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Topic: Running key cipher

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Classical cryptography

Book cipher

Trifid cipher

Stream cipher attack

ADFGVX cipher

Affine cipher

Hill cipher

Playfair cipher

Tabula recta

Chosen ciphertext attack

Straddling checkerboard

Initialization vector

Stream cipher

Pigpen cipher

History of cryptography

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	Running key cipher
		In classical cryptography, the runnning key cipher is a type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher in which a text, typically from a book, is used to provide a very long key stream.
		Modern variants of the running key cipher often replace the traditional tabula recta with bitwise exclusive or, operate on whole bytes rather than alphabetic letters, and derive their running keys from large files.
		Because both ciphers classically employed novels or Bibles as part of their key material, many sources confuse the book cipher and the running key cipher.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/r/ru/running_key_cipher.html (772 words)

	Running key cipher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Modern variants of the running key cipher often replace the traditional tabula recta with bitwise exclusive or, operate on whole bytes rather than alphabetic letters, and derive their running keys from large files.
		This is because the entropy per character of both plaintext and running key is low, and the combining operation is easily inverted.
		Because both ciphers classically employed novels or Bibles as part of their key material, many sources confuse the book cipher and the running key cipher.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Running_key_cipher (791 words)

	Braingle: Vigenere Cipher
		In a Caesar Cipher, each letter of the alphabet is shifted along some number of places; for example, in a Caesar cipher of shift 3, A would become D, B would become E and so on.
		An Autokey cipher is identical to the Vigenère cipher with the exception that instead of creating a keyword by repeating one word over and over, the keyword is constructed by appending the keyword to the begining of the actual plaintext message.
		A Running Key cipher is identical to the Vigenère cipher with the exception that the keyword is chosen to be a book or long passage.
	www.braingle.com /brainteasers/codes/vigenere.php (456 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A monoalphabetic cipher uses fixed substitution over the entire message, whereas a polyalphabetic cipher uses a number of substitutions at different times in the messageâ”such as with homophones, where a unit from the plaintext is mapped to one of several possibilities in the ciphertext.
		The running key cipher, where the key is made very long by using a passage from a book or similar text.
		Modern stream ciphers can also be seen, from a sufficiently abstract perspective, to be a form of polyalphabetic cipher in which all the effort has gone into making the keystream as long and unpredictable as possible.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=substitution_cipher (2692 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		For example, lets say we have a string of "errokeys" and run it against a polygram cipher then depending on the application itself, it may encipher the first 4 characters, then the other 4 characters.
		Simple substitution cipher's are really not hard to break anyway, considering if they only substituted characters, the cipher does not hide the underlying frequencies of the different letters of the plaintext.
		Homophonic is superior to the simple substitution ciphers and are much more complicated to break, but still do not interrupt all of the stats properties of the plaintext language.
	www.security-protocols.com /whitepapers/cryptography/sub.txt (529 words)

	programming projects in cryptography
		You should allow the user to specify a key and then encryption and decryption is done by reading from files (rather than typing from the keyboard).
		Whether a definite key length is found or not, possibly strategies exist for exhausing ngrams of consecutive key characters to yield meaningful plaintext.
		For 32 bit keys which are chosen from sequences of 4 lower case letters there are about half a million keys to check.
	www.cs.umbc.edu /~stephens/crypto/project1.html (2606 words)

	Cipher - FAQ
		Cipher was developed from 2000 to 2003 by Synaptic Soup Ltd. The company built Cipher to create their own games with and also licensed the technology to other developers.
		Cipher has been used to produce a game that runs on a Pentium II 300Mhz with a Rage 128, which is a very low spec machine by today's standards.
		Cipher has not been used in a shipping game at this point, though it has been used in two technology demos for leading graphics card manufactures and is being used in a number of non-commercial reseach projects.
	www.cipherengine.com /faq.php (2929 words)

	nCipher - Glossary
		Given a cipher, a key determines the mapping of the plaintext to the ciphertext.
		If the running time, given as a function of the length of the input, is a polynomial function when running on a theoretical, non-deterministic computer, then the algorithm is said to be NP.
		A secret key cipher in which the key is a truly random sequence of bits that is as long as the message itself, and encryption is performed by XORing the message with the key.
	www.ncipher.com /company/investor_relations/glossary.php (4722 words)

	Chapter 8 -- The Cipher Exchange
		Cipher substitutes are found at the other corners of that rectangle, first in square 2, the second in square 4.
		P: The Quag one is a periodic cipher with a keyed plain alphabet run against a straight cipher alphabet.
		The cipher equivalents are those letters forming the opposite corners of a rectangle determined by the pt pair.
	www.und.edu /org/crypto/crypto/.chap08.html (5798 words)

	cipher
		/u Update the user's file encryption key or recovery agent's key to the current ones in all of the encrypted files on local drives (that is, if the keys have been changed).
		It is recommended that you always encrypt both the file and the folder in which it resides, this prevents an encrypted file from becoming decrypted when it is modified.
		Cipher cannot encrypt files that are marked as read-only.
	www.ss64.com /nt/cipher.html (435 words)

	Book cipher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A book cipher is a cipher in which the key is the identity of a book or other piece of text.
		Essentially, the code version of a "book cipher" is just like any other code, but one in which the trouble of preparing and distributing the codebook has been eliminated by using an existing text.
		Perhaps the most famous use of a book cipher is in the Beale ciphers, of which document no. 2 uses a (modified version of) the United States Declaration of Independence as the key text.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Book_cipher (589 words)

	Mathematical Games
		Ciphers that are unbreakable even in theory have been in use for half a century.
		Then in 1975 a new kind of cipher was proposed that radically altered the situation by supplying a new definition of "unbreakable," a definition that comes from the branch of computer science known as complexity theory.
		Of course any cipher system that cannot be proved unbreakable in the absolute sense of one-time pads is open to sophisticated attacks by modern cryptanalysts who are trained mathematicians with powerful computers at their elbow.
	www.fortunecity.com /emachines/e11/86/cipher1.html (3343 words)

	The UnMuseum: Cryptology
		One of the simplest ciphers was said to have been used by Julius Caesar and for that reason this type of cipher still bears his name.
		Each letter in the key would be given a number equal to the order in which it appears in the alphabet.
		By shifting the ciphers by one letter each time a new letter was encoded, the builders of the machine were able to minimize the chance that the frequency of certain letters appearing in the code could be used to break it.
	www.unmuseum.org /cipher.htm (2442 words)

	- mjidor - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Typically, a form of stream cipher where the ciphertext output is fed back to modify the state of the random number generator producing the running key or confusion sequence.
		In a discussion of block cipher concepts, cryptography implicitly uses definition (2), because it is the accumulation of multiple characters (and the resulting larger ciphering alphabet) which is characteristic of conventional block ciphers.
		A block cipher operates on a block of data (for example, multiple bytes) in a single ciphering, as opposed to a stream cipher, which can operate on bytes or even bits as they occur.
	www.mjidor.com /kryptoord.shtml (7522 words)

	Braingle: Running Key Cipher
		To encrypt a plaintext message using the Vigenère Cipher, one locates the row with the first letter to be encrypted, and the column with the first letter of the keyword.
		In a Running Key cipher, the keyword is the text of a predetermined book or passage.
		Enciphering and deciphering the message is performed using the exact same method as the Vigenère Cipher.
	www.braingle.com /brainteasers/codes/runningkey.php (141 words)

	Cryptanalysis of CipherSaber-1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		For a 74 byte key (the size that insures 3 mixings), the probability p(1) that C(1) is unaffected by the IV is as follows.
		In a stream cipher it is essential that the same key never be used twice.
		One disadvantage of the key stroke timing method is that you must force the user to enter their key afresh for every message.
	www.ciphersaber.gurus.com /cryptanalysis.html (2552 words)

	Cipher Review Service
		ciphers in which we attempt to find and describe weaknesses which may be present.
		Keys must be changed periodically, because using the same key forever means that any single exposure of that key will expose all messages, past and future.
		A major advantage of this organization is the ability to replace the ciphering with a simple copy; this allows the file and block operations to be tested and developed independent of the cipher.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /CIPHREVU.HTM (2075 words)

	Cipher Ultra DigiDrive from Addonics
		The Addonics Cipher UDD is one of the most advanced Flash memory readers/writers that provide data security in ATA Flash and PCMCIA hard drives and a variety of popular Flash media.
		One of these keys should be kept in a safe and secure location and can be sent back to Addonics for duplicating additional keys.
		Addonics is not responsible for key lost in the mail or retrieval of the data inside the encrypted Flash media.
	www.addonics.com /products/cipher/cudd.asp (840 words)

	Ciphers By Ritter: Cryptography and Technology
		The cipher is keyed by constructing a particular orthogonal Latin square pair for each mixing element, which is fairly easy to do.
		Extremely large blocks can be ciphered almost as fast (per byte) as smaller blocks, thus possibly avoiding CBC chaining, and providing room for authentication and dynamic keying fields.
		A 4-bit cipher model which uses keyed 2-bit tables is presented as a challenge to explore the strength of the structure.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com (5134 words)

	Cryptofile - Cipher Modules
		Redistribution of this file is permitted under the GNU Public License.
		Cipher names that are available to losetup and mount programs
		Run this command, as root, and Makefile will run series of tests.
	cryptofile.com /ciphers.php (478 words)

	Bletchley Park Cryptographic Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Word forming basis of order of letters in a Playfair square or in one or both components of a cipher alphabet.
		A movement of controlled but sometimes variable amount imparted to a rotating portion of a cipher machine either regularly, e.g.
		The movement of the printing- wheel between cipher and plain-language letter at the encipherment of any given letter, or the portion of this total movement formed by the contribution of any particular wheel which has an active position for that letter, i.e.
	www.codesandciphers.org.uk /documents/cryptdict/page49.htm (215 words)

	AMUG Addonics Saturn Cipher ExDrive Review
		The Cipher key needs to be inserted in the front of the Saturn Cipher ExDrive enclosure before you can mount the hard drive on the desktop.
		However, leaving the key in the enclosure is less secure and I typically forget to put the key back in before waking from sleep.
		If you mount the Saturn Cipher ExDrive in the Storage Tower or a PC using one of the cradle options a 40x40x10mm 12v TandT model 4010M12C fan is mounted in the rear of the cradle.
	www.amug.org /amug-web/html/amug/reviews/articles/addonics/cipher (3892 words)

	CDW Product Overview: Addonics Saturn Cipher Enclosure Kit
		The Saturn Cipher Enclosure kit is one of the most advanced hardware based hard drive encryption solutions in the market.
		The only difference is the additional encryption key and electronics in the Saturn Cipher drive enclosure.
		The only difference to use a Saturn Cipher enclosure is the addition of the encryption key that needs to be inserted prior to attaching the drive enclosure to the computer.
	www.cdw.com /shop/products/default.aspx?EDC=881265 (598 words)

	PuTTY Change Log
		When Pageant is running and an SSH key is specified in the configuration, PuTTY will now only try Pageant authentication with that key.
		Key file format is the same as "regular" ssh.
		the bit length of the key, mod 16, was between 1 and 8 inclusive) were being handled incorrectly.
	www.chiark.greenend.org.uk /~sgtatham/putty/changes.html (5583 words)

	Book cipher - Definition, explanation
		A book cipher is a cipher in which the key is the identity of a book.
		Traditionally book ciphers work by replacing words in the plaintext of a message with the location of words from a book.
		Perhaps the most famous use of a book cipher is in the Beale ciphers.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/b/bo/book_cipher.php (266 words)

	Running Key Cipher - LinuxQuestions.org
		Given a cipher text character A, you can't tell which letter was the cleartext, it could have been A, D, G,...
		Its actually a Vigenere Cipher but the key is really long.
		So what I was thinking is finding out first the length of the key and then possibly doing a comparison from where the key starts again and the beginning of the message.
	www.linuxquestions.org /questions/showthread.php?t=502060 (916 words)

	CodeGuru Forums - Running Key Cipher
		In order to decrypt text, you must have the key (that is, you must know the encrypted text as well as the "SPOT RUN SEE" string).
		However, your encryption algorithm is weaker than the (weak) running key cipher algorithm.
		So, for example, if the encoded contain 'Z' (90), anybody can know that the only possible value for the key and original text is 'Z' (90) for both.
	www.codeguru.com /forum/showthread.php?t=406281 (589 words)

	Apache 2 with SSL/TLS: Step-by-Step, Part 1
		SSL itself is conceptually quite simple: it negotiates the cryptography algorithms and keys between two sides of a communication, and establishes an encrypted tunnel through which other protocols (like HTTP) can be transported.
		If the handshake is successful and both sides agree on a common cipher suite and encryption keys, the application data (usually HTTP, but it can be another protocol) can be sent through encrypted tunnel (using the SSL Record Layer).
		The value "128-bit" says that the symmetric key that that is being used to encrypt the communication has the length of 128 bits, which is strong enough (at least for the moment) to protect the traffic from unauthorized access.
	www.securityfocus.com /infocus/1818 (2303 words)

	Running key cipher - Definition, explanation
		In classical cryptography, the running key cipher is a type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher in which a text, typically from a book, is used to provide a very long key stream.
		To an opponent with a massive collection of possible key texts, this leaves possible a brute force search of the order of
		Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/r/ru/running_key_cipher.php (812 words)

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