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Topic: Rudolf Clausius

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	Rudolf Clausius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (January 2, 1822 – August 24, 1888), was a German physicist and mathematician.
		Clausius was one of the founders of thermodynamics.
		Clausius restated the two laws of thermodynamics to overcome this contradiction (the third law was developed by Walther Nernst, during the years 1906–1912).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rudolf_Clausius (648 words)

	Clausius molecular speed: teaching notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Clausius' derivation is based on the mechanics of momentum transfer of billiard-ball-like gas molecules to the walls of a container and on consideration of the kinetic energy (or, in Clausius' terms, "vis viva") of the gas.
		Clausius said that the speed he derived would give the gas its proper "vis viva," but he recognized that it is possible that the actual velocities of the several molecules differ materially from their mean value.
		Clausius' formula is in the form of a typical value (485 m/s) times a factor that won't differ drastically from unity; the factor differs from unity to the extent that the temperature differs from 0°C and to the extent that the gas density differs from that of air.
	web.lemoyne.edu /~GIUNTA/classicalcs/clausiusnote.html (292 words)

	Famous scientists of thermodynamics
		Clausius entered the University of Berlin in 1840 although at this stage he was still not clear which subjects he would pursue.
		Clausius was a theoretical physicist, in fact he played an important role in establishing theoretical physics as a discipline.
		Clausius stated that the British were trying to claim more than they deserved for the theory of heat which, Clausius said, he alone was the discoverer.
	www.about-thermodynamics.com /clausius.html (2470 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Clausius was a German physicist and mathematician who was largely associated with thermodynamics, specifically in the areas of the First and Second law of thermodynamics and the kinetic theory of gases.
		This was expressed in the Clausius statement, "It is impossible for any system to operate in such away that the sole result would be an energy transfer by heat from a cooler to a hotter body." He also introduced the term entropy in 1865 and postulated entropy to be an equation of state.
		Clausius also examined the theories of Joule and Carnot and modified Carnot’s law to include not only proportionality between work produced by heat and heat transferred from a warmer to a colder body, but also between work and the temperature difference of the two aforementioned bodies.
	www.ce.berkeley.edu /~rlt/ce231/asst2/Clausius.htm (272 words)

	Revival of Kinetic Theory
		Clausius concluded that one must also include other kinds of molecular motion, such as rotation, and showed how one could estimate the fraction of the total energy which is translational by using heat data.
		Near the end of his 1857 paper Clausius calculated the average speeds of molecules of oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen at the temperature of melting ice and found them to be 461 m/sec, 492 m/sec, and 1,844 m/sec respectively.
		Clausius now defined a new parameter: the mean free path (L) of a gas molecule, to be computed as the average distance a molecule may travel before interacting with another molecule.
	www.math.umd.edu /~lvrmr/History/Revival.html (1527 words)

	Entropy (thermodynamic views) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the early 1850s, thermodynamicist Rudolf Clausius began to put the thermodynamic concepts of energy dissipation on a mathematical footing.
		Clausius' identification of S as a significant quantity was motivated by the study of reversible and irreversible thermodynamic transformations.
		This is a particular case of the Clausius theorem.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Entropy_(thermodynamic_views) (1529 words)

	Rudolf I articles on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Rudolf I RUDOLF I [Rudolf I] or Rudolf of Hapsburg, 1218-91, German king (1273-91), first king of the Hapsburg dynasty.
		Rudolf's election as king ended the interregnum (1250-73), during which time there was no accepted German king or Holy Roman emperor.
		From the death (1278) of his father until 1283 the regency was exercised by Otto, margrave of Brandenburg, appointed by the German king Rudolf I of Hapsburg.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printablenew/40482.html (429 words)

	Clausius biography
		This early work by Clausius was aimed at explaining the blue colour of the sky, the red colours seen at sunrise and sunset, and the polarisation of light; see [11] for details.
		It has turned out not to be based on correct physics because it assumed the effects were caused by reflection and refraction of light rather than being caused by the scattering of light as Thomson proposed.
		Clausius restated Sadi Carnot's principle of the efficiency of heat engines in his work.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Biographies/Clausius.html (2577 words)

	Rudolf Clausius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (January 2, 1822-August 24, 1888), was a German physicist and mathematician.
		His most important paper, on the mechanical theory of heat, published in 1850, first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics.
		Clausius biography from the University of Saint Andrews
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/r/ru/rudolf_clausius.html (163 words)

	CLAUSIUS - LoveToKnow Article on CLAUSIUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		During the Franco-German War he was at the head of an ambulance corps composed of Bonn students, and received the Iron Cross for the services he rendered at Vionville and Gravelotte.
		The work of Clausius, who was a mathematical rather than an experimental physicist, was concerned with many of the most abstruse problems of molecular physics.
		To Clausius also was due an important advance in the theory of electrolysis, and he put forward the idea that molecules in electrolytes are continually interchanging atoms, the electric force not causing, but merely directing, the interchange.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CL/CLAUSIUS.htm (357 words)

	§ 24. entropy. 4. Science Terms. The American Heritage Book of English Usage. 1996
		When the German scientist Rudolf Clausius introduced the word entropy into the lexicon of thermodynamics in 1865, he used a simple formula to construct the word based on his understanding of the etymology of energy.
		Originally, Clausius intended for the entropy of a system to be associated with the amount of thermal energy put into a system that could not be extracted as mechanical work.
		Clausius was also the source of the thermodynamic principle The entropy of an isolated, closed system is either numerically constant or increases with time.”
	www.bartleby.com /64/C004/024.html (570 words)

	Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius - J J O'Connor and E F Robertson - School of Mathematics and Statistics University of ...
		Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius - J J O'Connor and E F Robertson - School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland
		Clausius' great legacy to physics is undoubtedly his idea of the irreversible increase in entropy, and yet we find no indication of interest in Josiah Gibbs' work on chemical equilibrium or Boltzmann's views on thermodynamics and probability, both of which were utterly dependent on his idea.
		He was a noble example of the spirit that devotes itself to directly benefiting mankind, and that does not waste time on petty elaborations of pretty problems.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /clausius.htm (2532 words)

	Rudolf Clausius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (January 2, EHandler: no quick summary.
		Clausius was one of the founders of thermodynamics thermodynamics quick summary:
		Bonn is a city in germany (population (2004 est): 313,605 ; the 19th largest city in germany), in the bundesland of north rhine-westphalia, located about 20...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ru/rudolf_clausius.htm (731 words)

	Clausius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Clausius was born in Koslin, Prussia (now Koszalin, Poland) and was educated at the Stettin Gymnasium and the University of Berlin, and obtaining his doctorate at the University of Halle in 1847.
		Clausius was not an experimentalist, altough much of his work had significant pratical implications.
		Clausius was a man of fine character and personality who exerted a wide influence.
	www.eq.uc.pt /~abel/claus.html (392 words)

	Clausius Rudolf Julius Emanuel - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel (1822-1888), German mathematical physicist, who was one of the founders of the science of thermodynamics.
		The British chemist John Dalton proposed his atomic theory in 1803 and it was placed on a firm footing in 1811 when the Italian physicist Amedeo...
		Hess, Rudolf (1894-1987), central figure in the development of the German Nazi movement, and deputy to Adolf Hitler, who in 1941 undertook a solo...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Clausius_Rudolf_Julius_Emanuel.html (128 words)

	Kinetic Theory of Gases
		He developed work by a German physicist, Rudolf Clausius who built on the basic atomic theory that a gas consisted of flying molecules with velocities that were dependant on pressure.
		Clausius explained why gases with particles that should have travelled at speeds up to several thousands of meters per second, would move far slower in reality.
		In 1859 Clausius published a paper giving a calculation for the mean-free-path in terms of the average distance between molecules and the distance between the centres of colliding molecules at impact.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Projects/Johnson/Chapters/Ch4_3.html (823 words)

	Rudolf Clausius - Utah Lawyer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Thermodynamic entropy was first introduced in the context of classical thermodynamics by Rudolf Clausius in 1850, in his analysis of Sadi Carnot's 1824 work on thermodynamic efficiency; although it was not until 1865 that Clausius...
		Rudolf Clausius proved that the universe was not eternal.
		Our Rudolf Clausius is advanced and advanced so we have not much managed to inscribe lots of content, however what we have done so far is researched the too best Rudolf Clausius sites on the net.
	utah-lawyer.best-resource-links-33.info /1888/Rudolf_Clausius (982 words)

	References for Clausius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		F Bevilacqua, History of electrodynamics : W Weber and R Clausius on the principle of conservation of energy, in Proceedings of the fifth national congress on the history of physics, Rome, 1984, Rend.
		W H Cropper, Rudolf Clausius and the road to entropy, Amer.
		F Sebastiani, The caloric theories of Laplace, Poisson, Sadi Carnot and Clapeyron, and the theory of thermal phenomena in gases formulated by Clausius in 1850 (Italian), Physis - Riv.
	www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/References/Clausius.html (356 words)

	Cosmic Spirals
		It is a strange story indeed of how Rudolf Clausius the formulator of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics (the study of heat) ended up at the North Pole as Rudolf the Rednosed Reindeer by perky America and in the process some of the seriousness of his work has been overlooked.
		In 1850, at the age of 28, Clausius published: On the Motive Power of Heat, and on the Laws which can be Deduced from it for the Theory of Heat in which he referred to Sadi Carnot's work published in 1824 on the efficiency of engines: Reflections on the Motive Force of Heat.
		Entropy, Clausius explained, was the natural relaxation of the universe, the unwinding expansion of the heavens that never ceases.
	www.math.utah.edu /~heidi/spiral0.html (2651 words)

	Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		In 1850 he enunciated its second law: heat cannot pass from a colder to a hotter body.
		Clausius also improved the mathematical treatment of the first law of thermodynamics, and studied the relationship between thermodynamics and kinetic theory.
		From 1857 onwards, he did important work on the kinetic theory of gases as well as on the theory of electrolysis.
	cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/C/Clausius/1.html (142 words)

	Entropy: Primer and Historical Notes
		Entropy was first defined by the German physicist Rudolf CLAUSIUS in 1865, based in part on earlier work by Sadi Carnot and Lord Kelvin.
		Clausius found that even for "perfect," or completely reversible, exchanges of heat energy between systems of matter, an inevitable loss of useful energy results.
		The findings of Joule and others led Rudolf CLAUSIUS, a German physicist, to state in 1850 that "In any process, energy can be changed from one form to another (including heat and work), but it is never created or destroyed." This is the first law of thermodynamics.
	www.ldolphin.org /entropynotes.html (4751 words)

	History of Physics: Historical Entries
		Clausius was raised in Germany in a large family with a father who was a Councillor of the Royal Government School Board and founded a small private school.
		Clausius’ great patriotism proved somewhat of a disadvantage to him in his research investigations as he was involved in various disputes.
		This in-depth biography of Clausius is part of an index of biographies of famous mathematicians and scientists that was prepared by the School of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of St. Andrews, Scotland.
	cse.edc.org /products/historyphysics/bios.asp (12903 words)

	Rudolf Clausius: bio and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Clausius was one of the founders of thermodynamics (The branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different forms of energy)
		In 1870 Clausius organized an ambulance corps in the Franco-Prussian War (A war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of the German empire; 1870-1871)
		Rudolf Virchow (German pathologist who recognized that all cells come from cells by binary fission and who emphasized cellular abnormalities in disease (1821-1902))
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /ref/rudolf_clausius (968 words)

	CLAUSIUS, RUDOLF JULIU... - Online Information article about CLAUSIUS, RUDOLF JULIU...
		RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)
		It was he who raised it, on the basis of the dynamical theory of heat, to the level of a theory, and he carried out many numerical determinations in connextion with it, e.g.
		To Clausius also was due an important advance in the theory of See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CHR_CLI/CLAUSIUS_RUDOLF_JULIUS_EMMANUEL.html (633 words)

	Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel articles on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel CLAUSIUS, RUDOLF JULIUS EMANUEL [Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel], 1822-88, German mathematical physicist.
		A pioneer in the science of thermodynamics, he introduced the concept of entropy and restated the second law of thermodynamics: heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter body.
		Look up Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel on HighBeam Research.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/02816.html (74 words)

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