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Topic: Rulers of Hesse

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Ludwig III, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine

Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine

Hessen

Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

Hesse

Rulers of Hanover

Frederick I of Sweden

List of places in Hesse

List of places in Hessen

Kassel

List of French monarchs

George V of Hanover

Friedrich Karl von Hessen

Kings of the Hittites

Gebhard von Blucher

	Hesse - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The area and population of the three provinces of Hesse are as follow: The chief towns of the grand duchy are Darmstadt (the capital) and Offenbach in Starkenburg, Mainz and Worms in Rheinhessen and Giessen in Oberhessen.
		Early Hesse was the district around the Fulda, the Werra, the Eder and the Lahn, and was part of the Frankish kingdom both during Merovingian and during Carolingian times.
		In the following year Sophia handed over Hesse to her son Henry (1244-1308), who, remembering the connexion of Hesse and Thuringia, took the title of landgrave, and is the ancestor of all the subsequent rulers of the country.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Hesse (1325 words)

	Hesse, Germany
		Hesse is also the name of the German writer Hermann Hesse, as well as the German mathematician Otto Hesse.
		In the early Middle Ages Hesse was a part of Thuringia, but in the War of the Thuringian Succession (1247-64) Hesse gained its independence and became an earldom within the Holy Roman Empire.
		It combined the former states of Hesse(-Darmstadt) and Hesse-Nassau, except for the parts of Hesse on the western banks of the Rhine and a strip of territory along the lower Lahn River, which became a part of Rhineland-Palatinate).
	www.creekin.net /c331-n71-hesse-germany.html (520 words)

	Hesse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Situated in western-central Germany, Hesse borders on (from the north-west and clockwise) the German states of North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony, Thuringia, Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate.
		In the early Middle Ages, Hesse was a part of Thuringia, but in the War of the Thuringian Succession (1247-64) Hesse gained its independence and became a Landgraviate within the Holy Roman Empire.
		Hesse is a sister state of Wisconsin, one of the states of the United States of America
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hesse (1298 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hesse
		Hesse was separated from Thuringia, and, after a long struggle with other claimants of the title, Henry established his authority as Landgrave of Hesse.
		Hesse therefore took part in the negotiations of several German states, which resulted in the erection of the ecclesiastical province of the Upper Rhine by the papal Bulls "Provida solersque" (1821) and "Ad Dominici gregis custodiam" (1827).
		The succeeding rulers were William VII (1663-70) and then Charles (1670-1730), whose son became King of Sweden as Frederick I in 1720, and later, during his government of Hesse (1730-51), was represented by his brother William (landgrave, 1751-60).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07298c.htm (2407 words)

	Kingdoms of Germany - Hesse
		Hesse is unified with remaining Hessen territories not already under its control (including Hessen-Marburg) to form a single, elevated Duchy of Hesse.
		Created from the division of the Duchy of Hesse, Kassel was the largest of the four new Hessen states, being the most senior and dominant, and owner of approximately half the former duchy's lands.
		Hesse is proclaimed a Republic after the fall of the German Empire.
	www.history.kessler-web.co.uk /KingListsEurope/GermanyHesse.htm (2961 words)

	Franz von Sickingen
		Trier was loyal to the archbishop, and the landgrave of Hesse and Louis V, count palatine of the Rhine, hastened to his assistance.
		On October 22, 1522 the council of regency placed him under the ban, to which he replied, in the spring of 1523, by plundering Kaiserslautern.
		The rulers of Trier, Hesse and the Palatinate decided to press the campaign against him, and having obtained help from the Swabian League, marched on Landstuhl.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fr/Franz_von_Sickingen.html (708 words)

	HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ge... - Online Information article about HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ge...
		title of landgrave, and is the ancestor of all the subsequent rulers of the country.
		The lines ruling in Hesse-Rheinfels and Hesse-Marburg, or upper Hesse, became extinct in 1583 and 1604 respectively, and these lands passed to the two remaining branches of the family.
		Hesse was surrendered to the federal diet; the taxes were collected by the federal forces, and all officials who refused to recognize the new order were dismissed.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /HEG_HIG/HESSE_Lat_Hessia_Ger_Hessen_.html (3814 words)

	Basics about Hesse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		History of Hesse Hesse (German Hessen), state in west central Germany, bounded on the north by the states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony, on the east by Thuringia, on the south by the states of Bavaria and Baden-Wurttemberg, and on the west by the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
		The people of Hesse were converted to Christianity in the late 7th century and incorporated into the empire of the Franks.
		Hesse was established as a separate landgraviate in 1247 by Duchess Sophia, niece of the Thuringian ruler Henry Raspe.
	www.eura.com /steffen/hesselbach/hesse.html (497 words)

	Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Philip I of HESSE, (13 November 1504 - 31 March 1567), was a leading champion of the Reformation and one of the most important German rulers of the Renaissance.
		The first meeting of Philip of Hesse with Luther was in 1521 at the Diet of Worms, where he was attracted by the Reformer's personality, though he had at first little interest in the religious elements of the situation.
		On his death, his territories were divided (Hesse becoming Hesse-Kassel, Hesse-Marburg, Hesse-Rheinfels, and Hesse-Darmstadt) between his four sons by his first wife, Catherine of Saxony (daughter of George, Duke of Saxony), namely William IV of Hesse-Kassel, Louis IV of Hesse-Marburg, Philip II of Hesse-Rheinfels, and Georg I of Hesse-Darmstadt.
	enc.qba73.com /link-Philip_of_Hesse (3294 words)

	Hessen-Kassel Article
		Charles's chief claim to remembrance is that he was the first ruler to adopt the system of hiring his soldiers out to foreign powers as mercenaries, as a means of improving the national finances.
		This was a direct challenge to Prussia, which under conventions with the elector had the right to the use of the military roads through Hesse that were her sole means of communication with her Rhine provinces.
		Rulers: Joachim Ruhl, 1591-1606; Otto of Hesse-Cassel, 1606-1617; Wilhelm II of Hesse-Cassel, 1617-1627; Imperial Occupation, 1627-1631; Wilhelm II of Hesse-Cassel, 1631-1637; Hermann III of Hesse-Cassel, 1637-1648.
	www.vondonop.org /hessen-kassel.html (1844 words)

	Church History - McCaffrey
		With this object in view he put forward the principle of royal supremacy, according to which the king or prince was to be recognised as the head of the church in his own territories, and the source of all spiritual jurisdiction.
		In bringing about such a complete revolution the rulers were assisted largely by the introduction of the Roman Code of Justinian.[1] According to the principles of the Roman Code the power of the sovereign was unlimited, and against his wishes no traditional customs or privileges could prevail.
		As a secular ruler he would have stood incomparably higher than any of the contemporary sovereigns of Europe, but he was out of place considerably as the head of a great religious organisation.
	www.franciscan-sfo.org /ap/maccaffrey1.htm (16568 words)

	Electorate of Hesse-Cassel 1815-1866 (Germany)
		The line of Hesse-Darmstadt however died out with prince Louis V of Hesse and of the Rhine on 30th May 1968.
		Similarly to the [federal] state of Hesse, they use the lion without the sword [or the crown].
		Rulers of Hesse-Cassel were Landgraf von Hessen-Kassel (1567-1803), Kurfürst von Hessen (1803-1875), successors use Landgraf von Hessen.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/de-he_ka.html (252 words)

	Titles of European hereditary rulers
		According to the inheritance traditions of the Rurikids and the Gediminids, the dynasties that ruled in Russia and Lithuania in the 10th-16th centuries, territories of a late prince were divided by his close male relatives.
		Originally, it was meant to denote the ruler of Austria, in an effort to put that ruler on par with the Electors of the Holy Roman Empire.
		In 1870, all the German rulers but the Emperor of Austria, the Grand Duke of Luxembourg and the Prince of Liechtenstein, recognized the King of Prussia as the German Emperor.
	www.geocities.com /eurprin (2007 words)

	American Revolution, Hessians, German Soldiers
		As part of the Carolingian Empire, Hesse contributed also to the movement against the imperial power which followed the death of Charlemagne.
		In 1292 Henry was raised to the rank of prince of the empire.
		A later ruler, Charles (1670-1730), is notable for being the first to adopt the system of hiring out his soldiers as mercenaries to help the national finances.
	www.laughtergenealogy.com /bin/histprof/misc/hessians.html (496 words)

	Rulers of Hesse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Originally the western part of the Landgraviate of Thuringia, in the mid 13th Century it was inherited by the younger son of Henry II, Duke of Brabant, and became a distinct political entity.
		In the early 19th century the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel was elevated to Elector of Hesse (1803), while the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt became the Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (1806).
		Otto the Elder, son of Henry I, 1308–1328 in Lower Hesse (Kassel), reunited Hesse in 1311
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rulers_of_Hesse (647 words)

	Hesse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Electoral Hesse was annexed by Prussia in 1866 after the Six Weeks War, but Grand Ducal Hesse lasted until the end of the German monarchies in 1918.
		In 1968 the House of Hesse and the Rhine became extinct.
		In November 2000, the Federal Administrative Court ruled that the Islamic Community of Hesse was not a religious community as provided for in the animal protection laws and could not, therefore, receive a waiver to laws requiring an animal to be stunned before slaughter.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /He/Hesse.html (761 words)

	The Militant - July 10, 2006 -- Socialist Workers Party 44th convention marked by ‘irreversible strengthening of ...
		In face of the utter indifference by the wealthy rulers and their government, it was the initiatives and organization of working people in New Orleans that became decisive in preventing more deaths from occurring.
		Perasso pointed to a statement made by Bernie Hesse, the legislative director of UFCW Local 789 at a May 27 public meeting in St. Paul, Minnesota, to celebrate the Co-Op miners’ victory against the bosses’ retaliatory suit.
		Hesse said that in the battle at Co-Op and an earlier one at Dakota Premium Foods, a beef slaughterhouse in St. Paul where workers led a successful union-organizing campaign, the struggles were defined by the fact that from the beginning “the workers took ownership of their struggle.”
	www.themilitant.com /2006/7025/702550.html (2268 words)

	Book 1 - Chapter 4 - History of the Catholic Church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		At its inception it was favoured by the almost universal jealousy of the House of Habsburg and by the danger of a Turkish invasion.
		In all these countries the hope of sharing in the plunder of the Church had a much greater influence in determining the attitude of both rulers and nobles than their zeal for reform, as the leaders of the so-called Reformation had soon good reason to recognise and to deplore.
		But though he endeavoured to cultivate friendly relations with the Catholic rulers he had no intention of abandoning the rights of the Church or of yielding in the slightest to the increasing demands of the civil power.
	www.studylight.org /his/ad/hcc/view.cgi?book=1&chapter=4&word=nuns (16591 words)

	Book 1 - Chapter 2 - History of the Catholic Church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		At the Diet of Speier, in 1526, John Duke of Saxony, and Philip of Hesse adopted so violent and unconciliatory an attitude that Germany was on the brink of civil war, had not the Archduke Ferdinand, alarmed by the success of the Turks, used all his powers to prevent a division.
		Lutheranism provided almost irresistible attractions for the lay rulers, who desired to acquire wealth and power at the expense of the Church, as well as for the unworthy ecclesiastical princes who were anxious to convert the states of which they were merely administrators into hereditary dominions.
		Yet in spite of all his admitted qualifications, and notwithstanding the fact that he was the ruler of three-fourths of Western Europe, he lived to witness the overthrow of his dearest projects and the complete failure of his general policy.
	www.studylight.org /his/ad/hcc/view.cgi?book=1&chapter=2 (16000 words)

	1806. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Napoleon replaced the Bourbons as rulers of Naples, where his brother Joseph became king; another brother became king of Holland (which replaced the Batavian Republic).
		The Confederation of the Rhine placed all Germany, except Austria, Prussia, Brunswick, and Hesse, under French protection.
		As a result of the confederation and subsequent garrisoning of French troops on German soil, Prussia entered the war but it met defeat at the Battles of Jena and Auerstadt (Oct. 14).
	www.bartleby.com /67/1024.html (223 words)

	Treasures of German art take the Oregon trail - Arts & Leisure - International Herald Tribune
		"The Hesse collection is one of the great private collections of Europe, and is especially notable for the scope and diversity of its holdings," said John Buchanan Jr., director of the Portland museum.
		The family is particularly noted for its patronage of silversmiths at Nuremburg and Augsburg during the 16th and 17th centuries and for founding the artists' colony at Darmstadt at the turn of the 20th century - the preeminent center for Art Nouveau in Germany.
		The House of Hesse is perhaps best known in America for its Hessian soldiers, hired by the British during the Revolutionary War - a factor that Moritz says influenced him to bring his collection to the United States.
	www.iht.com /articles/2005/10/28/news/raaport.php (663 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Moritz Gudenus
		He was a descendant of a Calvinist family which had removed from Utrecht to Hesse.
		After attending school at Cassel he continued his studies at the University of Marburg, in which city he subsequently acted as deacon of the reformed church.
		He had held this position for less than two years, when a change of civil rulers resulted in the official substitution of Lutheranism for Calvinism at Marburg.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07056a.htm (326 words)

	ITALY, GERMANY, THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AND EASTERN EUROPE
		Former rulers were restored and constitutions were abolished.
		Tuscany, Modena, and Parma overthrew their Austrian rulers and asked to be annexed by Sardinia.
		German rulers were more concerned with their own states than with Germany as a whole.
	www.hoocher.com /mr.j'spage/nationalism.htm (4859 words)

	Holy Roman Empire Association
		The emperors were unable to restrain the German nobles or to resist French encroachments on the western frontiers of the empire, and the Slavic rulers in the east rejected all imperial overlordship.
		The Imperial Viceroys, as rulers of the Netherlands, Milan and Naples and Sicily also conferred titles but these were not Holy Roman Empire titles and their recipients did not rank as Reichsherren, Reichsritter, Reichsfreiherr or Reichsgraf.
		The Duchy of Luxembourg was raised to the status of Grand Duchy and added to the Kingdom of the United Netherlands (until 1890 when it passed to the Duke of Nassau), as were the former Austrian Netherlands, until they gained their independence as the Kingdom of the Belgians in 1830.
	www.biblebelievers.org.au /hrea.htm (3501 words)

	Grand Ducal Standards until c.1903 (Hesse, Germany) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		By the way, having a look at Ströhl 1897 reveals how many German sovereigns of the time either were knights of the Garter or used a Garter-like design on their arms, for instance those of Hesse-Darmstadt, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Brunswick and (of course) Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
		I wonder why do neither the grand duke's standard nor the state flag appear in Siebmacher 1878, which is supposed to be a well informed source — particularly for German flags.
		745 (inv 1865) Louis III, Grand-Duke of Hesse and the Rhine.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/de-he^d1.html (614 words)

	Incredible Journeys Photo Log: Hesse A Princely German Collection
		The Hesse rulers were instrumental in the adoption of the Lutheran faith and promoted the "Jugendstil" fusion of arts and industry.
		One of the leading princely houses of Europe, the Hesse dynasty has welcomed into its ranks daughters of George II and of Queen Victoria; Tsar Nicolas I; Kaiser Friedrich III; and King Victor Emmanuel of Italy.
		I was overwhelmed by the "Cinderella" beauty of the coach of Landgraf Ludwig VIII of Hesse Darmstadt, ca.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~mharrsch/2006/02/hesse-princely-german-collection.html (1535 words)

	Guide and Index to Lists of Rulers
		One motivation is that history is often not taught anymore in terms of dynasties and rulers, since this is thought (by an academic elite comfortably supported by the taxpayers) to be too elitist and too removed from the life of the people.
		A skeleton for history of rulers, with maps and genealogies, provides a perspective of time and space, and on real individuals whom we know about, that is otherwise hard to obtain.
		This is all collapsed in the table above into the category of "Pre-Roman Rulers," but it is, of course, a vast subject, beginning with Egypt and Sumer and continuing right up to the kingdoms of the Hellenistic age.
	www.friesian.com /histindx.htm (3021 words)

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