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Topic: Rulers and heads of state of Egypt

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	Egypt - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Under these rulers, Egypt became a center of the Hellenistic world—that is, the vast region, encompassing the eastern Mediterranean basin and the Middle East, in which Greek culture and learning were preeminent from Alexander’s conquest until the 1st century bc.
		The Fatimid rulers, originally from Tunisia, claimed the caliphate for themselves on the basis of descent from Fatima, daughter of the prophet Muhammad, the founder of Islam.
		Egypt had refused to allow Israel to use the Suez Canal and since 1951 had blocked Israel’s access to the Red Sea from its port of Elat through the Egyptian-controlled Strait of Tiran, which lies at the entrance to the Gulf of Aqaba.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761557408___44/Egypt.html (7588 words)

	[No title]
		At first it seemed that Hatshepsut was patterning herself after the powerful female regents of Egypt's then recent history, but as Thutmose III approached maturity it became apparent that she had only one model in mind: Sobekneferu, the last monarch of the Twelfth dynasty, who ruled in her own right.
		She was one of the most prolific builders of Ancient Egypt, commissioning hundreds of construction projects throughout both Upper and Lower Egypt and under her reign Egypt's trade networks began to be rebuilt, after their disruption during the Hyksos occupation of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period.
		The writer Terence Gray stated in 1923 that Ramesses II had as many as 200 sons and 200 daughters; more recent scholars, however, believe his offspring, while numerous, were far fewer, somewhere around 90.
	www.angelfire.com /droid/nex_innocuus/egypt.html (2269 words)

	Egypt: Human Sacrifice in Ancient Egypt
		Later in Egypt's history, Amenhotep II of the 18th dynasty claimed to have executed seven Syrian princes at the temple of Amen in Karnak, then displayed six of the bodies on the temple walls.
		The human heads on the tombs of Osiris probably represent a tradition that, when Osiris was buried, human sacrifices were offered at his tomb for this or for some similar purpose.
		Originally it was believed that the rulers of the 1st Dynasty had two tombs - one at Saqqara and one at Abtu, but research has led to the conclusion that the Saqqara tombs were for nobles of the 1st Dynasty.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/humansac.htm (3001 words)

	MidEast Web - Brief History of Egypt - From Ancient Times to the Modern Period
		Egypt is one of the cradles of civilization in the Middle East.
		Egypt was divided into a "lower" kingdom in the north of the Nile, and a southern kingdom that extended into modern Sudan (Nubia).
		Egypt remained a poor country, plagued by overpopulation and chronic schistasomiasis infections in a large portionof its population.
	www.mideastweb.org /egypthistory.htm (5368 words)

	The Ancient Egypt Site - Discovery News
		As archaeological research in Egypt is an ongoing process to enhance our understanding of the Pharaonic culture, new discoveries are made on quite a regular basis.
		Contrary to popular belief, this find, along with several reliefs showing both rulers together, as is the case in the famous Red Chapel of Hatshepsut, clearly makes the case for both kings being co-rulers, rather than Hatshepsut trying to rid herself of her deceased husband's son.
		The triple-uraeus is very exceptional in Ancient Egypt and stresses the very high status of Tiyi during the reign of her husband.
	www.ancient-egypt.org /wwae/news/index.html (1890 words)

	Yacov Lev. State and Society in Fatimid Egypt
		On the occasion of Ramadan 517/October, a decree was issued: it stated that from that date onward the tenants on riba' sultaniyya would enjoy a reduction in their rent during Ramadan.
		For the civilian administrators of the state, it was dim propsect adding to the general precariousness of their position.
		In Egypt, al-Mu'izz's sahib al-mizalla (the bearer of the ceremonial parasol) was a Saqlabi eunuch.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/lev.html (3938 words)

	Talk:Rulers and heads of state of Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		I think that if the region is a recognisable entity throughout with heads (whatever the nature or remit of that headship) having a distinct remit for that region, and the lists are more-or-less consecutive (give or take recognised breaks) then a single list should be used.
		The superficial similarity is because worldstatesmen when it first came up in 2000 started as a wholesale ripoff of rulers (which had been around since 1995) and therefore still uses largely the same format, although it seems incapable even of formatting the lines correctly (note the lack of proper indentation of year-only dates).
		Rulers in its turn does not seem to be copying anything from worldstatesmen, for good reason.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Rulers_and_heads_of_state_of_Egypt (2704 words)

	STATE-NATION
		The new rulers were the heads of the leading clan or family of the favorite tribe, as seen in Ghana, Gambia, Togoland, Camerouns, Tanzania, Zambia, Zaire, Congo, and in all the other so-called "independent" new African States where no revolution had forced the imperialists out the the country.
		States that adhere to the principle of jus sanquinis, say Italy, will at the same time admit that the child of Italian parents born in the United States and having citizenship there owes allegiance to the United States, regardless of Italian policy.
		State capitalism was a national capitalism, a capitalism not of classes but of a unified nation acting as one for its own welfare and its welfare only.
	www.weisbord.org /State.htm (9085 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Special \| A forum for Africa's ex leaders: A step towards Good Governance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Most rulers attempted to extend their rule for the longest possible period and, generally, power was transferred either by the demise of the president or his unseating through a military coup.
		Nevertheless, there was obviously no role envisaged for former heads of state in public life in their countries or in the service of the African continent as a whole..
		As a consequence, several "heads of state" were not allowed to participate in the meetings of the Organization.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2006/794/sc16.htm (1089 words)

	Index Aa-Ag
		The son of Tuanku Muhammad, ruler of the state of Negeri Sembilan, Abdul Rahman held a variety of posts in the civil service.
		5, 2000, Kuala Lumpur), head of state of Sarawak (1985-2000).
		Upon becoming head of state in 1969, he lifted a ban on political activity and urged a return to civilian rule.
	www.rulers.org /indexa1.html (17627 words)

	Egypt - Horus
		In all the Horus deities the traits of kingship, sky and solar symbology, and victory reoccur.
		The pre-Pharaohnic rulers of Upper Egypt were considered "shemsu-Heru" or "followers of Horus", and the original Horus is himself considered in some myths to be the brother of Seth and Osiris, second-born of the five children of Geb and Nut (Osiris, Horus, Seth, Isis, Nephthys).
		As the opponent of Seth (who, though initially an Upper Egyptian deity himself, later came to represent not only Lower Egypt but the desert surrounding Egypt), Horus is alternately a brother vying for the throne and unification of Egypt (Horus the Elder), or a royal heir come to reclaim his inheritance (Horus the Younger).
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/egypt/horus.htm (598 words)

	The Separation of Church and State (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		And it came to pass, when Pharaoh was stubborn about letting us go, that the LORD killed all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both the firstborn of man and the firstborn of beast.
		At the cross there was no “separation of church and state.” At the cross, the “state” - the Roman government, executed the “Lord of glory” – the “head of the church.” Church and state have never been, or ever will be, “separate.” Worship cannot be separated from Authority.
		The officials who implement the “separation of church and state” are rewarded, for a time, with honor, positions, and promotions in places of government under the dominance of “the prince of this world,” who is satan.
	separation-church-state.com (4599 words)

	Akhenaten--World History/Ancient History lesson plan (grades 6-8)--DiscoverySchool.com
		Head the next six columns “Dates,” “Birthplace,” “Family Facts,” “Significant Life Events,” “Major Teachings,” “Influence on the 21st Century (did the religion survive the death of the individual?)”.
		Akenhaten is the first ruler covered in this biography of sometimes-questionable heads of state, after which follow other such notorious figures through Robespierre and Stalin.
		These standards are drawn from Content Knowledge: A Compendium of Standards and Benchmarks for K-12 Education: 2nd Edition and have been provided courtesy of the Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning in Aurora, Colorado.
	school.discovery.com /lessonplans/programs/akhenaten/index.html (1353 words)

	MEMRI: Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Egypt's Ruling Party Newspaper: The Holocaust is a Zionist Lie Aimed at Extorting the West
		Terror in America (8): Egypt's opposition press: Rejoicing is a national and religious obligation; these were the best moments of our lives; Bush is a mouse leading a gang of mice
		Highest Ranking Official Cleric in Egypt calls for Arabs and Muslims to acquire nuclear weapons to counter Israel.
	memri.org /egypt.html (5716 words)

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