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Topic: Rum, Anatolia

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	Turkey (country) - MSN Encarta
		Although the sultanate of Rum imitated the Seljuk Empire of Baghdad, the presence within its boundaries of large numbers of Christians and its superimposition of Islam on top of a living Christian tradition produced a milieu considerably different to that of other Islamic states.
		In Anatolia, the Turkoman nomads used the resulting anarchy to form a series of principalities, nominally under the suzerainty of Rum, which in turn was dominated by the Mongols.
		Osman’s conquests in Anatolia were crowned with the capture (1326) of the provincial capital Bursa by his son Orhan, which gave the Ottomans control over the Byzantine administrative, financial, and military systems in the area.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761575380_8/Turkey_(country).html (1369 words)

	Novitas Tourism & Travel Agency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Anatolia is a bridge connecting the Middle East and Europe, and it shares in the history of both those parts of the world.
		The Turkish horsemen who stormed into Anatolia in the eleventh century were called gazis (warriors of the faith), but they followed their tribal leaders to win booty and to take land as well as to spread Islam.
		Anatolia was the most productive part of this extensive empire and was also the principal reservoir of manpower for its defense.
	www.novitas.com.tr /turkey1.htm (4644 words)

	brief history of the Seljuk and Anatolian Emirates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The name Rum derives from Rome, for the Byzantine Empire was still formally the Roman Empire in the east.
		Rum, Aleppo, and Mosul were in the first line of combat against the Crusader States (starting in 1097).
		Attacked by the crusaders, the Rum sultanate was forced to move its capital to Konya.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /s/seljukAnatolianEmirates.html (791 words)

	Seljuk Turks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The fact that they embraced Sunni Islam and defended it with an irresistible power is one of the reasons why this branch is the major and most populous division of Islam.
		The Seljuk dynasty collapsed tn the middle of the 13th century when the Seljuks of Anatolia was divided in three emirates; the ones of Izz ad-Din Kay-Kaus II (1246-60), Rukn ad-Din Qïlïch Arslan IV (1248-65), and Ala ad-Din Kay-Qubadh II (1249-57).
		When the mongols raided Anatolia in the 1260s the emirates fell into chaos and was divided into smaller areas ruled by beys (chiefs).
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/s/se/seljuk_turks.html (323 words)

	Rum Province, Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rûm (originally Arabic for Rome) was an Ottoman province in northern Anatolia, founded following Bayezid I's conquest of the area in the 1390s.
		After the capital was moved to city of Sivas.
		Rûm was the old Seljuk Turkish word for Anatolia, referring to the Eastern Roman Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rum_Province,_Ottoman_Empire (88 words)

	History of the Seljuks of Anatolia
		The Seljuks of Anatolia were responsible for one of the richest and most inventive periods in Turkish culture.
		These two groups operated amidst the complex existing political and ethnic makeup in Anatolia: Latin strongholds, the Byzantines, the colonies of Venetian and Genoese merchants, the Knight of St. John in the Mediterranean, the Greeks in the west, and the Armenians and Georgians to the east.
		Anatolia was in both the hands of the weakening Mongols who struggled to hold it, and the local emirs (beys) who had appeared over the last several years, breaking away to form their own authority.
	www.turkishhan.org /history.htm (5342 words)

	Turkey - Sultanate of Rum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Although successful in the west, the Seljuk sultanate in Baghdad reeled under attacks from the Mongols in the east and was unable--indeed unwilling--to exert its authority directly in Anatolia.
		Although a Turkish revival in the 1140s nullified many of the Christian gains, greater damage was done to Byzantine security by dynastic strife in Constantinople in which the largely French contingents of the Fourth Crusade and their Venetian allies intervened.
		Seljuk Rum survived in the late thirteenth century as a vassal state of the Mongols, who had already subjugated the Great Seljuk sultanate at Baghdad.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-13911.html (440 words)

	2003 Year of Turkey in Japan
		A new chapter of history in the land of Anatolia was about to begin and it was to be written by the Turks.
		This period of turmoil was followed by the onslaught of the Mongols, who though fleetingly, succeeded in occupying the entire region of Anatolia during the great Seljuk dynasty (1077-1308) under the rule of Rum.
		Anatolia began its inevitable decline and during there existed a period of constant clashes between smaller Turkish principalities.
	www.turkjapan2003.org /3empmes1.asp (1134 words)

	The Rise of the Turks and the Ottoman Empire
		However, he was forced to divert his attention to Anatolia by the gazis on whose endurance and mobility the Seljuks depended.
		Rum survived in the late thirteenth century as a vassal of the Mongols, who had already subjugated the Great Seljuk sultanate at Baghdad.
		In Anatolia, however, where Ottoman policy had been directed toward consolidating the sultan's hold over the gazi amirates through conquest, usurpation, and purchase, the Ottomans were confronted by the Mongol hordes under Timur Lenk (Tamerlane), to whom many of the Turkish gazis had defected.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Turkey2.html (3639 words)

	History of TURKEY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Anatolia, linking Asia and Europe, has a long and distinguished record as a centre of civilization - from one of the world's first towns (Catal Huyuk), through the successive periods of Hittites and Trojans, Ionians and Lydians, Romans and Byzantines.
		Rum, meaning Rome, is the word used by the Turks for Byzantium (whose officials still describe themselves as Romans, in keeping with the origins of the Byzantine empire).
		Bayazid is confronted by a major threat in Anatolia - the arrival of Timur.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac94 (1673 words)

	Anatolia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Anatolia is that region lying to the south of the Black Sea, to the east of the Aegean Sea, north of the eastern Mediterranean Sea and, inland, the Fertile Crescent, and west of the Caucasus-Azerbaijani districts.
		The Hittites, arising in central Anatolia within what later was known as Cappadocia, were one of the earliest peoples to make extensive use of iron.
		An Armenian principality in northeastern Anatolia, autonomous roughly 400-800 CE.
	www.hostkingdom.net /turkey.html (2597 words)

	WHKMLA : Military History of Anatolia
		Eastern Anatolia was conquered by the Ottomans in a conflict with Safavid Persia and Mamluk Egypt 1514-1517.
		Western Anatolia was a core region of the Ottoman Empire; mountainous Eastern Anatolia, home to an ethnically and religiously diverse population, was the site of frequent rebellions, and for long periods of Ottoman rule, many regions within Eastern Anatolia were largely autonomous.
		Eastern Anatolia was affected by border wars with Persia (1514-1516, 1526-1555, 1577-1590, 1602-1612, 1616-1618, 1623-1638, 1722-1727, 1730-1736, 1743-1747, 1776-1779, 1821-1822).
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/asmin/anatmilhist.html (677 words)

	Minor Asia - birthplace of christian Apostles
		When Anatolia was started to be colonized (1500 A.D) by the Greeks, it was populated by little tribes.
		Greek cities of Anatolia were burned to ashes and greek monuments and churches were lost for ever.
		Chrysostomos, the spiritual leader of the Orthodox Christians in Smyrna refused to abandon the city, was seized from religious services he was conducting in the cathedral by Turkish police forces and was given over to be dismembered by a mob in the streets.
	fstav.tripod.com /anatolia.html (1079 words)

	module1lect2
		'Rum' was the Turkish form of the name Rome, so the Rum Seljuks were the Seljuks who ruled what had been part of the Roman (i.e.
		The Rum Seljuks never were able to create in Anatolia the type of centralized government expected from an empire.
		Egypt and Anatolia viewed for prestige and authority but the 'power and glory' of the West were ultimately sealed by the creation of the Ottoman empire.
	www.humanities.ualberta.ca /ottoman/module1/lecture2.htm (915 words)

	The face of Sultan Alaed-din Keykubat 1 a unique 13th century Seljuck naturalistic portrait. - Turkish Daily News Aug ...
		The young Giyathsed-din fled from Rum Seljuck Anatolia to Byzantine Constantinople (todays Istanbul) to the court of the Byzantine Emperor Alexis 111rd Angelus 1195-1203, where he was treated as an honorable guest until 1203, before the crusaders invested Constantinople in the notorious 4th crusade and Emperor Alexis 111 was deposed.
		As the ruler of the Rum Seljuck Sultanate from 1220-1236 Sultan Alaed-din Keykubat I became famous throughout the Islamic world, his court and realm acted as a magnet for the educated and skilled, many of whom were leaving the Eastern Islamic world as its cities were ripped and savaged by the advancing Mongol armies.
		There was relative peace in Rum Seljuck Anatolia, apart from regular waves of Turkish nomads moving west into the Rum Seljuck Sultanate and the lawless maraudering of the Turkomen nomads disrupting agriculture and village life.
	www.turkishdailynews.com.tr /archives.php?id=24724 (1943 words)

	Trabzon - All About Turkey
		Anatolia, as it was under the Roman sovereignty at that time, was mentioned as Diyar-i Rum.
		In the 8th century the Moslem Arab armies entered Anatolia and came down to Trabzon, invading the area around the citadel.
		He took the citadel from the Byzantian governor who was at his side and made Trabzon the capital of his Kingdom; the state of Trabzon emerged.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /trabzon.htm (4835 words)

	Islamic naturalistic portraits from life, from the 11th to the 16th centuries - Turkish Daily News Jun 11, 2003
		In the employment of the Rum Seljuck Court there was an official portraitist, who had the title (the nisba), Ayn u'l Devla of Rum (meaning, the eye of the Rum Seljuck Sultanate), and whose task was to draw portraits from life (see TDN January 13th 2001 "Naturalistic painting and drawing from life").
		This portrait was requested from the Rum Seljuck court's official portraitist by the Georgian Princess Tamara, daughter of Queen Rusudan (1223-47), who had a firm understanding of the role of court portraitists, both Seljuck and Georgian.
		She later married in 1266, Pervane Muined-Din Sleyman, the Regent over Rum Seljuck Anatolia under Mongol overlordship, and it was in this period, the 1260's, that the 20 portrait drawings were made by the court portraitist, Ayn u'l Devla of Rum of Celalad-Din Rumi in the course of a single day.
	www.turkishdailynews.com.tr /archives.php?id=32583 (1833 words)

	Articles - Nesa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		KÃ¼ltepe (38Â°51â€²N 35Â°38â€²E) is the name of the modern village near the ancient city of Kanes in central eastern Anatolia, also called KÃ¢rum Kanesh "merchant-colony city of Kanes" in Assyrian (rendered Karum KaniÅŸ in Turkish).
		Most of the archaeological evidence found is typical of Anatolia rather than Assyria, but the use of cuneiform writing as well as the dialect are the best indications of Assyrian presence.
		This level was burned to the ground in antiquity, perhaps reflecting the conquest of the city of Assur by the kings of Eshnunna.
	www.landize.com /articles/Nesa (603 words)

	Seljuk Turks - Wikipedia
		The Seljuks migrated into western Asia[?] in the 10th century while fighting with various tribes on their way.
		They accepted Sunni Islam and founded dynasties in Persia, Mesopotamia, Syria and Anatolia.
		He died in 1063 in favour of his nephew (the great-grandson of Seljuk), Alp Arslan, who invaded Anatolia at the Battle of Manzikert in the 1070s.
	wikipedia.findthelinks.com /se/Seljuk.html (246 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Seldjuk conquest of Anatolia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		About the military defeat of Byzantines, it was complete, one of the reasons that made anatolia so defensless as far as iknow was that Byzantines used more or less every soldier they could from anatolia, so once the defeat occured there was not much to put against the turks.
		About entire anatolia being "greek" its too simplified since some old historians talks about 4 great languages in anatolia, greek, turkish and armenian are certain, the fourth are not so certain.
		But there was also a second huge nomad immigration-wave to anatolia during the mongol conquest which was the main fuel for the conquest of Byzantine territory during the "beylik" period.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=2951&PN=1 (1376 words)

	The Emperor Babur: Autobiography and Dialogue with History
		They were used by other army leaders, particularly in the frontier regions of India and Anatolia, who read them as sources of information and inspiration for modeling the successful career of ghazis and heroes of old.
		This world was of course Anatolia (Rûm), and the ghazis there are what moderns call the “Ottomans”, but were known to Babur as the ghazis of Rûm.
		Now when the lords of the Government-With- Everlasting-Fame brought the Caesar of Rum handcuffed at bedtime to the court of the world-protector, the vein of royal magnanimity began to stir, and the defender of compassion commanded that he [Bayezid] should be brought respectfully and with untied hands.
	www.history.ucla.edu /events/coll-conf/eurocoll/In_the_first_three_chapters[1]-1.html (10263 words)

	Ibn Battuta From the Medieval Sourcebook Paul Halsall Feb 1996
		Now in all the lands inhabited by the Turkmens in Anatolia, in every district, town and village, there are to be found members of the organization known as the Akhiya or Young Brotherhood.
		The "Rum" reference is to the fact that Anatolia at that time was known to the MiddleEasterners as "Rome" i.
		The Brotherhood which Ibn Batutta found in Konia, and which was distinguished from the other guilds in Anatolia by its special insignia of the trousers and its claim to spiritual descent from Ali was probablay a relic of the order founded by the romantic Caliph.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /ibnbattuta.htm (5078 words)

	History - Turkey - Middle East: alexander great, cyrus great, unique ottoman, genghis khan, byzantine empire
		The first major civilization in Anatolia was that of the Hittites, about 1900 to 1200 bc, which originated in the central plateau.
		Although at this time the primary objective of the Seljuks was not to attack the Byzantines but to eliminate the threat of heterodox Shia Islam posed by the Fatimids of Egypt, some members of the Seljuk dynasty saw an opportunity to win a realm of their own.
		In Anatolia, the Turkish nomads used the resulting anarchy to form a series of principalities, nominally under the suzerainty of Rum, which in turn was dominated by the Mongols.
	www.countriesquest.com /middle_east/turkey/history.htm (594 words)

	Canik
		Persian domination of Trabzon, as in the rest of Anatolia, was brought to an end by Alexander the Great’s eastern campaign in 334 BC.
		Rum, and the areas under the Roman sovereignty as Diyar-i Rum or Memleket-ul Rum (land of Rums).
		Anatolia was called Eyalet-i Rum, the Anatolia Sultan, Sultan-i Rum, and Mevlana of Anatolia as
	twanclik.free.fr /janik_vank.htm (6980 words)

	Muslim American Society
		Simultaneously, an 'Uthmanli (Ottoman) state was founded in Anatolia in 699/1299 by 'Uthman I, as a successor to the waning Byzantine power in that region.
		The Saljuqs of Rum dominated Anatolia until they were displaced by the Mongol invasion under the leadership of the children of Genghis Khan.
		The rest of Anatolia which did not fall in the foregoing conquests was under the dominion of the Qaramanis from 654/1256 to 888/1483, when the 'Uthmanli state added it to its own territory.
	www.masnet.org /history.asp?id=423 (5911 words)

	The Seljuk Turks
		In 1071 this Seljuk force engaged the armies of the Byzantine emperor at Manzikert (Malazgirt) north of Lake Van, defeated them decisively, and captured Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes.
		They established their capital at Konya around 1150 and ruled what would be known as the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum [ROOM, Rome].
		Seljuk culture in Rum was at its height in the mid-1200s, just as the Mongols overran West Asia and ravaged Anatolia.
	www.turkeytravelplanner.com /TravelDetails/History/Seljuks.html (456 words)

	Turkish occupation of Serbia - History Forum
		Suleyman Beg was the chief (beg, not khan yet) of Kayi tribe and he immigrated from Turkestan to Iran, and later to Rum (Anatolia).
		For example, one study on Anatolian genes, titled Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia, states that “[a]nalysis of 89 biallelic polymorphisms in 523 Turkish Y chromosomes revealed 52 distinct haplotypes with considerable haplogroup substructure, as exemplified by their respective levels of accumulated diversity at ten short tandem repeat (STR) loci.
		While it is likely that gene flow between Central Asia and Anatolia has occurred repeatedly throughout prehistory, uncertainties regarding source populations and the number of such episodes between Central Asia and Europe confound any assessment of the contribution of the 11th century AD Oghuz nomads responsible for the Turkic language replacement.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?act=findpost&pid=58655 (3780 words)

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