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Topic: Ruhr Crisis

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Ruhr Area

Dawes Plan

Treaty of Versailles

Joseph Wirth

Locarno Pact

Young Plan

Landsberg prison

Weimar Republic

Walther Rathenau

Second Riel Rebellion

Munich Conference

Otto von Bismarck

Gold standard

Quadruple Alliance

Chancellor of Germany

	Ruhr - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Ruhr lies along, and north of, the Ruhr River (145 mi/233 km long), which rises in the hills of central Germany and flows generally west to the Rhine River at Duisburg.
		The Ruhr's principal cities are, in the west, Duisburg, Mülheim, Essen, Oberhausen, Bottrop, Gladbeck, and Gelsenkirchen; and in the east, Bochum, Dortmund, and the smaller cities of Wattenscheid, Recklinghausen, Herne, and Witten.
		The Ruhr was occupied (1923) by French and Belgian forces during the dispute over reparations.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-ruhr.html (614 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Ruhr
		Ruhr, region, c.1,300 sq mi (3,370 sq km), W Germany; a principal manufacturing center of Germany and formerly known as one of the world's greatest industrial complexes.
		It is an industrial center of the Ruhr district and a road and rail traffic hub.
		The major industrial center of the Ruhr district, it was the seat of the famous Krupp steelworks.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Ruhr (535 words)

	H-France Reviews
		Crisis was endemic and permanent in all walks of life; it provides the broadest and hence least meaningful of conceptual frameworks, and yet it still is not enough to unify the essays, for the authors only episodically frame their essays in terms of crisis and renewal in the first place.
		For Marks, the Ruhr was the prelude to the appeasement of Germany in the 1930s and defeat in 1940.
		Nor did the Ruhr crisis end so badly for France: the mark was stabilized, reparations resumed a regular schedule, and Locarno followed, precisely the result, arguably, that France was seeking before the crisis began.
	www.h-france.net /vol2reviews/wall3.html (4316 words)

	FIFA - World Cup Germany 2006 World Cup City Gelsenkirchen/FIFA World Cup Stadium Gelsenkirchen
		Christianity achieved the breakthrough in the Ruhr as a consequence of the conquests of Charlemagne.
		In the course of the 18th century their markets gradually spread to the neighbouring regions, and as a consequence the River Ruhr was made navigable for coal barges by the installation of 16 locks.
		At first, subsidies were employed to counter the effects of the crisis within the region, and then large numbers of jobs were phased out at minimum impact to communities.
	www.aufschalke2006.de /ge_ruhrgebiet_en.php (1112 words)

	Ruhr Crisis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ruhr Crisis occurred in 1923 when Germany stopped making their reparation payments required by the Treaty of Versailles.
		In response, France, under Poincaré, occupied the Ruhr Area.
		Specifically, the unsuccessful conclusion of the from the Ruhr Crisis, from the French point of view, may have contributed to France's failure to oppose Hitler's remilarization of the Rhineland eleven years later, in a clear treaty violation on Germany's part.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ruhr_Crisis (293 words)

	Ruhr Valley (Ruhrpott) - Region - Ruhr Area, Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Ruhr valley is famous for its industrial history, originally based on coal mining and steel production and now benefiting from its industrial mix of energy production, environmental technologies and modern service industries.
		Most coal mines in the Ruhr Valley were shut down and the number of jobs was halved.
		In 1856 the mysterious remains of a dead man were found while mining in a rather unknown valley in the Ruhr region called 'Neandertal'.
	www.about-germany.org /regions/ruhrpott.php (308 words)

	Ruhr-Universität Bochum
		The Ruhr region was Germany's most important industrial centre and dominated by coal and steel works and provided hundreds of thousands of jobs from the mid-nineteenth century.
		The coal and steel crisis that emerged after 1957 revealed the weaknesses of the region.
		Academics at the Ruhr-Universität are developing an educational monitor for the region with the idea to radically improve the educational structure of the region.
	www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de /profil/portrait/regionale_verantwortung_en.htm (355 words)

	Ruhr Occupation
		The German people were outraged and Fritz Thyssen and other industrialists who had investments in the Ruhr, organized a passive resistance campaign.
		The occupation of the Ruhr led to a collapse of the German economy.
		The French and Belgian troops withdrew from the Ruhr in 1925.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /GERruhr.htm (446 words)

	sehepunkte - Rezensionsjournal für die Geschichtswissenschaften - 6 (2006), Nr. 9
		In the run-up to the Ruhr occupation Poincaré; manipulated the media with considerable skill as he confronted widespread public resistance to conscription and military adventurism.
		As the Ruhr occupation slid rapidly into stalemate and crisis the left-wing media subjected the Bloc national government to a barrage of withering criticism.
		It would take the mutually destructive Ruhr crisis finally to bring about an internationally brokered, mutually accommodating agreement - too late it might be argued to survive the traumas and challenges of the Great Depression.
	www.sehepunkte.de /2006/09/10307.html (1134 words)

	Politics, Policies and Power: The role of the 1923 Felixmüller show in the politicization of the National Gallery
		By 1923, as a result of the exhibition of the Ruhr images, Felixmüller was widely known as an artist of the industrial proletariat.
		Nentwig protested in particular the review’s characterization of the exhibition as one whose theme was the Ruhr region.
		In protesting an exhibition whose subject matter indirectly addressed such a strongly nationalist issue as the Ruhr crisis, the cultural minister feared, I believe, precisely this sort of criticism, and its potential to facilitate the development of a widespread negative and politicized public opinion of modern art.
	condor.depaul.edu /~egrady/felixtalk.html (4541 words)

	Rebuilding International Order (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The crisis lasted until September 1923 with disastrous consequences for Germany.
		After the Ruhr failure, the French realized this and agreed to permit a committee of international financial experts to examine the whole reparations issue.
		The economic crisis of 1929 turned attention away from cooperation to national self-sufficiency.
	www.appstate.edu /~brantzrw/history3134/REBUILDING.HTML (2602 words)

	Stadt Mülheim an der Ruhr - The Economy
		Then, with the industrialization of the Ruhr area, Mülheim became the transfer point for coal from the entire region and the leading shipping center on the river Ruhr.
		In the 1960s Mülheim was badly affected by the structural crisis in the Ruhr area.
		Mülheim an der Ruhr represents a modern, forward-looking city in the Ruhr region.
	www.muelheim-ruhr.de /the_economy1.html (339 words)

	HIST 341 Sample Lesson - Hitler and Nazi Germany
		discuss the social and political impact of the economic crisis confronting the republic from 1929 to 1933.
		It is important to understand the impact of the "Ruhr crisis" because this event fueled the inflation, which reached astronomical heights by 1923.
		The threat of another economic crisis explains quite a bit about the political attitudes of the Germans in the late 1920s and early 1930s, and the inflation of the early twenties must be kept in mind to understand these later events.
	www.kuce.org /isc/previews/hist/hist341_lesson.html (3168 words)

	Showdown In The Ruhr Valley
		Deep in the heart of Germany's Ruhr Valley, a column of 25,000 angry blue-collar workers and their families has taken to the streets of Bochum, waving banners and red union flags, beating drums and blowing whistles.
		Now, as another wave of wrenching layoffs looms, the struggling Ruhr is again becoming a pivotal battleground between the unions intent on preserving decades of generous pay gains and shorter working hours and corporations increasingly desperate to save themselves.
		GM's crisis in Europe and a looming labor face-off at Volkswagen in November may well force long-overdue change on Germany's inflexible labor model, which works to preserve the status quo while ignoring global forces that can flatten entire industries.
	www.businessweek.com /magazine/content/04_44/b3906081_mz054.htm (1343 words)

	Occupation of the Ruhr - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Occupation of the Ruhr in 1923 and 1924, by troops from France and Belgium was a response to the failure of German Weimar Republic under Cuno to pay reparations in the aftermath of World War I.
		The last French troops evacuated Düsseldorf, Duisburg, and Ruhrort, ending French occupation of the Ruhr region on August 25, 1925.
		The unsuccessful conclusion from the French point of view may have contributed to France's failure to oppose Hitler's remilitarization of the Rhineland eleven years later, in a clear violation of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany's part.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr (428 words)

	What Is National Socialism?
		The economic crisis in agriculture was ruining the peasantry.
		In the atmosphere brought to white heat by war, defeat, reparations, inflation, occupation of the Ruhr, crisis, need, and despair, the petty bourgeoisie rose up against all the old parties that had bamboozled it.
		During periods of great crisis they are called upon to reduce to absurdity the policies of one of the two basic classes.
	www.lafn.org /~cymbala/whats_ns.html (3164 words)

	The Collapse of the Weimar Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Reparations fueled runaway inflation, the Ruhr Occupation, and Hitler Putsch in 1923.
		This uprising, coming at the end of the Ruhr Occupation and inflation crisis, was an attempt to seize power in Bavaria and use this state as a springboard for seizing power in Berlin.
		They worsened the economic crisis by introducing deflationary measures such as balancing the budget, curtailing expenditures, and stabilizing the currency.
	www.appstate.edu /~brantzrw/GermanHistory/collapseofweimar.htm (3675 words)

	agadir crisis information -- agadir crisis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Alphabetical index SITEMAP Agadir Crisis The Agadir Crisis, also called the Second Morocco Crisis, was the international tension sparked by the deployment of a German warship to the...
		In his memoir The World Crisis, Winston Churchill mocked this optimism as manifest during the Agadir crisis of 1911, which although it was peacefully resolved, marked another milestone on the road to...
		The Agadir Crisis in 1911 when Berlin threatened war over the French Army's march on the holy city of Fez in Morocco forced the government to create a Counseil Superieur de la Defense Nationale.
	www.serrcrisis.info /agadircrisis (1167 words)

	Ruhr — Infoplease.com
		The Ruhr was occupied (1923) by French and Belgian forces during the dispute over
		In the creation of the new state of North Rhine–Westphalia in 1946, the provincial border between Westphalia and the Rhineland was removed, improving the integration of operations in the region.
		Wattenscheid - Wattenscheid, city, North Rhine–Westphalia, W Germany, an industrial center of the Ruhr...
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0842650.html (539 words)

	Gustav Stresemann Summary
		In August 13 1923, in the midst of the Ruhr Crisis, he was appointed Chancellor of a grand coalition government.
		As Chancellor, Stresemann went a long way towards resolving the crisis, but some of his moves - like his refusal to deal firmly with culprits of the Beer Hall Putsch - alienated the Social Democrats, who left the coalition and caused its collapse in November 23 1923.
		In the same year, while Poland was in a state of political and economic crisis, Stresemann began a trade war against the country.
	www.bookrags.com /Gustav_Stresemann (1561 words)

	Free Essay The Weimar Republic Face Political Problems
		These problems included political instability, deep divisions within society and economic crisis; problems were constantly appearing for the new government and from 1919-1923, the Weimar Republic experienced a period of crisis.
		It did this by sending French and Belgian troops to the industrial heartland of Germany, the Ruhr to collect reparations still owing to them, but the German Chancellor called for "passive resistance" by the workers of the Ruhr; a refusal to co-operate with the troops.
		Therefore, the Ruhr Crisis led to economic collapse, political humiliation, discontent within society, further opposition to the Weimar Republic and finally, its disastrous effects caused people to start looking towards extreme solutions.
	www.echeat.com /essay.php?t=26150 (1651 words)

	BERGHAHN BOOKS
		The turbulent decades from 1914 to 1969 witnessed near-defeat in 1914, economic and political crisis in 1926, radical political polarization in the 1930s, military conquest in 1940, the deep division of France during the Nazi Occupation, political reconstruction after 1944, de-colonization (with threatening civil war provoked by the Algerian crisis), and dramatic postwar modernization.
		The present collection show-cases significant new scholarship, reflecting greater access to French archival sources, and focuses on the role of crises in fostering modernization in areas covering politics, economics, women, diplomacy and war.
		Blatt; Rtreat or Resistance: Strategic Reappraisal and the Crisis of French Power in Eastern Europe, September 1938 to August 1939; Y. Imlay; Nous allons vers les Monastères: French Pacifism and the Crisis of the Second World War, N.
	www.berghahnbooks.com /title.php?rowtag=MoureCrisis (434 words)

	The Scorpion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Before the Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr (1923-25), Jung had completed his doctorate in law and began practice in Zweibrücken.
		After the Ruhr crisis, Jung established himself as an attorney in Munich where he lived until his death.
		Jung acquired renown through his several political writings in the Deutsche Rundschau, and his major political treatise, Die Herrschaft der Minderwertigen (second edition, 1929, 30), which, according to Jean Neuhrohr, was considered as a sort of "bible of neo-conservatism".
	thescorp.multics.org /19jung.html (1540 words)

	H-Net Review: Frances Brown on Gustav Stresemann: Weimar's Greatest Statesman
		To enforce reparations payments, in January 1923, France occupied the Ruhr thus denying economically vital coal fields to the rest of Germany.
		By the time of the Ruhr crisis, Stresemann had formed his own German People's party, the DVP, a collection of members of the old National Liberal party and propertied business interests.
		Becoming chancellor in the midst of the Ruhr crisis, he feared the collapse of the German economy and concluded that passive resistance should end.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=117161058470002 (1541 words)

	OUP: UK General Catalogue
		In January 1923 French and Belgian forces occupied Germany's Ruhr District and seized its prime industrial assets in lieu of unpaid reparations.
		The Ruhr Crisis is the first comprehensive account of a definitive and mutually self-defeating confrontation, which marked one of the great untold tragedies of European history yet, paradoxically, sowed the seeds of Franco-German reconciliation after 1949.
		To this end, the author exploits a broad range of local and regional sources, many for the first time, to bring together the high politics of the crisis and intimate, often disturbing, accounts of the daily struggle in the mines, towns, and villages of the Ruhr.
	www.oup.com /uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198208006 (476 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		At the height of the Ruhr crisis in 1923 the Weimar Republic acquired an able new Chancellor, Gustav Stresemann, the leader of a moderate Conservative Party.
		The French agreed to withdraw their troops in return for a promise that Germany would resume reparation payments.
		This is clearly shown in the votes cast in the 1924 and 1928 Reichstag elections.
	library.thinkquest.org /19092/heco.html (243 words)

	World War Two - Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Germany never made her payments in full, and the government kept using inflation as a means of side-stepping the issue.
		France and Belgium moved in troops and workers into the Ruhr industrial area to utilize German resources to garner the reparation payments directly.
		This is because of the Ruhr debacle and the rift it had caused between the UK, the US, and France: psychologically the French were now only resting on an idea of defense.
	www.krapsnotes.com /Imperator/ww2_notes.htm (8506 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: The Ruhr Crisis 1923-1924: Books: Conan Fischer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		by Conan Fischer (Author) "ON 11 January 1923 a Franco-Belgian army marched into the Ruhr District, ostensibly to secure reparations deliveries of coke and coal..." (more)
		ON 11 January 1923 a Franco-Belgian army marched into the Ruhr District, ostensibly to secure reparations deliveries of coke and coal. Read the first page
		Be the first person to review this item.
	www.amazon.co.uk /Ruhr-Crisis-1923-1924-Conan-Fischer/dp/0198208006 (210 words)

	HY400 Crisis Decision-Making in War and Peace, 1914-1991
		Particular stress is placed upon key turning points and on crisis decision-making.
		The course will be taught in 22 weekly seminars of two-hours duration.
		Candidates will be expected to answer three questions, with at least one taken from each section of the paper.
	www.lse.ac.uk /resources/calendar/courseGuides/HY/2006_HY400.htm (275 words)

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