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Topic: Runoff voting

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Approval voting

Bucklin voting

Maximum Majority Voting

Supplementary Vote

Maximize Affirmed Majorities

Table of voting systems by nation

Single transferable vote

Cardinal Ratings

Tactical voting

Voting system

Condorcet method

Cloneproof Schwartz Sequential Dropping

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	Runoff voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Under runoff voting this tactic, known as 'compromising', is sometimes unnecessary because, even if a voter's favourite candidate is eliminated in the first round, she will still have an opportunity to influence the result of the election by voting for a more popular candidate in the second round.
		Runoff voting can be influenced by strategic nomination; this is where candidates and political factions influence the result of an election by either nominating extra candidates or withdrawing a candidate who would otherwise have stood.
		Runoff voting is vulnerable to strategic nomination for the same reasons that it is open to the voting tactic of 'compromising'.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Runoff_voting (2473 words)

	Instant-runoff voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		It is known as instant-runoff voting in the United States primarily because of its resemblance to runoff voting, which is also used in that country.
		The contingent vote is the same as IRV except that all but the two candidates with most votes are eliminated after the first round; the count therefore has only two rounds.
		The supplementary vote is used for mayoral elections, while the Sri Lankan contingent vote is used to elect the President.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Instant-runoff_voting (3815 words)

	Voting Systems - dKosopedia
		This article covers voting systems used in elections, and some of the systems which are commonly used to produce the final result of the political will of the voters of a particular jurisdiction or district.
		Voting systems cannot be looked at in isolation, systems which seem undemocratic at the individual level can produce results which are very reflective of the political will, while systems which seem democratic on the individual level can produce results at the top which are generally unreflective of the political will.
		Instant Runoff Voting goes by the term "Preferential Voting" in Australia, where it is used to elect the House of Representatives and all but one of the State legisaltive assemblies.
	www.dkosopedia.com /index.php/Instant_Runoff_Voting (3215 words)

	Instant Runoff Voting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Instant Runoff Voting is a system that guarantees the winning candidate has a majority of the votes (instead of a plurality) and eliminates the "wasted vote syndrome" caused by third party candidates.
		A runoff election is sometimes (rarely) held when there are three or more candidates and none of them won a majority of the votes.
		Approval voting only measures whether a candidate is acceptable to the voter; it does not distinguish between a candidate who is intensely liked and those who are more weakly approved of.
	www.instantrunoff.com /faq.asp (553 words)

	UCSD Guardian Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In instant runoff voting, voters rank their choices in order of preference, and if any candidate receives over 50 percent of the first choice votes, they are elected, as they would be under plurality voting as well.
		Approval voting, in which voters simply check each choice that they would be "all right" with having, voting for any number of candidates and giving them equal weight, was dismissed as not representing students' opinions fairly enough, citing the potential for lending itself to name recognition rather than educated voting.
		Instant runoff voting systems are used across the country, notably in California by the city of San Francisco but also by student governments at Stanford University, UC Berkeley, California Institute of Technology and most recently, UC Davis, which passed the new system in February.
	www.ucsdguardian.org /cgi-bin/news?art=2003_03_03_07 (1233 words)

	Another Weird Election (Gotham Gazette. September, 2005)
		Runoffs are intended to bring extra legitimacy to a candidate, and are generally supported by good government groups.
		If no clear majority is achieved on first-choice votes, the candidate with the minimum amount of votes is eliminated, with his or her votes reallocated to the voters’ second choice.
		Instant Runoff Voting is more common internationally than it is in the United States, but other places around the country are adopting the system, including San Francisco.
	www.gothamgazette.com /article/voting/20050915/17/1576 (1524 words)

	Instant Runoff Voting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Instant runoff voting (IRV) (12.) was devised by Thomas Hare (13.), an English barrister and political theorist who introduced the novel voting method in a treatise published in 1859 entitled “The Election of Representatives, Parliamentary and Municipal.” The work was well received and enjoyed four editions, the last published in 1873.
		Nevertheless, we cannot help but believe that the perceived legitimacy of the presidency, and the entire apparatus of government which it heads, would be enhanced by the unambiguous support of the people expressed in a majority of their votes.
		Note that a few of Nader’s votes after the first runoff were originally ballots with another candidate as first choice, so, on these ballots, we’re now looking at the third choice.
	www.instantrunoff.org /irv/irv.html (648 words)

	Instant Runoff Voting
		Australians call IRV "Alternative Vote" or "Majority Preferential Voting" and use it to elect their lower house of parliament and the mayors of all their major cities.
		Under plurality rule and majority rules such as runoff and instant runoff, a conservative candidate knows she has no chance of winning traditionally liberal voters, gays for example.
		Runoff and IRV make that tactic a loser because central voters are the key to winning the final 1 against 1 runoff.
	www.accuratedemocracy.com /c_irv.htm (1332 words)

	Runoff voting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Runoff voting can be condenced into a preference ballot paper at which point it " Instant Runoff Voting " or an "Alternative Vote".
		In a runoff ballot candidates are placed on the inital ballot all voters are allowed to participate in vote whereas primaries are generally internal measures a political party.
		Other electoral reform and grassroots democracy advocates prefer instant-runoff voting which let larger groups participate in process by ballot - the French participation the whole electorate in a runoff vote a rare exception and permits some dealing parties who have lost and those who their support.
	www.freeglossary.com /Runoff_voting (804 words)

	Instant Runoff Voting, by Steven Hill and Rob Richie
		A Center for Voting and Democracy report, “Non-Majority Winners in American Elections” (www.fairvote.org), shows that since 1988, a majority of states have awarded their electoral college votes to presidential candidates who won less than 50 percent of the vote in that state—including 49 out of 50 states in 1992.
		Voting for your favorite candidate can contribute directly to the election of your least favorite and this in turn has a dampening effect on voter turnout.
		While runoffs ensure that the winner in the second election has a majority of the votes cast, often it comes at the expense of lower voter turnout in the second election.
	zmagsite.zmag.org /Jan2004/hill0104.html (812 words)

	Act locally with instant runoff voting - Minnesota Daily
		In systems where runoff voting is used, parties with similar ideologies are rewarded for working together; they can court votes by persuading voters to rank their “sister party" second.
		Instant runoff voting would reduce the amount of mudslinging that occurs during campaigns and would require candidates to run more informative campaigns, highlighting their own positive attributes.
		In this way, runoff voting assures true representation of all the people, requires that voters be highly educated about all parties who are running and discourages mudslinging behavior during campaigns.
	www.mndaily.com /articles/2006/02/16/67181 (636 words)

	Columns: The benefits of instant-runoff voting
		That benefit is accessible without the expensive, time-consuming, inconvenient and low-turnout traditional runoff which - listen up, you legislators - comes back to the ballot in the fall of 2006 as the law stands now.
		The return of the runoff, as it was before the Legislature suspended it in 2002, would be bad news for the supervisors of elections, who have been lobbying for years to be rid of it.
		The Legislature shelved the runoff three years ago ostensibly for the sake of the election supervisors but there was also some political intrigue afoot.
	www.sptimes.com /2005/02/13/Columns/The_benefits_of_insta.shtml (780 words)

	Instant Runoff Voting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Under SMP, I am voting for someone who is probably not loyal to my faction, and I have to read the fine print on his platform, hope he keeps his word, and hope no major issues come up before the next election that weren't covered by his platform.
		According to a CVD pamphlet, Instant Runoff Voting (IRV) is used to elect the Australian lower house, the President of the Republic of Ireland, the Mayor of London, and the Cambridge, Mass.
		Under Instant Runoff Voting (IRV, aka Australian ballot, aka Alternative Vote), the Alliance candidate is eliminated, but the centrist voters who supported it may then determine the outcome of the contest between Labour and Conservative.
	www.ghg.net /redflame/irv.htm (5971 words)

	Coalition for Instant Runoff Voting - Why IRV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		For instance, if there are 3 or more candidates in a race, and if the vote is split evenly (33%, 33%, and 34%), it is easy to see how someone who is only supported by 1/3 of the population can be elected with plurality voting.
		If these 4 million voted, they could far from be powerless, they could almost elect their own leader with a solid vote for one person.
		Instant Runoff Voting is already in use in Ireland, Australia, San Francisco and London (for their mayoral race.) However, election turnouts for Australia would not produce comparative data because voting in Australia is compulsory.
	www.cirv.org /whyirv.htm (733 words)

	Presidential Democracy Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		If no candidate receives a majority of the first-choice votes cast, the ballots of the candidate with the least first-choice votes shall be redistributed to the second-choice candidates of these voters.
		The electoral method described in the proposed amendment is known as ranked ballot voting or instant runoff voting, and it is integral to our effort to reform the presidential electoral process.
		When the votes are counted, if no candidate has a majority of first-choice votes, the second-choice votes on ballots for the candidate receiving the least first-choice votes are added to the totals of the remaining candidates (the first instant runoff).
	www.instantrunoff.org (585 words)

	Success for Instant Runoff Voting in San Francisco
		The runoff rankings are used to determine which candidate has support from a popular majority, and accomplish this in a single election.
		Runoffs were expensive, costing the City more than $3 million citywide, and voter turnout often plummeted in the December election by as much as 50 percent.
		Voters are liberated to vote for these candidates knowing that, even if their first choice can't win, their vote can go to a front-running candidate as their second or third choice.
	www.fixour.us /editorials/1.14.05.html (936 words)

	BlueOregon: Instant Runoff Voting: The Time Has Come
		The point of all this is that instant runoff voting is not nearly as simple or easy to implement as it may seem at first blush, and it has the effect of compromising voter autonomy.
		The "one vote per round" argument is disingenuous, because there is only one ballot, and on that one ballot the majority party voters' votes count once, and the minority party voters' votes count more than once.
		Assuming that most of the people who voted for the top two candidates will stay with their candidate in the fall election, it is indeed the voters who did not vote for either of them the first time around who will determine the outcome in the fall election.
	www.blueoregon.com /2005/03/instant_runoff_.html (10735 words)

	Instant Runoff Mock Vote (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In non-presidential voting years, voter turnout is a horrific 35%.
		Instant Runoff Voting is a system that allows each voter to cast 3 votes per office.
		Democrats argue that Nader is attracting votes that would otherwise have gone to Kerry, depriving Kerry of a plurality of votes, and costing him the election in key swing states.
	www.bitmechanic.com /vote (374 words)

	New York Daily News - Ideas & Opinions - Mark Green: Instant runoff voting saves time, money (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In an instant runoff vote, voters rank candidates in preferential order, and if no candidate receives a majority of first-choice votes, a "runoff vote" is electronically tabulated in which the candidates with the fewest votes are eliminated.
		Instant runoffs encourage candidates to run high-minded races, because they need to simultaneously court voters for their second- and third-choice votes.
		On Election Day, IRV frees voters to vote their consciences without the worry of wasting their vote on a long-shot spoiler candidate like a Ralph Nader since their ballots will be recast for their next choices if their first loses.
	www.nydailynews.com /news/ideas_opinions/story/303200p-259571c.html (590 words)

	Progressive Wins Instant Runoff Vote in Burlington
		Under instant runoff voting, also known as ranked-choice voting, residents voted for their first choice for mayor, but then listed as well their second, third, fourth and fifth choices in the five-way race.
		The aim is to settle highly competitive contests with a single trip to the voting booth, saving the city thousands on runoff elections.
		Advocates have been promoting the idea of instant runoff voting as a way of boosting voter turnout, encouraging more people to run for public office while eliminating the notion that a third-party candidate might be a spoiler.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines06/0308-02.htm (623 words)

	Instant Runoff Voting
		If many candidates run, the majority of voters could have voted for candidates who were not the top two who reached the runoff.
		If there is no majority winner of first choice votes, the candidate with the fewest first choice votes is eliminated for the next round.
		Promote majority rule, in contrast to plurality voting where the one with the most votes wins even if a majority voted against that candidate by voting for others.
	www.lwvpasadenaarea.org /irv.html (863 words)

	USS Clueless - Instant runoff voting
		If nobody gets at least 50%, then whoever is in third place is removed from the count, and all the votes that are first choice for the loser are counted as votes for the "second choice" on that vote.
		But with IRV in place, a Perot could say "Vote for Reform first round and vote for the Republicans second round" or a Nader could say "Vote Green first and the Democrats second" and then they could use each successive election cycle to build first-round strength until they could start winning.
		Especially since the Twelfth Amendment says that the vote in the House is by state, with each state having a single vote.
	denbeste.nu /cd_log_entries/2003/10/Instantrunoffvoting.shtml (2167 words)

	Minneapolis Better Ballot Campaign
		The campaign is aimed at amending the Minneapolis city charter to make Instant Runoff Voting (IRV) the method by which we elect our city officials.
		This change in voting method must be approved by the voters on a general election ballot before it can be used, and the Better Ballot Campaign is seeking to put the amendment on the November 2006 ballot.
		If not, a virtual instant runoff election is held and the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated and votes cast for this candidate are transferred to the second choice listed on each ballot.
	betterballotcampaign.org (353 words)

	FairVote - IRV America
		On Wednesday, May 10, the Vermont State House voted in favor of a bill to study implementation of instant runoff voting (IRV) on the statewide level by 2008.
		Dartmouth University’s Student Assembly recently saw a write-in candidate win in a landslide victory with a margin of 356 votes after instant runoff voting was completed.
		On April 10, 2006, the city council of Takoma Park, Maryland voted unanimously for a second and final time to change the city council charter to ensure all future city elections are held with instant runoff voting.
	www.fairvote.org /irv (483 words)

	Democrats, Republicans, Greens, Libertarians, Others Agree on Instant Runoff Voting
		"I also support 'Instant Runoff Voting.' IRV offers a cost-effective way of insuring that the winning candidate is preferred by a majority of voters; it encourages voters to vote their wishes and not their fears; it promotes greater voter turnout and positive campaigning." - Statement from Democratic candidate for President, Congressman Dennis Kucinich.
		Now therefore be it resolved that the Republican Party of Alaska fully supports the Instant Runoff Voting initiative proposition appearing on the August, 2002 Primary Election Ballot.
		IRV is a more truly democratic method of voting than our present system because no candidate can be elected without receiving a majority of the vote.
	www.firv.org /partysupport.html (626 words)

	San Francisco Bay View - National Black Newspaper of the Year (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		But ranked choice voting is critically important for empowering communities of color in San Francisco, and for getting rid of an unnecessary December runoff that was inconvenient for voters and cost millions of tax dollars.
		Also, the December runoff forced candidates to raise money for two elections, often in a short period of time for the second election, which was an additional disadvantage for minority candidates.
		Ranked choice voting elected a fl mayor when it was used in Ann Arbor, Mich. A legal challenge to the system by the losing Republican candidate was rejected by the Michigan court, and ranked choice voting was upheld as constitutional and in full compliance with “one person, one vote.”
	www.sfbayview.com /060403/instantrunoff060403.shtml (792 words)

	Instant Runoff Austin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Instant Runoff Austin is the home of the grassroots movement to bring instant runoff (or "ranked choice") voting to Austin, TX and beyond.
		Several bills requiring a paper audit trail for electronic voting machines have been pre-filed for the upcoming session of the Texas Legislature, including SB 94 (Shapleigh) and HB 166 (Pena).
		Instant Runoff Austin is proud to be the newest contributor to the Democracy Advocates Network blog.
	instantrunoffaustin.blogspot.com (730 words)

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