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Topic: Rural migration

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	Sources of City Growth
		High population growth rates in the rural areas help fuel migration: many of the migrants are in the prime of their reproductive years and their children are added to the city populations.
		Migration is highly concentrated around the time of entry into the labour force, between the ages of 15 and 24.
		For example, the proportion of rural to urban migration which is temporary or targeted to particular short-term ends (such as seeking a marriage-partner or start-up funds) and the scale and impact of return migration are largely unknown.
	www.unfpa.org /swp/1996/ch4.htm (3511 words)

	Migration News
		Migration Dialogue promotes an informed discussion of the issues associated with international migration by providing unbiased and timely information on immigration and integration issues.
		Migration News, produced with support of the German Marshall Fund of the United States (http://www.gmfus.org/), the John D. and Catherine T. MacAurther Foundation (http://www.macfdn.org) and the Institute of European Studies at the University of California, Berkeley (http://ies.berkeley.edu/), provides a summary and analysis of the most important immigration and integration developments of the preceding quarter.
		Rural Migration News, produced with the support of the Farm Foundation (http://www.farmfoundation.org) Giannini Foundation (http://giannini.ucop.edu), W.K. Kellogg Foundation (http://www.wkkf.org) and the Smith Richardson Foundation (http://www.srf.org), provides a summary and analysis of the most important migration-related affecting immigrant farm workers in California and the United States during the preceding quarter.
	www.migration.ucdavis.edu (314 words)

	Rural-urban migration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Rural-urban migration is the migration of people from rural areas into cities.
		The movement of people from rural communities into cities is considered to be the main cause of urban growth, especially in developed countries.
		Rural migrants are attracted by the possibilities that cities can offer, but often settle in shanty towns and experience extreme poverty.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/rural_migration (422 words)

	Canadian Rural Partnership - Rural youth migration: exploring the reality behind the myths
		To gain a better appreciation of rural youth’s assessment of their rural community, several questions were included in both the telephone surveys and focus groups to elicit opinions about the strengths and weaknesses of their community.
		As highlighted in Chart 2, a large majority of current and former rural youth contacted for the telephone survey identified a safe environment (cited by 85% of rural youth), a good place to raise a family (85%) and clean environment (83%) as positive attributes of their rural community.
		As highlighted in Chart 3, while rural communities were perceived as providing for better personal safety and a better place to raise a family, rural youth strongly felt that urban communities provided considerably more post-secondary education opportunities, career opportunities and better access to sports/recreation events.
	www.rural.gc.ca /researchreports/youth2002/section2_e.phtml (1116 words)

	Migration in Kentucky
		Although migration has become an increasingly important component of growth and change in Kentucky, our knowledge of migration is often limited to the residual of the demographic equation.(4) The examination of migration residuals or nets shows how much a population changes as the result of the movement of people, but not how it changes.
		Noneconomic migration, however, is typically supported by economic means and includes the migration of retirees and the movement of urban populations to the rural fringe of metropolitan areas, two migration streams which are relatively large in Kentucky and expected to increase in volume.
		Net migration over a specific period is equal to the population at the end of the period minus the population at the beginning, minus live births plus deaths occurring over the period.
	www.kltprc.net /books/exploring/Chpt_3.htm (2639 words)

	Work and Mobility: Recent Labour Migration Issues in China - Working Paper 6
		The workshops were organised by members of the Asia Pacific Migration Research Network in the People's Republic of China and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing and were held in a number of regions in China.
		The aim of the workshops was to bring together migration researchers and officials, identify key issues in migration and ethnic relations and develop priorities for research.
		Their five-month survey concentrates on economic and social causes of migration, with an emphasis on how gender, educational levels and economic factors contribute to people's decisions to migrate.
	www.unesco.org /most/apmrpap6.htm (926 words)

	[No title]
		Except in cases of forced migration due to political or ecological factors, all the evidence suggests that it is not the poorest who move.
		Migration might thus be seen to exacerbate rather than to alleviate poverty in the rural sector by depriving the villages of their most energetic and best prepared members.
		The women remaining in the rural areas, linked to a wider economy through migrant husbands, are likely to have to act more independently in their absence and to have access to additional sources of income from remittances.
	www.unescap.org /esid/psis/population/journal/1997/v12n1a1.htm (4697 words)

	Impact of Rural-Urban Migration on the Sustainability of Cities
		Migration exacerbates these ruralâ“urban structural imbalances in two direct ways (Todaro M. 1997): First, on the supply side, internal migration disproportionately increases the growth rate of urban job seekers relative to urban population growth, which itself stands at historically unprecedented levels, because of the high proportion of well-educated young people in the migrant system.
		Rural poverty is bad enough, but its problems are compounded when families leave their rural homes to seek a livelihood in overcrowded city slums, leaving behind deep-rooted traditions and ties to the extended family and the village seniors.
		In the developed countries of the West, the rural to urban migration and the urbanization are associated with a vertical shift in the labour force from the agricultural sector to the urbanised-industrial sector, whereas in the developing regions as India, migration is from rural agricultural sectors to urban informal sectors.
	www.wscsd.org /ejournal/article.php3?id_article=109 (5586 words)

	Ministry: Rural migration to rise
		Between January and June, 56,741 rural labourers in the villages -- 18.6 per cent of all the labourers there --left home to work elsewhere for at least three months, an increase of 4.8 per cent over the same period last year.
		The researchers estimated that 90.1 million rural labourers migrated in the first half of this year, 4 million more than during the same period of last year.
		The survey found that half of the rural migrant workers have already secured stable jobs this year, and only 5.7 per cent failed to land a job.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /en/doc/2003-08/01/content_250806.htm (288 words)

	Article en ligne, China - Economy, Agricultural Underemployment and Rural Migration in China: Facts and Figures
		Of course, the phenomenon of rural migration is not new; both the Chinese authorities and the urban population have long been familiar with these “peasant workers” (mingong) who flocked to the cities to sign up for the hardest and least well paid jobs.
		Reflecting 1996, this census indicated that 76% of labour in the rural context was employed in agriculture (13).
		Rural workers, details available in the Statistical Yearbooks, are defined here as a “countryside” population different from that of “rural people” as defined according to the norms of the census.
	www.cefc.com.hk /uk/pc/articles/art_ligne.php?num_art_ligne=4105 (7068 words)

	Fact Sheet: America's rural renaissance
		While there are rural counties that continue to experience a devastating decline, areas near urban centers or with rich scenic or amenity values are generally experiencing a widespread rebound in population.
		Kenneth Johnson at Loyola University in Chicago is invaluable in better understanding this rural migration, in particular his publication, The Rural Rebound: Recent Nonmetropilitan Demographic Trends in the United States, co-authored by Calvin Beale in 1999.
		Most rural areas in the U.S. are now growing at the fastest rate in more than 20 years, only the second period of widespread rural growth in 80 years (mostly from natural increase through "large farming families").
	www.innserendipity.com /ruralren/rebound.html (793 words)

	Migration Information Source - Central America: Crossroads of the Americas
		This refugee migration is the main reason behind the two-fold increase in Nicaraguans living in Costa Rica between the national censuses of 1973 and 1984, from 23,347 to 45,918.
		In academic terms, this is known as "transnational migration," a phenomenon understood as the processes through which migrants maintain and promote ties between the countries where they reside and their homelands and home communities.
		It is important to repeat here that migrations and the cultural transformations they bring with them do not affect each country, region, or locality equally, and that people migrate along networks of contacts such that some communities have a high proportion of migrants while other communities remain almost unaffected.
	www.migrationinformation.org /Feature/display.cfm?id=386 (5004 words)

	Intersections: On the Move: Women in Rural-Urban Migration in Contemporary China
		The most important economic factors driving migration are the economic disparities between rural and urban areas, the shortage of agricultural land and the lack of local opportunities for off-farm employment in poor rural areas, and, in towns and cities, the demand for unskilled, cheap labour in manufacturing and service industries.
		Thus, the gender oppression of rural women migrants, when added to the oppression that results from the rural/urban divide, serves to increase the distance between them and the urban audience, and this both heightens urbanites' sense of superiority and adds to the appeal of migrant women as objects of sympathy and titillation.
		Zhou Rencong writes of the pressures on young rural women to marry and alludes to the tragedies, including the suicide of women, that result from arranged marriages and the continuing expectation amongst villagers that once married, a woman must devote the rest of her life to serving her husband and in-laws.
	wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au /intersections/issue4/tamara_intro.html (6029 words)

	Tibet Environmental Watch - Development
		Although representing a significant change, the policy encouraging rural migration now introduced in Lhasa prefecture appears to be an amendment due to perceived economic or political necessities to, rather than a total departure from, the household registration system, since migration is encouraged within the territory of the prefecture only.
		The report gives the rationale behind the facilitation of migration as: "to expand the labour economy, the migration of rural labour force to the urban centres should be speeded up to increase income in the agricultural areas".
		For the immediate future, rural migrants will be employed in a number of infrastructure projects in the Lhasa area typical of the 'western development drive',and financed with subsidies and credits from the central government.
	www.tew.org /development/rural.migration.html (820 words)

	Population Migration in Rural America
		Viewed from this perspective, rural process is found to have progressed from a period of 'counterbalanced growth' (1960s and early 1970s), toward a period of 'rural overacumulation', and then after the world debt crisis of 1981 to an interval of rural 'consolidation'.
		Rural population 3, 8, 11, 14, 16, 20, 25, 28, 29, 32, 35, 38, 39, 44, 48, 54, 56, 58, 61, 62, 73, 76, 80, 81, 85, 94, 95, 102, 105, 112, 129, 132, 136, 137
		Urban rural migration 3, 4, 11, 18, 19, 25, 26, 31, 34, 39, 40, 50, 55, 58, 59, 63, 68, 69, 75-77, 85, 98, 101-103, 110, 121, 128, 131, 134
	www.nal.usda.gov /ric/ricpubs/qb9335.html (9716 words)

	Argument - Trends in Urbanization (Site not responding. Last check: )
		There is significant migration from rural hinterlands in central China to the booming coastal provinces.
		An individual's place of residence was (and still is) essentially determined by his or her function in the labor force: the population working in agriculture is defined as rural population, no matter where they live; nonagricultural population is classified as urban and has significant social and economic privileges.
		Three factors are currently driving rural-urban migration in China: (a) the widening income gap between rural and urban areas (see Figure 1); (b) the increasing labor demand in certain economic sectors of the big cities.
	www.iiasa.ac.at /Research/LUC/ChinaFood/argu/trends/trend_30.htm (1915 words)

	Housing Needs of Rural Seniors, intro
		Migration in rural areas is usually associated with younger persons relocating for greater employment options.
		Dependency migration, on the other hand, refers to the exit from a rural area to a larger city or population center for services that cannot be found in the current area.
		This migration stream consists primarily of rural elderly households returning to their native rural county or area of origin after an employment-induced exodus.
	www.ruralhome.org /pubs/hsganalysis/elderly/intro.htm (3620 words)

	CHINA LABOR MIGRATION RESEARCH
		Nor does having children deter migration: migrant women are relying upon relatives and husbands to care for their children when they migrate, or are bringing them along.
		Migration by women is becoming more prevalent in both province: both a period and a cohort effect are operating, with women in all age cohorts migrating more in recent periods, and younger cohorts migrating more than older cohorts in each period.
		The purpose of this paper is to place the massive labor migration from the rural areas to the cities of China within the context of the literature on labor mobility in developing countries, by comparing it to undocumented Mexican migration to the United States.
	www.southwestern.edu /~robertsk/chinamig.html (1084 words)

	Overseas Development Institute - Resources on Migration in Rural Livelihoods
		At the core of the our work on migration is the belief that short-term, non-permanent, migration from poor and under-developed regions to more prosperous regions and countries can (but does not always) offer people an important opportunity to diversify and exit from poverty.
		ODI research on migration aims to identify pro-poor migration policies and measures that can be introduced to incorporate migration into existing programmes while also identifying if and where new ones are required.
		The paper concludes that policy makers should be prepared to face increasing migration levels and embrace accumulative migration as a valid livelihood strategy that can be combined with WSD efforts to create win-win situations for the poor and overall economic development.
	www.odi.org.uk /migration (726 words)

	V.Isvarmurti » Amartya Sen on rural migration
		Rural migrations are now a critical input in the development of the economy, more so the rural economy.
		So too the AP rural migrant labour to Mumbai is well studied and their economic impact on their home state, their home districts are studied in detail.
		There is a growing rural migration and the Indian urbanisation process is accelerated by the rural outward migration and we have to welcome it as a positive economic development.
	www.isvarmurti.com /2006/12/26/amartya-sen-on-rural-migration (1590 words)

	Surprising migration patterns (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The authors point rural states in the direction of a more rational population policy: Attract in-migrants by pushing economies in the direction of capability to provide good jobs, and also conserve the culture and environment of states so that they make pleasant places to live.
		Since most rural communities cannot recreate the milieu of economic and educational activities that define urban life, many individuals must leave to fully develop their productive capacities.
		From a policy perspective, it may seem that most local areas have limited control over the level of migration, since natural amenities and colleges are largely fixed, and even job growth is difficult for communities to “engineer.” Furthermore, migration gains are not unambiguously beneficial to the receiving area.
	warp6.cs.misu.nodak.edu /econ/drhuenneke/popmove.html (1214 words)

	Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy \| For Land, Liberty, Jobs and Justice
		Rural-Urban Migration and the Stabilization of Cuban Agriculture
		In 1956, 56 percent of the population was rural.
		Since problems in the countryside were considered to be the root cause of the urban crisis, the government focused on what it called the ‘urbanizing of the countryside and the ruralizing of the urban population’ through a process of concentrating formerly dispersed inhabitants in small towns, and building new cities and towns.
	www.foodfirst.org /cuba/cubaruralurban.html (6584 words)

	Migration News
		Rural Migration News summarizes and analyzes the most important migration-related issues affecting immigrant farm workers in California and the United States during the preceding quarter.
		The paper edition of Rural Migration News is available by mail for $12 domestic and $20 foreign.
		Rural Migration News is produced with the support of the Rosenberg, Giannini and Farm Foundations.
	migration.ucdavis.edu /rmn/about_rmn.php (162 words)

	Migration News
		The Wall Street Journal on July 23, 2007 reported that the Coast Guard is using tougher tactics to stop boats smuggling Cubans to the US.
		China's economy and society are being transformed by rural-urban migration.
		The four-part OECD immigration report for 2007 reviews migration flows, the status of immigrant workers and recent changes in migration policies in
	www.migration.ucdavis.edu /mn (539 words)

	IIED Publications - 10535IIED: Rural-urban migration in China: policy options for economic growth, environmental ...
		Hence, despite the fact that China is one of the few countries in the world implementing a household registration system with the explicit aim of directly managing population distribution, rural-urban migration, much of it temporary or unregistered, is currently the main factor contributing to urbanization.
		The paper presents a number of policy options, the first of which would bring economic benefits, the second environmental benefits and the last three equity benefits.
		None of these options involve prohibiting or promoting migration; rather, they aim to improve the quality of migration for the migrants themselves, their home areas, the environment and the economy.
	www.iied.org /pubs/display.php?o=10535IIED (222 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For example, it is noted that between 1971 and 1996, the population of rural areas grew by 24% compared with 6% for England as a whole.
		Nevertheless, it is also noted that people in rural areas tend to be older, poverty and social exclusion do exist (although more dispersed and less prevalent than in urban areas), and the proportion of rural parishes without key services (public transport, doctor, post-office, shop etc.) remains high.
		It details some of the attracting characteristics of small towns, some of the mechanisms that can be employed to stimulate migration and some of the advantages and disadvantages of such migration.
	www.undp.org /surf-panama/docs/referrals/energy_environment/urban-rural_migration.doc (393 words)

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