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Topic: Ruminantia

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Giraffidae

Tylopoda

Cervidae

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Ruminant

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	Artiodactyla (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		By the late Eocene (46million years ago), the three modern suborders had already developed: Suina (the pig group); Tylopoda (the camel group); and Ruminantia (the goat and cattle group).
		The camelids and the Ruminantia, on the other hand, tend to be longer-legged, to have only two toes, to have more complexcheek teeth well-suited to grinding up tough grasses, and multi-chambered stomachs.
		Not only are their digestive systems highlydeveloped, they have also evolved the habit of chewing cud: regurgitating part-digested food to chew it again and extract themaximum possible benefit from it.
	www.therfcc.org /artiodactyla-60193.html (388 words)

	Ruminantia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The biological suborder Ruminantia includes many of the well-known large or browsing mammals : among them cattle goats sheep deer antelope.
		All members of the Ruminantia are ruminants : they digest food in two steps and swallowing in the normal way to with and then regurgitating the semi-digested cud re-chew it and thus extract the maximum food value.
		Camels and llamas are an obvious and there are a number of other grazing mammals that while not strictly ruminants similar adaptations for surviving on large quantities low-grade food.
	www.freeglossary.com /Ruminantia (154 words)

	Even-toed ungulate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		By the Eocene (46 million years ago) the three suborders had already developed: Suina (the pig Tylopoda (the camel group); and Ruminantia (the goat and cattle group).
		The camelids and the Ruminantia on the hand tend to be longer-legged to have two toes to have more complex cheek well-suited to grinding up tough grasses and stomachs.
		Not only are their digestive systems developed they have also evolved the habit chewing cud: regurgitating part-digested food to chew again and extract the maximum possible benefit it.
	www.freeglossary.com /Even-toed_ungulates (507 words)

	Ruminantia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Suborder Ruminantia: cattle, antelopes, deer and giraffes: advanced artiodactyls.
		EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF THE RADIATION OF THE RUMINANTIA...
		EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF THE RADIATION OF THE RUMINANTIA (MAMMALIA: ARTIODACTYLA).
	www.bigletterlist.net /w/r/Ruminantia.htm (324 words)

	Herkauwer -- Een herkauwer (Latijnse benaming: Ruminantia) is een herbivoor ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Herkauwer -- Een herkauwer (Latijnse benaming: Ruminantia) is een herbivoor...
		Een herkauwer (Latijnse benaming: Ruminantia) is een herbivoor die zijn eten nadat het in de maag geweest is nogmaals in de mond kauwt.
		Herkauwers hebben een lang darmstelsel en vaak meerdere verschillende magen om het moeilijk verteerbare voedsel optimaal te kunnen gebruiken.
	ruminantia.nl.tracking24.net (78 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 520.500 Cetartiodactyla: Selenodontia
		Phylogeny: Selenodontia :: (Oreodontoidea + (Camelidae + Ruminantia)) + *.
		Characters: petrosal, inner surface with deep mastoid fossa; petrosal, ventral margin expanded; internal auditory meatus reduced.
		Phylogeny: Selenodontia ::: (Camelidae + Ruminantia) + *.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/520Cetartiodactyla/520.500.html (497 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 520.600 Cetartiodactyla: Ruminantia
		Characters: usually with horns; lower canines incisor-like; long diastema; incisors absent on upper jaw; stomach four-chambered and complex; metapodials fused into single, elongated cannon bone.
		; Ruminantia after Janis, 1987, Norris, 2000 and Vislobokova and...
		; Foto-album- Ruminantia; Wiederkäuer (German); BM Ursing - abstracts; Sub-Unit- Suborder Ruminantia; Giraffens utveckling - Mimers Brunn (Swedish).
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/520Cetartiodactyla/520.600.html (172 words)

	RUMINANT - Definition
		[adj] related to or characteristic of animals of the suborder Ruminantia or any other animal that chews a cud; "ruminant mammals"
		See {Ruminate}.] (Zo["o]l.) Chewing the cud; characterized by chewing again what has been swallowed; of or pertaining to the Ruminantia.
		(Zo["o]l.) A ruminant animal; one of the Ruminantia.
	www.hyperdictionary.com /dictionary/ruminant (105 words)

	Ruminantia -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		(An order of hooved mammals of the subclass Eutheria (including pigs and peccaries and hippopotami and members of the suborder Ruminantia) having an even number of functional toes) Artiodactyla
		ORDER (An order of hooved mammals of the subclass Eutheria (including pigs and peccaries and hippopotami and members of the suborder Ruminantia) having an even number of functional toes) ARTIODACTYLA
		Suborder (Click link for more info and facts about Suina) Suina: (A crude block of metal (lead or iron) poured from a smelting furnace) pigs, (An ancient Numidian town in northwestern Africa adjoining present-day Annaba in northeastern Algeria) hippos and (Click link for more info and facts about peccaries) peccaries
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ru/ruminantia.htm (450 words)

	ruminant from On-line Medical Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Chewing the cud; characterised by chewing again what has been swallowed; of or pertaining to the Ruminantia.
		A ruminant animal; one of the Ruminantia.
		Published at the Centre for Cancer Education, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
	cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk /cgi-bin/omd?query=ruminant&action=Search+OMD (47 words)

	Taxonomie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Relativ primitive Wiederkäuer, die sich bereits frühzeitig von den Ruminantia getrennt haben.
		Treten mit mittlerem und letztem Glied des dritten und vierten Zehens und Finger auf, die ersten, zweiten und fünften Zehen sind restlos verschwunden.
		Es sind Wiederkäuer mit viergeteiltem Magen und Schlundrinne, jedoch ist es eine unabhängige Entwicklung von den Ruminantia (Wiederkäuer): Parallelbildung
	www.uni-stuttgart.de /bio/bioinst/zoologie/sinai01/beduinen/kamele/taxonomie.html (76 words)

	Dictionary.com/ruminant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		: of or relating to two suborders (Ruminantia and Tylopoda) of even-toed hoofed mammals (as sheep, oxen, deer, and camels) that chew the cud and have a complex 3- or 4-chambered stomach
		adj : related to or characteristic of animals of the suborder Ruminantia or any other animal that chews a cud; "ruminant mammals" [ant: nonruminant] n : any of various cud-chewing hoofed mammals having a stomach divided into four (occasionally three) compartments
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	dictionary.reference.com /search?q=ruminant (216 words)

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