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Topic: Rulers of Poland

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King of Poland

Leszek the White

Casimir I of Poland

Ladislaus I of Poland

Boleslaus IV of Poland

Konrad of Mazovia

Dukes of Greater Poland

Boleslaus III of Poland

Piast dynasty

Siemowit

Casimir IV of Poland

Ladislaus Herman of Poland

Ladislaus the Exile of Poland

Mieszko I of Poland

Louis I of Hungary

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	Poland - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		The Republic of Poland is a country located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north.
		Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the country's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next century.
		The principal ports and harbours are: Port of Gdańsk, Port of Gdynia, Port of Szczecin, Port of Swinoujscie, Port of Ustka, Port of Kolobrzeg, Gliwice, Warsaw, Wroclaw.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/p/o/l/Poland.html (2985 words)

	History of Poland
		Poland's nobility (in Polish Szlachta) started to identify themselves with the country during the Fragmentation (Rozbicie dzielnicowe) period (1138-1320) when Poland was divided into a number of principalities under the terms of Boleslaus III's bequest to his sons.
		On numerous occasions Poland's existence as a country was endangered, first, when the Polanian dukes tried to conquer lands in the 10th-13th centuries from Bohemia (Czechs), from Pomeranian, Prussian and Germans, and later, in the 17th century and afterwards, by Swedes, Russians, Prussians and Austrians.
		Poland is now a member of NATO and an associate member of the European Union, of which it seeks full membership.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/po/Poland___History.html (6450 words)

	History of the Jews in Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Over 90% of the Jews in Poland were killed by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust, though, with a few exceptions, such as the Jedwabne pogrom, Poles did not cooperate in the destruction of the Jewish community, and many protected their Jewish neighbors.
		Estimating the population increase and the emigration from Poland between 1931 and 1939, there were probably 3,474,000 Jews in Poland as of September 1, 1939 (approximately 10% of the total population).
		Poland was the only occupied country during World War II where the Nazis formally imposed the death penalty for anybody found sheltering and helping Jews.
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland (7597 words)

	Poland travel guide - Wikitravel
		Poland was first united as a country and baptised in the middle of the X century.
		Poland regained its independence on November 11th, 1918 with the end of the World War I. Soon, in 1920-21, the newly-reborn country was urged to fight for its borders again, this time defending itself from the invasion of Soviet communists marching westwards to conquer Europe.
		As Poland is a member of the European Union, citizens of the EU and of the countries belonging to the European Economic Area (Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein), as well as Swiss nationals, can enter Poland with a valid passport or identity card.
	wikitravel.org /en/Poland (6404 words)

	Poland - The Economy
		POLAND'S ECONOMIC GROWTH was favored by relatively rich natural resources for both agriculture and industry.
		Eastern Europe's largest producer of food, Poland based its sizeable and varied industrial sector on ample coal supplies that made it the world's fourth largest coal producer in the 1970s.
		Poland's abundant agricultural resources remained largely in private hands during the communist period, but the state strongly influenced that sector through taxes, controls on materials, and limits on the size of private plots.
	countrystudies.us /poland/47.htm (546 words)

	The History of Polish Vodka: Its origin, name and distillation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In Poland, production developed at the end of that century and grew relatively slowly up to the early 1800s, due to the primitive state of the technology and to the specific circumstances of the market for its base ingredients.
		This export trade was very important economically, as can be seen in the Polish reaction when the prince of Moldavia banned the import of Polish vodka in 1779: the rulers of Poland sought and obtained diplomatic intervention from Turkey, France and Russia.
		Poland, had 2,094 distilleries producing 460,000 hectoliters of spirits.
	www.theculturedtraveler.com /Archives/FEB2004/Vodka.htm (1022 words)

	Unsigned: The Problem of Poland (October 1939)
		Poland was numbered among the dictatorships in Eastern Europe, which owing to the lack of support among the masses of the people, the ruling clique had not been enabled to assume completely, although almost, totalitarian regime.
		The greedy avid rulers of Poland were not averse to take advantage of the plight of Czechoslovakia acting in consort with Hitler Germany to seize Teschen as their share of the loot.
		Poland is only one of the questions which face the working class at the present time.
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/newspape/win/vol02/no10/poland.htm (1456 words)

	Piast dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Zbigniew i Boleslaus III of Poland (the Wrymouthed) 1102-1107
		Boleslaus III of Poland the Wrymouthed 1107 - 1138
		Ladislaus the Exile / Wladyslaw Wygnaniec 1138 - 1146
	www.freeglossary.com /Piast (681 words)

	THE KUZNIEWSKI & KNESKI STORY
		From this fate she was saved by the valour of Wladislaus Lokietek, duke of Great Poland (1306-1333) who reunited Great and Little Poland, revived the royal dignity in 1320, and saved the kingdom from annihilation by his great victory over the Teutonic Knights at Plowce in 1332.
		It is to him that Poland owed the important acquisition of the greater part of Red Russia or Galicia, which enabled her to secure her fair share of the northern and eastern trade.
		But in the ensuing anarchic period both cities were utterly ruined, and the centre of political gravity was transferred from Great Poland to Little Poland, where Cracow, singularly favoured by her position, soon became the capital of the monarchy, and one of the wealthiest cities in Europe.
	www.fiu.edu /~kneskij/1300s.html (1291 words)

	Explore - Part 13
		In Southwest Poland the following three geographical regions can be distinguished: expansive Silesian Lowlands with the river Oder valley in the north, the hilly Sudety Upland in the middle part and the Sudety Mountains in the south.
		The Slavonic tribes such as the Slenzans, the Opolans, the Dziadoszans, the Bobrzans and many others living in Silesia in early medieval times, at the end of the 10th century, happened to be within the boundaries of the Polish state, then still under formation, and ruled by the first kings of the Piast dynasty.
		The political, military and economic role of these lands for the Polish state was confirmed through the establishment of a church administration and the foundation of the diocese of Wroclaw in 1000, subordinated to the metropolis of Gniezno, the first capital of historical rulers of Poland.
	www.poloniatoday.com /explore13.htm (1444 words)

	Selected World Rulers by Country or Region — Infoplease.com
		Rulers and residents: British relations with the Aden Protectorate, 1937-59.
		Narratives of villainy and virtue: Governor Francis Nicholson and the character of the good ruler in early Virginia.
		The ruler's back: the king of New York soccer returns in 2002 with the opportunity to become a national hero and an international......
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0775265.html (177 words)

	History of Jews in Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Though most non-Jewish Poles did not actively participate in the destruction of the Jewish community, and many protected their Jewish neighbors, many others were glad to see the Jews gone as competitors for economic resources and non-believers in the Catholic Church.
		In the postwar period, many of the 180,000–240,000 survivors chose to emigrate from the communist People's Republic of Poland to the nascent State of Israel, USA and South America, their departure hastened by the destruction of most Jewish institutions, post-war pogroms, and the hostility of the communist party to both religion and to private enterprise.
		The rise of Hasidic Judaism within Poland's borders and beyond had a great influence on the rise of Haredi Judaism all over the world, with a continuous influence through its many Hasidic dynasties including those of Chabad-Lubavitch, Aleksander, Bobov, Ger, Nadvorna, among others.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland (7981 words)

	Poland - Geography
		Because of this, many of Poland's cities have been badly damaged or destroyed.
		During the twentieth century, Poland was in the middle of two terrible wars.
		During these wars, a lot of Poland was destroyed.
	www.edhelper.com /ReadingComprehension_Geography_215_1.html (141 words)

	Poland: Rulers — FactMonster.com
		Ladislaus II, king of Poland (1386–1434), grand duke of Lithuania (1378–1401), founder of the
		Augustus II, king of Poland (1697–1733) and, as Frederick Augustus I, elector of Saxony (1694–1733)
		, king of Poland (1735–63) and, as Frederick Augustus II, elector of Saxony (1733–63)
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0775515.html (145 words)

	Jan II Kazimierz
		Jan II Kazimierz (John II Casimir) who became Cardinal and King of Poland was in the Society albeit briefly.
		He entered the Jesuits in Loreto in 1643, but left it soon after and was released from his vows by Pope Innocent X. In November of 1648 he was elected to be King of Poland and was crowned two months later.
		He is known for putting himself and Poland in 1656 under the protection of the Blessed Virgin and proclaiming her Queen of Poland.
	www.manresa-sj.org /stamps/1_Casimir.htm (222 words)

	About Poland - Travel, Maps, Flag and Information
		The Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska) is a country located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north.
		Poland is situated between Western and Eastern cultural spaces and therefore was influenced by both.
		Poland offers a wide spectrum of cultural experience.
	www.canadiancontent.net /profiles/Poland.html (1054 words)

	Kalisz, Poland Genealogy - Feldstein Genealogy Services
		Kalisz is the oldest known settlement in Poland.
		Chartered in the 13th century, the city was a political and commercial center of medieval Poland.
		Boleslaw the Pious, Prince of Great Poland, with the consent of the class representatives and higher officials, in 1264 issued a General Charter of Jewish Liberties, the Statute of Kalisz, which granted all Jews the freedom of worship, trade and travel.
	feldstein.info /resources/kalisz.php (681 words)

	The Kings of Poland: 960-1790
		A 5-part annotated gallery inspired by a series of Polish stamps issued in the period 1986-2000 with portraits of Polish rulers.
		A short history of Poland illustrated with the portraits of the Polish Kings.
		These are fragments of the larger paintings of the company of Polish kings by Jan Matejko (1838-1893).
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /web/history/kings/link.shtml (229 words)

	Critical Languages Institute
		Visit Poland, the land of Chopin, Roman Polanski and his "Pianist", as well as of world-class kielbasa and vodka.
		The ASU Russian and East European Studies Center invites you to participate in a yearlong study abroad program in Poznan, Poland.
		It is there, in the Cathedral's Golden Chapel, that homage is paid to the first rulers of Poland.
	www.asu.edu /clas/reesc/cli/poznan2.htm (371 words)

	TIME.com: Facts of Life -- Mar. 6, 1944 -- Page 1
		Not since the Blitzkrieg of 1939 had the harried rulers of Poland stood at such a crossroads.
		For a nation of patriots, for the people whom Winston Churchill had eulogized as "that heroic race whose national spirit centuries of misfortune cannot quench," this was a tragic hour.
		Once led by Marshal Pilsudski, they had dreamt of a Poland reaching from the Baltic to the Black Sea, had refused the Curzon Line in 1920 and snatched Vilna from Lithuania in 1920.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,774821,00.html (691 words)

	Poland 1795-1864
		Until 1830, that is, in the period of the Duchy of Warsaw (1807-12) and the Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland, 1815-30), the social and political elite was made up of nobles, seconded by army officers of gentry (minor noble) origin.
		This was so even though his works were banned in Russian and Prussian Poland, and allowed in Austrian Poland only after 1868.
		In Russian Poland, they adopted Positivism, which was really a form of "OrganicWork," that is, work for education and prosperity.
	www.conflicts.rem33.com /images/Poland/pol_ru.htm (3827 words)

	Walesa at odds with Poland state rulers
		Walesa, who led the Solidarity shipyard unions in the Baltic city of Gdansk in revolt against the communist regime 26 years ago, also reiterated his intention to leave the unions, Radio Polonia reported Tuesday.
		The Nobel Peace Prize winner said the reason for refusing to attend the Aug. 31 ceremony is a major disagreement with his one-time political allies and now Poland's President Lech Kaczynski and his twin brother, Prime Minister Jaroslaw Kaczynski.
		Late in July, Walesa said he did not like changes in Poland since the conservative brothers took power last year.
	pub2.bravenet.com /news/92920030/84365/1 (295 words)

	Philately - Stamp Collecting
		Poland and World War II 1939 - 1945: A Philatelic View
		A very interesting chronicle of WWII events as these pertain to Poland.
		The chronicle uses stamps of many nations to tell the story.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /web/recreation/philately/link.shtml (157 words)

	Poland — FactMonster.com
		Poland: History, Geography, Government, and Culture - Information on Poland — geography, history, politics, government, economy, population statistics, culture, religion, languages, largest cities, as well as a map and the national flag.
		Poland - Poland Profile: People, History, Government and Political Conditions, Economy, Foreign Relations and National Security, U.S.-Polish Relations
		Poland: Rulers - Poland: Rulers Polish Royalty Mieszko I, duke of Poland (962–92), the first important member...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0839492.html (161 words)

	Poland: Rulers — Infoplease.com
		Portraits after life: the Baroque legacy of Poland's nobles.
		The contribution of post-World War II schools in Poland in forging a negative image of the Germans.
		A fatal guarantee: Poland, 1939.(British and French guarantees of Polish independence)(includes bibliography)
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0775515.html (219 words)

	GoPoland! Web Travel Guide to Poland
		Since the majority of Poland's rulers are encrypted in the Wawel Cathedral, they politely made way for one another by building their own side chapels.
		The remaining chapels tell the long architectural story of Poland - rarely is so much gathered into one site of worship.
		To give you some sense of the size of the castle, check this usefully-marked map out.
	www.gopoland.com /wheretogo/krakow/sights/wawel.shtml (215 words)

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