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Topic: Runoff water

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	Flow control bypass basin apparatus - Patent 5433845
		The bypass basin passes the initial, dirty and oily, portion of the rainfall runoff to the separator and bypasses subsequent runoff water instead to the drain.
		When rainfall occurs, the initial runoff water from the surface washes the oil from the surface, and subsequent runoff water during the same storm is relatively clean.
		The obstacle to using a separator such as separator 20 to process runoff water from a large parking lot P having relatively low levels of surface contamination is that, if properly sized to handle all of the runoff flow during the most intense rainfall that might occur, the separator would be enormous and prohibitively expensive.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5433845.html (4841 words)

	Water - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Water is a very good solvent and dissolves many types of substances, such as various salts and sugar, and facilitates their chemical interaction, which aids complex metabolisms.
		Water is lost from the body in urine and faeces, through sweating, and by exhalation of water vapour in the breath.
		Polluting water may be the biggest single misuse of water; to the extent that a pollutant limits other uses of the water, it becomes a waste of the resource, regardless of benefits to the polluter.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Water (1775 words)

	Runoff (water) - Definition, explanation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Run-off, composed of a mixture of water and soil along with any other organic or inorganic substances that may exist in the land, is the product of precipitation, snowmelt, over-irrigation, or other water coming in contact with the earth and carrying matter to streams, rivers, lakes, and other surface water bodies.
		The area within which runoff flows into a given body of water is a watershed, usually bounded by ridges of hills or mountains.
		Urbanization is another major culprit in causing excessive runoff, as impermeable surfaces such as pavement and buildings do not allow percolation of the water down through the soil to the water table.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/r/ru/runoff__water_.php (277 words)

	Northeast Sea Grant: Stormwater Runoff Best Management Practices For Marinas: A Guide for Operators
		Runoff carrying sediments, chemicals and nutrients is slowed by the vegetation, which allows particles carrying pollutants to settle out before reaching the surface water.
		Runoff is directed or channeled into the top of an underground chamber or series of chambers that contain a permanent pool of water.
		Runoff is directed to a catch basin or other suitable inlet connected to a chamber or system of chambers buried underground that retain some or all of the water, depending on the design.
	www.seagrant.sunysb.edu /pages/BMPsForMarinas.htm (6375 words)

	DJC.COM: New treatment for job site water runoff is chemical-free, provided by Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce
		Water Tectonics’ process consists of passing runoff water through electrical cells that apply a positive and negative charge to the water, which makes the particles cling together, gather weight and settle to the bottom of catch basins.
		Runoff water is captured in a settling pond, then run through the Water Tectonics process before it is released into Lake Washington, which has a turbidity rating of one.
		Turbidity is the measurement of the clarity of water.
	www.djc.com /news/enviro/11121382.html (1473 words)

	Is Highway Runoff A Serious Problem?
		Surface waters (streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes) are particularly vulnerable because they are directly exposed to contaminants released into the air and to direct discharges from point or non-point sources.
		Surface waters are not as vulnerable to deicing chemicals as are ground waters because their turbulent actions blend and dilute plumes of incoming liquids almost immediately after the chemicals enter the main stream.
		Ground waters, on the other hand, are more susceptible to pollution since there may be no turbulent actions to dissolve the chemicals when the runoff percolates through the soil and enters the water table.
	www.saltinstitute.org /runoff.html (3694 words)

	Rainfall runoff
		Runoff is extremely important in that not only does it keep rivers and lakes full of water, but it also changes the landscape by the action of erosion.
		Runoff may be classified according to speed of appearance after rainfall or melting snow as direct runoff or base runoff, and according to source as surface runoff, storm interflow, or ground-water runoff.
		Flooding is less significant in these conditions because some of the runoff during a storm is absorbed into the ground, thus lessening the amount of runoff into a stream during the storm.
	ga.water.usgs.gov /edu/runoff.html (479 words)

	WETLANDS AND WATER QUALITY
		Runoff water from developed areas, like agricultural fields, often contains large amounts of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) and phosphorus, which are nutrients essential to crop growth but harmful to humans and animals in high doses.
		Runoff from the field is from left to right, moving toward a stream not visible in the photo.
		This water moves quickly across the soil surface on its way toward an outlet; although many pollutants are removed and trapped, the water does not have time to recharge the groundwater.
	www.bae.ncsu.edu /programs/extension/evans/ag473-7.html (2662 words)

	Runoff Water Management for Animal Production and Environmental Protection - FSA1036
		The three basic concepts of runoff management are to keep the clean water clean, manage the heavy use areas and treat the runoff water from heavy use areas.
		The runoff water that needs to be redirected comes from roofed areas or ground surfaces up-slope from heavy use areas or manure storage units.
		Since large volumes of water and significant flow rates are possible, care should be used where the roof and ground runoff water is released to prevent erosion.
	www.uaex.edu /Other_Areas/publications/HTML/FSA-1036.asp (2403 words)

	Reducing Erosion and Runoff
		Often soil particles are carried by runoff, water that does not soak into the ground, but flows over the surface and runs to another area - such as into stormdrains, streams, or lakes.
		Runoff entering lakes and stream, in addition to carrying pollutants, is water that is needed to soak through the soil to resupply our groundwater.
		Runoff from roofs and paved areas can contribute to erosion by directing large amounts of water in a short time period to nearby areas that are unable to absorb it quickly enough.
	www.ext.vt.edu /pubs/envirohort/426-722/426-722.html (1223 words)

	Is Highway Runoff A Serious Problem?
		Surface waters (streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes) are particularly vulnerable because they are directly exposed to contaminants released into the air and to direct discharges from point or non-point sources.
		Surface waters are not as vulnerable to deicing chemicals as are ground waters because their turbulent actions blend and dilute plumes of incoming liquids almost immediately after the chemicals enter the main stream.
		Ground waters, on the other hand, are more susceptible to pollution since there may be no turbulent actions to dissolve the chemicals when the runoff percolates through the soil and enters the water table.
	www.tfhrc.gov /hnr20/runoff/runoff.htm (3696 words)

	WSDOT - SR 291 - Vicinity 9 Mile Safety Improvements - Environmental
		SR 291 is a major contributor of surface runoff with additional flow from the surrounding hillside.
		Runoff will be conveyed through a network of roadside ditches, catch basins, grate inlets, and culverts.
		The precipitation is relatively low, however, the spring runoff from rain and snowmelt may affect the steeper slopes in the area.
	www.wsdot.wa.gov /Regions/Eastern/projects/US291Vicinity9MileSafetyImprovements/Environmental.htm (625 words)

	Stormwater \| The Right BMPs? Another Look at Water Quality
		According to the Clean Water Act, a pollutant is a constituent that impairs the beneficial uses of a water body.
		Techniques are readily available to determine whether a particular runoff constituent is in fact a pollutant in the receiving waters for that runoff.
		Where significant receiving water beneficial-use impairments are found, determine the cause of the impairment and the specific sources of the constituents responsible.
	www.forester.net /sw_0011_right.html (4499 words)

	- Changes in the quality of runoff water caused by peat mining
		Changes in the quantity of runoff from peatlands have a bigger impact on the loading of water systems than changes in substance concentrations. This is why the environmental impacts of peat mining on watercourses cannot be reliably estimated solely on the basis of pollutant concentration data.
		Changes to the quality of runoff flowing from a drained peatland are dependent on factors such as peatland type, peat quality, peat layer thickness and drainage depth.
		Waters flowing from peat mining areas have high SS concentrations especially during floods and periods of heavy rain.
	www.ymparisto.fi /print.asp?contentid=139750&lan=en&clan=en (393 words)

	Surface runoff of water - Encyclopedia of Earth
		If the amount of water falling on the ground is greater than the infiltration rate of the surface, runoff or overland flow will occur.
		Runoff specifically refers to the water leaving an area of drainage and flowing across the land surface to points of lower elevation.
		It is not the water flowing beneath the surface of the ground.
	www.eoearth.org /article/Surface_runoff_of_water (741 words)

	Temporary silt guard for sewer inlet - Patent 6428693
		Thereafter, the storm water drainage system for the development is constructed, which typically includes the underground drainage pipes, collection boxes and culverts, and drop inlets that form the manholes or drain openings along the street.
		The filtering material enables rain and runoff water to pass therethrough and through the openings or passages formed between the slats to enable rainwater, etc. to drain into the drainage system while blocking the passage of silt and debris therethrough.
		To temporarily enclose and prevent inadvertent or unauthorized entry into the open drop inlets during construction, while still enabling storm runoff water to drain into the drainage system, the temporary silt guard 10 of the present invention is mounted over the open upper end of the inlet as illustrated in FIGS.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6428693.html (4575 words)

	Evaluation of Agricultural Best Management Practices (I) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Runoff amounts, sediment loss, and N and P losses were measured for each rainfall event that produced runoff.
		Runoff volume was not changed by tillage system and sediment loss and N and P losses in runoff were less, on average, from NT than from CT. Runoff averaged 1.3 ML ha-1 annually for both CT and NT.
		Soluble P, BPP, and BAP loss in runoff was reduced by practices minimizing erosion and runoff, with respective mean annual amounts ranging from 237 to 122, 1559 to 54, and 1796 to 176 g P ha-1 yr-1 (for peanut- sorghum [Arachis hypogaea L.-Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and native grass watersheds, respectively).
	www.nal.usda.gov /wqic/Bibliographies/qb9366.html (15793 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It may also be used to apply to water that originates with snowmelt or runoff water from overwatering that enters the stormwater system.
		Stormwater is of concern for two main issues - one related to the volume and timing of runoff water (flood control and water supplies) and the other related to potential contaminants that the water is carrying (water pollution).
		Because the water is flushed out of the watershed during the storm event, little infiltrates the soil, replenishes groundwater, or supplies stream base flow in dry weather.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Stormwater (614 words)

	January-February 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Runoff samples from simulated rainfall applied at 50 mm h-1 (2 in hr-1) and natural rainfall events showed that nutrient losses in runoff from incorporated fertilizer were statistically no higher than from control plots, but were usually at least 90 percent less than those from surface-applied fertilizer.
		We measured habitat and stream water quality and sampled the benthic macroinvertebrate community in 32 small (100 to 1400 ha, 247 to 3,460 ac) subwatersheds that exhibited a gradient of the proportion of land under no-till cropping systems to determine relationships between the use of no-till and stream quality.
		Water and nitrogen use efficiencies were much higher on fields with bed and furrow irrigation as compared to the conventional fields.
	www.swcs.org /en/publications/jswc/abstracts_and_archives/2006_abstracts_content/january_february_2006.cfm (1736 words)

	Region 8 Agricultural Non-Point Source
		The most recent National Water Quality Inventory reports that agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is the leading source of water quality impacts to surveyed rivers and lakes, the third largest source of impairments to surveyed estuaries and also a major contributor to ground water contamination and wetlands degradation.
		Sedimentation occurs when wind or water runoff carries soil particles from an area, such as a farm field, and transports them to a water body, such as a stream or lake.
		Excessive sedimentation clouds the water, which reduces the amount sunlight reaching aquatic plants; covers fish spawning areas and food supplies; and clogs the gills of fish.
	www.epa.gov /Region8/water/nps/npsag.html (625 words)

	Runoff (water) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Runoff is water precipitation or snowmelt that contributes to streams, rivers, lakes, and other surface water bodies.
		Urbanization is also a major culprit in causing excessive runoff, as impermeable surfaces such as pavement and buildings do not allow percolation of the water down through the soil to the water table.
		It is instead forced directly intostreams, where erosion and siltation can bemajor problems, even when flooding is not.
	www.therfcc.org /runoff-water--204446.html (160 words)

	Turkmenistan: Ashgabat Has Grand Plans To Create Man-Made Lake, River (Part 1) - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Earlier schemes to bring water to areas where it was deemed more necessary have, in some cases, resulted in massive environmental disasters.
		The canal is a Soviet-era project that irrigates the cotton and wheat fields of southern Turkmenistan and brings water to the majority of Turkmenistan's population, who live in the south.
		Critics of the plan doubt runoff water alone will be sufficient to fill the lake and fear that more water from the Amu Darya will have to used.
	www.rferl.org /featuresarticle/2004/08/4cb05b36-65e5-45b5-8fe6-663f88830754.html (1010 words)

	runoff_water_storage
		Storage of water runoff is defined in terms of land management for reducing surface water runoff and increasing soil infiltration rates.
		For example, presence of adequate shrubby or annual vegetation cover, construction of terraces, shallow ploughing of the soil parallel to the contour lines, concentrating the runoff water in small ponds and retarding runoff, keeping plant residues on the soil surface, etc. Contouring, strip cropping, and land terracing are important conservation practices for controlling water erosion.
		Small ridges and depressions increase the storage of water on the surface, thus increasing infiltration and storage of water in the soil profile.
	www.geog.leeds.ac.uk /people/m.kirkby/DIS4ME_1104/indicator_descriptions/runoff_water_storage.htm (352 words)

	Nutrient and Beta-17-Estradiol Loss in Runoff Water From Poultry Litters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A main water quality concern is accelerated eutrophication of fresh waters from nonpoint source pollution, particularly nutrient transport in surface runoff from agricultural areas and confined animal feeding operations.
		Ammonia and P concentrations in runoff water from the first simulation were correlated to application rates of water extractable NH4 (R2 = 0.70) and P (R2 = 0.68) in the manure.
		Results suggest that alum applications to poultry litter in houses inbetween flocks is an effective best management practice for reducing phosphorus (P) and 17-estradiol concentrations in runoff and that pelleted poultry litters may increase the potential for P and 17-estradiol loss in runoff water.
	www.awra.org /jawra/papers/J03178.html (315 words)

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