelength mismatch, is also studied.
	www.ohiolink.edu /etd/view.cgi?osu1054652829 (383 words)

	Rubidium
		Naturally occuring rubidium is made of two icotopes, 85Rb and 87Rb.
		Rubidium is much more abundent than scientists thought several years ago.
		Rubidium is a soft, silver-white metallic element of the alkali group.
	www.mvschools.org /ms/projects/html/blue/rubidium.htm (444 words)

	FM Saturation Spectroscopy
		In a low-pressure gas, the main source of broadening is Doppler broadening from the thermal motion of the atoms or molecules of the gas.
		If the frequency of a laser beam propagating through the atomic vapor is scanned across the absorption profile for a particular transition, the intensity of the absorbed radiation as a function of frequency will reproduce the full Doppler-broadened line shape.
		The probe and reference beams are of the same intensity and are passed through a low-density rubidium vapor cell.
	electron9.phys.utk.edu /optics507/modules/m10/saturation.htm (1681 words)

	M.I.T. Junior Lab 8.13/ 8.14
		Measurement of the Zeeman splittings of the ground state of the natural rubidium isotopes; measurement of the relaxation time of the magnetization of rubidium vapor; and measurement of the local geomagnetic field by the rubidium magnetometer.
		Rubidium vapor in a weak (~.01-10 gauss) magnetic field controlled with Helmholtz coils is pumped with circularly polarized D1 light from a rubidium rf discharge lamp.
		The degree of magnetization of the vapor is inferred from a differential measurement of its opacity to the pumping radiation.
	web.mit.edu /8.13/www/11.shtml (449 words)

	Sync University
		This results in a beam of cesium atoms that is "interrogated" by a microwave field generated using a (controlled) crystal oscillator.
		Rubidium (the two isotopes, Rb-57 and Rb-55) is stored in a cell and heated so that the cell contains rubidium vapour and a "buffer gas" (an inert gas).
		A rubidium oscillator cannot be made to change its frequency by very much, typically 1 part in 10E8 offset from absolute truth, and therefore cannot be steered very wrong in the event of a reference going "rogue".
	www.syncuniversity.org /drsync/q60.php (590 words)

	Center for UltraCold Atoms
		However, the use of rubidium also led to several new developments: A new oven design with large cold plates prevents the build-up of background vapor due to the much higher vapor pressure of rubidium.
		A thermal atomic beam escapes from the oven and enters a Zeeman slower tube where it is decelerated by photon scattering from a red-detuned, counterpropagating laser beam.
		In the subsequent evaporation process, resonant RF radiation from a small coil inside the vacuum is used to couple the hottest atoms to untrapped sublevels that are expelled from the trap, while the remaining atoms rethermalize at a lower temperature.
	www.rle.mit.edu /cua/research/project02/project02_current.htm (1028 words)

	IngentaConnect Characteristics of a Rubidium Metal Vapor Filter for Laser Scatte... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		The characteristics of a rubidium metal vapor filter (MVF) for its use as a laser scatter filter for single molecule detection (SMD) were investigated.
		The major contributors to the background were laser transmission and fluorescence of the rubidium vapor.
		Through the simulation, it was determined that the limitation on the attenuation by the MVF was due to the transmission of the broad-band stimulated emission "wings" of the Ti:sapphire laser.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/sas/sas/1996/00000050/00000002/art00009 (331 words)

	[No title]
		Rubidium salts are generally inert, and their toxicity is almost always a consequence of the anion, not of the Rb+.
		In general, rubidium is used mostly in laboratory studies.
		Rubidium may some day be used in space travel in what are called ion engines that can power spacecraft.
	www.lycos.com /info/rubidium--miscellaneous.html?page=3 (388 words)

	Science News Daily
		The widest block near the top of the device is an enclosed, transparent cell that holds a vapor of rubidium atoms.
		The new magnetic sensor is based on the principles of a NIST chip-scale atomic clock, announced in August 2004.
		A tiny sample of the element rubidium is heated within a sealed, transparent cell to form a rubidium vapor.
	www.sciencenewsdaily.org /story-2524.html (0 words)

	Xemed - Technology - Spin-Exchange
		Optical spin-exchange is a two stage process: laser light is absorbed on rubidium atoms causing them to become magnetized, and then the electrons in the rubidium atom exert a torque on the xenon nuclei causing them to become magnetized.
		When the rubidium and xenon gas atoms collide there is a small chance that the xenon atom becomes aligned.
		The low temperature maintained the rubidium density at low values, preventing it from exhausting the laser light, slow flow allowed the process to reach equilibrium, and the high xenon concentration maximized throughput.
	www.xemed.com /technology/spin_exchange (0 words)

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