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Topic: Rulers of Ak Koyunlu

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Ak Koyunlu

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		Rulers of Akan states of Akwamu and Twifo-Heman
		Rulers of the Gurma Mossi State of Bilanga
		Rulers of the Gurma Mossi State of Bilayanga
	www.starrepublic.org /encyclopedia/wikipedia/r/ru (48 words)

	InfoHub - The Safavi Dynasty of Iran
		The Kara Koyunlu gave the Timurids quite a difficult time and even managed to temporarily occupy the Timurid capital of Herat, which is in present-day Afghanistan.
		The conflict between the Kara Koyunlu and the Ak Koyunlu was equally ferocious.
		In 1435 a Kara Koyunlu leader killed Kara Qasim, the Amir of the Ak Koyunlu.
	www.infohub.com /forums/printthread.php?t=2448 (909 words)

	Ak Koyunlu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Skrz zbytek Ak Koyunlu odrazil útoky od Ottomans, ruil zbytky v 1503, Shiraz a a pokraoval zvtit jeho území Hamadan dekády Ismail já jsem Kerman v...
		Ak Koyunlu leaders, including Koyunlu were present The Ak least from 1340, according to Byzantine chronicles, and most in eastern Anatolia at the founder of...
		the Ak of the Ak Koyunlu (Colours Qoyunlu or the The Aq are speculative).
	akaepw.byhyikrtwe.info (565 words)

	Ak Koyunlu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ak Koyunlu Flag of the Ak Koyunlu (Colours are speculative) The (Azeri-Turkish : the White Sheep Turkomans Akkoyunlu or, Aqoyunlular / Akkoyunlular
		Flag of the Ak Koyunlu (Colours are or the speculative).
		The Ak similar calligraphic style Anatolia used a Koyunlu dynasty in eastern on state documents.
	akdjzo.ziicdufa.info (924 words)

	kara
		He then secured the Kara Koyunlu position against threats from the Ak Koyunlu ("White Sheep"), a rival Turkmen federation in the province of Diyar Bakr (modern Iraq), and from the Georgians and Shirvan-Shahs in the Caucasus and Timur's successors in Iran.
		Jihan Shah's rule was repeatedly troubled, however, by his rebellious sons and by the semiautonomous Kara Koyunlu rulers of Baghdad, whom he expelled in 1464.
		An attempt to take Diyar Bakr from the Ak Koyunlu in 1466 ended in Jihan Shah's defeat and death, and within two years the Kara Koyunlu succumbed to the superior Ak Koyunlu forces.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/kara.html (284 words)

	Azerbaijan
		Initially, it was the Kara Koyunlu who were ascendant when their chief Kara Yusuf overcame Sultan Ahmad, the last of Jalayirids, and conquered South of Azerbaijan in 1410, establishing his capital at Tabriz.
		Both Ak Koyunlu and Kara Koyunlu, continued the Timurid tradition of generous patrons of literature, poetry and the arts as the renowned Islamic miniature paintings of Tabriz illustrate.
		The Safavid rulers claimed to be descended from Ali himself and his wife Fatima, daughter of the Prophet Muhammad, through the seventh Imam Musa al-Kazim.
	www.vugar.4mg.com /about.html (8183 words)

	Armenian Youth Federation, AYF, Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Vagharshak's son Arshak and his grandson Artashes were very successful rulers as well, but it was perhaps the son of the latter, Tigranes II, who distinguished himself as the most glorious among all Armenian kings.
		The next ruler, the bellicose Leon I was less fortunate, as the Emperor John II Comnenus arrested him and seized all of his domains.
		The Shah Abbas I, the greatest of the Safavid rulers, led the policy of intensive settling of the Muslims on the Armenian lands, while the Armenian population was moved to Iran.
	www.ayfwest.org /Armenia/armenia_armenian.html (15271 words)

	Safavids Encyclopedia Article @ Avowed.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		To establish political provenance, the Safavid rulers claimed to be descended from Imam Ali and his wife Fatima, daughter of the Prophet Muhammad, through the seventh Imam Musa al-Kazim.
		Throughout the rest of the decade Ismail I fended off attacks from the Ottomans, stamped out the remnants of the Ak Koyunlu and continued to expand his territory — Hamadan in 1503, Shiraz and Kerman in 1504, Najaf and Karbala in 1507, Van in 1508, Baghdad in 1509, Khorasan and Herat in 1510.
		By 1511 the Uzbeks in the north-east were driven across the Oxus River where they captured Samarkand establishing the Shaibanid dynasty, and from which they would continue to attack the Safavids.
	www.avowed.org /encyclopedia/Safavids (3403 words)

	Timur and Timurids
		The years 1449-69 were marked by a constant struggle between the Timurid Abu Sa'id and the Uzbek confederations of Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koynlu.
		When Abu Sa'id was killed 1n 1469 the Ak Koyunlu ruled unopposed in the west while the Timurids receded to Khorasan.
		Muhammad Shaibani in 1506, the Timurid ruler of Fergana, Zahir-ud-Din Babur, survived the collapse of dynasty and established the line of Mughal emperors in India in 1526.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/5246/Timur.html (1012 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Black Sheep: A Kara Koyunlu AAR
		His brothers, and his fiercest enemies, the Ak Koyunlu were on the move East into the lands of his people.
		The army would be needed in case of attack from the Timurid Empire from the east, or the Ak Koyunlu from the west.
		He opened the eyes of the people of Kara Koyunlu by showing them maps of the new world, and now his son Azem II was ready to ascent to the throne of the Black Sheep.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=179161 (4703 words)

	ARMENIA: The Survival of a Nation
		A few years after Xenophon had led his Ten Thousand through Armenia, the local ruler Orontes was able to set himself up as virtually independent of the Persian empire, and to establish himself as the founder of a dynasty.
		Nevertheless neither he nor his successors really threw off the empires that surrounded them; a pattern began to emerge, of an Armenia with a wide measure of autonomy within the orbit of whichever great power happened to be in the ascendant.
		Armenian rulers showed themselves to be divisive and eager for short-term gains.
	www.armenia-survival.50megs.com /Survival_Ch_1.htm (7079 words)

	The origin of the Safavids
		Ibrahim (1427-1447), the son of Khwaja Ali also continued the Sufi order founded by Shaikh Safi, but Junayd (1447-1460), the son of Ibrahim acquired some political power and introduced the doctrines of the Twelvers at the time of his death in 1460.
		He fought several times with the rulers of Kara-Koyunlu, but was killed at Shirwan.
		He also inflicted defeat to the Mongolian ruler and was proclaimed as Shah Ismail and founded the Safavid dynasty in 905/1500 in Iran.
	ismaili.net /histoire/history07/history724.html (788 words)

	Mesopotamia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Kurdish people have never held an independent state of their own: they are, in fact, the largest ethnic group (estimated number of Kurdic language speakers is as much as 17 million) in the world without it's own homeland.
		It's rulers are notable as being Jewish converts; several are buried in Jerusalem.
		Baghdad falls to the Qara Koyunlu 1411, the Jalayirids retain Basra under Timurid hegemony until that, too, is taken by the Qara Koyunlu.
	www.hostkingdom.net /ancmesop.html (1973 words)

	Ak Koyunlu holland america cruises Ak Koyunlu
		Shop and compare great deals on Ak Koyunlu and other related products at MonsterMarketplace.
		Search local business listings for Ak Koyunlu in your area.
		The Akkoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (Azeri-Turkish: Ağqoyunlular/Akkoyunlular) were a Turkoman tribal federation that ruled present-day Azerbaijan, eastern Anatolia, northern Iraq and western Iran from 1378 to 1508.
	www.find-ask.com /Encyclopedia/Ak_Koyunlu/Ak_Koyunlu.html (584 words)

	Murad ottoman empire 1481 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Internally, it meant the end of power and influence for the old Turkish nobility, whose leaders were executed or exiled to Anatolia and whose European properties were confiscated, and the triumph of the devsirme and their supporters in Istanbul and the West.
		Externally, the conquest made Mehmed II the most famous ruler in the Muslim world, even though the lands of the old caliphate still remained in the hands of the Mamluks of Egypt and Timur's successors in Iran.
		The simple tribal organization of the Ottoman bey could suffice only while the state was small enough for the individual tribal leaders to remain on their lands to collect their revenues and fight the nearby enemy at the same time.
	www.mertebe.org /English/Turkmenistan/history/ot_1481.html (3872 words)

	HUNMAGYAR.ORG - TURAN - TURKMENISTAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Only two other Oghuz-Turkmen states were established; the Kara Koyunlu ("Black Sheep" Turkmen, existing from 1378 to 1469) and the Ak Koyunlu ("White Sheep" Turkmen, 1387-1502), both centered in Azerbaijan and neighboring Armenia.
		The Oghuz-Turkmen tribes which remained in Central Asia established themselves in the Transoxiana region in the 11th and 12th c., retained their tribal customs, and came to form the basis of the Turkmen nation.
		Turkmen rulers for a while controlled the Azerbaijan region, and later also northwestern Persia.
	www.hunmagyar.org /turan/turkmen/turkmen.html (1036 words)

	Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Co-conspirator with Darius the Great in the assassination of the usurper Smerdis (522), Gobryas thereupon gave his daughter to Darius while marrying Darius' sister, and was invested with the wealthy province of Elam.
		To the Ak Koyonlu (Horde of the White Sheep).......1405-1502
		However, at some time in the late 1000's the family made the unfortunate mistake of making an enemy of the Da'i of Alamut, the leader of the dreaded Assassins.
	www.hostkingdom.net /iran.html (2841 words)

	A CLOSER LOOK AT IRAN
		They were the military forces of the central government, guarded the borders of the Empire and often supplied the ruling dynasty.
		In the meantime, Shi`is must use dissimulation (taqiya, the concealment of their true beliefs) in order to survive under repressive regimes, and are to accept all temporal rulers who give them freedom of worship.
		They almost succeeded in converting the Mongol rulers to Christianity, but these eventually embraced Islam and the Nestorians had to bear the consequences of their frustrated hopes.
	members.fortunecity.com /davidz/A.CLOSER.LOOK.AT.IRAN.htm (12742 words)

	SUFISM: THE MYSTICISM OF ISLAM
		The orders received endowments from sympathetic rulers and rich citizens and some eventually became fabulously wealthy.
		THE NAQSHBANDIYA - was founded in Central Asia in the thirteenth century in an attempt to defend Islam against the ravages of the Mongol invasions.
		Based in Ardabil in Azerbaijan the order became a local power in the 15th century as it alternatively allied itself with and fought against the rulers of the Turkmen tribal confederations (Ak-Koyunlu, the White Sheep and Kara- Koyunlu, the Black Sheep).
	www.angelfire.com /az/rescon/SUFIMYSTIC.HTML (4946 words)

	Techography - The Kingdom of Heaven: A fall to Ruin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		As evidenced by a new royal title that he was the first to bear [that of "king of Sumer and Akkad"] he had built up a state that comprised at least the southern part of Mesopotamia.
		Like all great rulers, he built much, including the very impressive ziggurats of Ur and Uruk, which acquired their final monumental dimensions in his reign.
		Jihan Shah's rule was repeatedly troubled, however, by his own rebellious sons and by the semiautonomous Kara Koyunlu rulers of Baghdad, whom he expelled in 1464.
	www.techography.com /article.php?story=20061016171555246 (9814 words)

	Anatolia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In ancient times, this place held one of the Seven Wonders of the World, the tomb of the eleventh listed ruler, which construction gave its name to all succeeding constructions of like nature: Mausoleum.
		They were the heads of the Sultan's divan, or council, and held meetings every four days to assess the state of the empire, pass legislation, and issue decrees (these meetings were only rarely attended by the Sultan).
		Except in rare cases of exceptionally strong-willed Sultans, the Grand Viziers were the true rulers of the Ottoman state (much as the Mayors of the Palace were the power behind the Frankish throne).
	ellone-loire.net /obsidian/turkey.html (2626 words)

	businesschambers.com - Management - AK
		[ AK Barmbek is less a single institution than a group of more or less ]...
		Anchorage, AK MSA May 2004 OES Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and...
		NC BL 09002004 Anchorage, AK, Bulletin 312517, December 2003
	air.taxi.businesschambers.com /sh.cfm?sq=AK&topic=management (230 words)

	ALPAMYSH: Chapter Four
		Many of the wedding guests had already begun to guess that under the mask of Kultay was concealed the returned master Alpamysh.
		The snag about this is that in the Ak-koyunlu genealogy Bayindir's father is named as Gok ('Sky') Khan, son of the eponymous Oghuz Khan, whereas in our book he is named as Kam Ghan, a name otherwise unknown.
		In default of any better explanation, I therefore incline to the belief that the book was composed before the Ak-koyunlu rulers had decided who their ancestors were.
	vlib.iue.it /carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/chapter_4.html (15889 words)

	WWW-VL: History Index: Iraq History; Gulf War, Ba'ath Party Fall, US Occupation, Allawi, Artifacts, Election, Ba'th
		Documents from the Temple Archives of Nippur dated in the Reigns of Cassite Rulers, by A.T. Clay (Philadelphia: The University Museum, 1912), from ETANA
		Documents from the Temple Archives of Nippur dated in the Reigns of Cassite Rulers, by A.T. Clay (vol 14: Philadelphia: The University Museum, 1906), from ETANA
		Documents from the Temple Archives of Nippur dated in the Reigns of Cassite Rulers, by A.T. Clay (vol 15: Philadelphia: The University Museum, 1906), from ETANA
	vlib.iue.it /history/asia/Iraq (1505 words)

	Iransaga - The Safavids
		Two centuries of intermittent wars followed which produced only minor territorial changes.
		By 1722 the Safavid rulers had lost much of their power leading to rebellions within the empire.
		A small force of Afghans, led by the Ghilzai chief Mahmud, took advantage of this, invading Khorassan, and capturing Isfahan.
	www.artarena.force9.co.uk /safavid.html (440 words)

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