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Topic: Ruddy Duck

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	North American Ruddy Duck
		They lay their eggs in the nests of other ruddy ducks, and thus, do not have to raise their own young.
		Reproduction: The nest is a floating mass of stems and leaves, and is anchored to marsh vegetation.
		Ruddy ducks sometimes have 2 broods per season.
	www.abilenetx.com /zoo/NorthAmericanRuddyDuck.htm (201 words)

	Ruddy Duck - Oxyura jamaicensis - Erismature rousse
		Ruddy Duck is a dumpy diving duck, with typical long tail often cocked, except when diving or swimming.
		Ruddy Duck hybridizes with White-headed Dick, producing fertile birds with mixed characters.
		Ruddy Ducks are monogamous and pair bonded for short periods.
	www.oiseaux.net /oiseaux/anseriformes/ruddy.duck.html (1067 words)

	The Ruddy Duck cull - The League's view (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The ruddy duck was introduced to the UK in the 1930s, from the US, where there is a large ruddy duck population.
		Ruddy ducks, primarily from the UK (which has the largest population in Europe) are reported to fly to Spain for the winter and interbreed with white-headed ducks.
		In the case of the ruddy duck, a study in 1993/4 showed that oiling eggs (dipping them in paraffin) is the most humane and effective (100%) method of controlling ruddy duck numbers - the eventual report on the study appears to recommend shooting primarily on the grounds of cost rather than humaneness or effectiveness.
	www.league.uk.com /birds (833 words)

	EUROPA - Environment - Action plan Oxyura leucocephala (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The present distribution of the White-headed Duck is fragmented, with a small resident population in the west Mediterranean (Spain, Tunisia, Algeria) and a larger, mainly migratory population in the east Mediterranean and Asia (Green and Anstey 1992).
		Ruddy Ducks migrate to Iceland to breed, with a total of 21 records by the end of 1994 (with a combined total of 42 birds).
		It is imperative that populations of Ruddy Ducks in the wild are not augmented by escapes from captivity.
	europa.eu.int /comm/environment/nature/directive/birdactionplan/oxyuraleucocephala.htm (12809 words)

	Ruddy Duck
		Ruddy Duck: This bird breeds from British Columbia, Mackenzie, and Quebec south to California, southern New Mexico, and southern Texas, with occasional breeding farther east.
		Ruddy Duck: Six to 20 white or cream-colored eggs are laid in a floating nest of dry stems lined with down, concealed among reeds or bulrushes in a marsh.
		Ruddy Duck: Ruddy Ducks dive to feed on pondweeds, algae, and wild celery; and seeds of sedges, smartweeds, and grasses.
	identify.whatbird.com /obj/116/_/Ruddy_Duck.aspx (765 words)

	TWSG 12 - Status of North American Ruddy Duck in the Western Palearctic
		Ruddy Ducks are common and widespread in their native habitat in North America where there is an increasing population of over half a million birds.
		Annual spring and summer records of Ruddy Ducks on the Shetland and Orkney Isles and in Iceland during the 1990s suggest this northward range extension may be spreading further afield.
		Ruddy Ducks and White-headed Ducks are genetically as different from each other as are Baikal Teal and Brazilian Teal, the former from the Far East, the latter from South America.
	www.wwt.org.uk /threatsp/twsg/bulletins/12/F3.htm (2536 words)

	Ruddy Duck Species Account - Florida Breeding Bird Atlas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The breeding range of the Ruddy Duck was once confined to the prairie states and central Canada, but numerous out-of-range breeding records now exist (Johnsgard 1975a, AOU 1983).
		Ruddy Ducks feed mostly on plant material obtained by diving, but aquatic insects, crustaceans, and mollusks are also consumed (Johnsgard 1975a).
		Ruddy Ducks prefer densely vegetated marshes, ponds, and lakes for nesting.
	www.wildflorida.org /bba/rudu.htm (305 words)

	Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis) - Chesapeake Bay Program
		The ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis, is a migratory diving duck that arrives in the Chesapeake Bay around mid-October.
		The monogamous ruddy duck prefers nests surrounded by dense vegetation near freshwater marshes and ponds.
		The ruddy duck is a shallow diver and feeds by straining bottom mud or surface water.
	www.chesapeakebay.net /info/ruddy.cfm (566 words)

	DEFRA, UK: U.K. Ruddy Duck control trial final report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		One of the stated aims of the trial was to reduce the breeding population of ruddy ducks on Anglesey by the maximum possible, but by a minimum of 70% within three years.
		This 70% reduction is thus represented by a remaining population of 60 ruddy ducks.
		After the first year a comparison was made between maximum numbers of adult ruddy ducks present on a total of 17 sites where data was available for both the breeding season in 1999 (April to July) and for the same period in 2000.
	www.defra.gov.uk /wildlife%2Dcountryside/scientific/ruddy/ruddy1/index.htm (3347 words)

	Animal Aid : Ruddy Ducks : The Case Against The Cull
		What follows is the text of Animal Aid Director Andrew Tyler's address to a RSPCA internal seminar that examined the fate of the ruddy duck and wider issues of 'conservation versus welfare'.
		A species of duck - the ruddy - was brought over to this country in the 1940s by the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust.
		Spain retaliated to the chiding by demanding action on the ruddy duck, which it claimed was threatening the survival of the now cherished white headed.
	www.animalaid.org.uk /campaign/wildlife/ruddycull.htm (2135 words)

	Ruddy Duck - Discover The Outdoors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Ruddy ducks normally feed by diving at a shallow depth into ponds or lakes, however they will sometimes feed on or very close to the surface.
		Ruddy ducks are harvested using decoying, pass shooting and jump shooting.
		Ruddy ducks are named for the male’s breeding plumage of a rusty red body, but their bill is very bright baby blue at that same time.
	www.dto.com /hunting/species/generalprofile.jsp?speciesid=228 (699 words)

	Ruddy Duck
		The Ruddy Duck is by no means a rare species in the United States; indeed I consider it quite abundant, especially during the winter months in the Peninsula of Florida, where I have shot upwards of forty in one morning.
		The flight of the Ruddy Duck is rapid, with a whirring sound, occasioned by the concave form of the wings and their somewhat broad ends, the whistling sound produced by other species having more pointed and stiffer quills, not being heard in this, or only in a very slight degree.
		In the Fauna Boreali-Americana, the tail of the Ruddy Duck is said to be composed of sixteen feathers, and in NUTTALL'S Manual of twenty; but the number is eighteen.
	www.audubon.org /bird/BoA/F39_G5e.html (1887 words)

	Tough measures against invasive Ruddy Ducks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Ruddy Ducks were accidentally introduced from North America into the UK in the 1950s and have been spreading throughout Europe and coming into contact with populations of the native White-headed Duck O.
		Elsewhere in Europe, six Ruddy Ducks, five of them subsequently shot, were seen in Spain in 2001, a country hosting a significant population of White-headed Ducks.
		In Sweden, a change in legislation means the Ruddy Duck can now be shot year round and their nests destroyed, whilst in France 32 Ruddy Ducks were shot in 2001, bringing the total culled to 107 birds.
	www.birdlife.net /news/news/2002/04/526.html (321 words)

	Ruddy duck -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		In true ducks, i.e., those classified in Anatinae, the legs are placed rearward, as in swans, resulting in a waddling gait.
		A common and typical stifftail is the ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis) of North America.
		Duck is lighter than canvas or sailcloth and differs from these in that it is almost invariably single in both warp and weft, or filling.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9335080?tocId=9335080 (728 words)

	Ruddy duck - The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
		Ruddy ducks are small, stout freshwater diving ducks with broad, short wings and narrow, stiff tails.
		The male ruddy duck has a bright chestnut body, fl crown, white cheeks and blue bill.
		The UK's ruddy ducks are concentrated in the West Midlands, northern England, Anglesey and southern Scotland.
	www.rspb.org.uk /birds/guide/r/ruddyduck/index.asp (217 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The UK's Ruddy Duck Problem
		When the male ruddy duck struts his stuff, he raises two tufts of feathers on his head, cocks his tail up, inflates the air-sack in his neck and drums on it with his bill.
		The reason this is a problem is that the white-headed duck is European, while the ruddy duck is an escaped American import to the UK that has spread to Europe.
		Without intervention, the ruddy duck's adventuring spirit may be the end of the white-headed duck as it is now known.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A663004 (1894 words)

	Animal Aid : News
		Those who have followed the ruddy duck saga will be dismayed to learn that by June the slaughter was underway in both the Midlands and Anglesey.
		The ruddy's 'crime' is to have mated with the endangered Spanish white-headed duck, thus threatening genetic purity.
		Ruddy ducks were introduced into Europe in the 1950's to decorate English nature reserves.
	www.animalaid.org.uk /news/9908rudd.htm (595 words)

	Ruddy Duck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This handsome diving duck, with the male's bright blue bill constrasting with white cheek patches and chestnet body, is fairly uncommon on the refuge.
		Ruddy ducks are wary, but are more likely to swim than fly away from the photographer.
		Ruddies can often be seen within twenty feet of the Center Patrol Road and will swim parallel to it, until they can cut away.
	donb.furfly.net /malheur/birds/ruddyduck.html (246 words)

	BASC - Ruddy duck remain on open general licence in England
		Ruddy duck will continue to be controlled by shooting in England under the terms of an open general licence which has been revised and re-issued by DEFRA.
		The move is an attempt to prevent the species from interbreeding and threatening the existence of the Spanish white-headed duck.
		Where possible and practical, BASC members are encouraged to help with the control of ruddy duck under the terms of this licence.
	www.basc.org.uk /content/ruddyduckremainonopengene (471 words)

	BirdForum - Ruddy Duck cull (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Ruddy Ducks are an American duck and they are plentiful over there and not in danger.
		Ruddy Duck are not threatened in their native habitat and, whilst I will also be sad t osee them go, extinction is forever and I would rather that the WHD was saved from that fate.
		With Mandarin Duck and Pere David's Deer their UK populations are essential to the survival of the species at all and there can be a case made for the translocation of threatened species.
	www.birdforum.net /showthread.php?t=3175 (3193 words)

	Nearctica - Natural History - Birds of Eastern North America - Anatidae -Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis)
		The male Masked Duck has a rusty-orange head and neck with a fl mask over the front half of the head.
		The female Masked Duck has a dark crown and the side of the head is white with two fl lines, one through the eye and the other through the cheek.
		The duck is usually silent, but during courtship it makes a clapping sound by hitting its breast with its bill.
	www.nearctica.com /birds/ducks/Ojamaic.htm (354 words)

	Ruddy Duck \| Nature Notes \| Ducks Unlimited Canada
		Ruddy ducks are shy, spending much of their time surrounded by the cattails that grow in shallow water at the edge of wetlands.
		Ruddies can be distinguished from other waterfowl by their small size and tail feathers, which they often hold erect above the water.
		A ruddy duck hen has the remarkable ability to lay a clutch of eggs, at the rate of one per day, that can exceed her own body mass!
	www.ducks.ca /resource/general/naturenotes/ruddy.html (159 words)

	Ruddy Duck
		Putting the moral issue of the Ruddy Duck cull to one side Council has deep concerns about the methods of control being used and also the likely effects on other waterside wildlife, particularly during the breeding season, as this is a year round programme of eradication.
		The rationale behind the current trial stems from the perceived threat from the Ruddy Duck to the continued existence in Europe of the White-headed Duck.
		Among the various facts which came to light was that current estimates put the UK Ruddy Duck population at 4000 birds, with increases running at an estimated 15% annually.
	www.ukbis.net /cawos/membershipnewsruddy.htm (1647 words)

	Encyclopedia topic: Ruddy Duck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis) is a small stiff-tailed duck (additional info and facts about stiff-tailed duck).
		They mainly eat seed (A small hard fruit) s and roots of aquatic plants, aquatic insect (Small air-breathing arthropod) s and crustacean (Any mainly aquatic arthropod usually having a segmented body and chitinous exoskeleton) s.
		This duck (Small wild or domesticated web-footed broad-billed swimming bird usually having a depressed body and short legs) 's aggressive courting behaviour and willingness to interbreed with the endangered (additional info and facts about endangered) native White-headed Duck (additional info and facts about White-headed Duck), Oxyura leucocephala, of southern Europe has caused some concern.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/R/Ru/Ruddy_Duck.htm (219 words)

	Birds - Ruddy Duck
		But however inconspicuous the feathers, this duck may always be named by its stiff tail quills, that no other bird but a cormorant can match.
		This curious tail, which is used as a rudder under water, or a vertical paddle, is carried cocked up at right angles to the body when the duck floats about on the surface.
		It is their habit to drop into these grasses when surprised, and to hide among them, which is one reason why they are supposed to be rare ; whereas they are fairly abundant, though often unsuspected.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles20/birds-188.shtml (419 words)

	TWSG 12 - Status of the White-headed Duck in Azarbijan, Iran
		Iran is known to hold internationally important wintering and breeding populations of White-headed Ducks (Anstey 1989, Perennou and Mundkur 1992, Mundkur and Taylor 1993, Behrouzi-Rad 1994, Shahbazi 1997).
		A small population of White-headed Duck migrate to four wetlands in Eastern Azarbijan, northwest Iran (Gorigol, Zoolbin, Bezojegh, Yanigh) to breed (Figure 1).
		One of the most serious threats to the White-headed Duck is hybridization with the Ruddy Duck (Green and Anstey 1992).
	www.wwt.org.uk /threatsp/twsg/bulletins/12/F4.htm (834 words)

	CNN.com - Open season declared on lusty duck - Mar. 4, 2003
		The British government has declared open season on the ruddy duck, saying it wanted to wipe out the sexually voracious fowl which is originally from North America.
		The ruddy duck was introduced to Britain in the 1940s and began breeding like wildfire.
		A report for the government suggested the ruddy duck could be removed from Britain within a decade and that shooting was the most effective means, wildlife minister Elliot Morley said in a statement Monday that made ugly reading for duck lovers.
	www.cnn.com /2003/TECH/space/03/04/britain.duck.reut/index.html (297 words)

	Ruddy Duck - South Dakota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		A unique small duck, readily identifiable by the male's bluish bill, white face, and long, stiff, upright fl tail (See photo at the right).
		Ruddy Ducks are often reluctant to fly, and when disturbed, seems to prefer sinking below the surface and swimming away underwater like a grebe.
		Ruddy Ducks are generally very tame, making it susceptible to hunting pressures.
	sdakotabirds.com /species/ruddy_duck.htm (237 words)

	[No title]
		Warner (27) did not think that the finches preyed heavily on Laysan duck eggs (Anas laysanensis, another endangered species), although he did think it was a potential problem prior to the initiation of breeding by sooty terns during spring (e.g.
		Predation on eggs is aggravated by the presence of humans and human activity, because people may flush breeding birds from their eggs and increase exposure time to possible finch predation (15,49).
		Warner (27) did not think that the finches were preying heavily on Laysan duck eggs (Anas laysanensis, another endangered species), although he did think it was possibly a problem prior to the arrival of the sooty terns for breeding during spring.
	fwie.fw.vt.edu /WWW/esis/lists/e101041.htm (6758 words)

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