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	Rural Radio Workshop Prospectus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Radio continues to be the most important medium for communicating with the rural populations in developing countries.
		Rural radio is technically defined in terms of its relatively local range (25-50 km radius) or functioning at frequencies less than 1000 MHz.
		Radio is a key factor in strategies involving improved food security and the alleviation of rural poverty because it involves relatively inexpensive technology that effectively reaches rural people in language familiar to them.
	www.isnar.cgiar.org /activities/radio_prospectus.htm (866 words)

	Foundation for Rural Service
		A cognitive radio is aware of its own capabilities, the needs of its user, the RF environment, and the governing regulatory framework in ways that allow it to configure itself intelligently in response to novel and rapidly changing conditions.
		It accounts for the cumulative radio frequency energy from transmissions and sets a maximum cap on their aggregate level, as opposed to the current approach that manages interference by limiting the transmit power of individual devices.
		Sometimes called radio in the loop (RITL) or fixed-radio access (FRA), WLL is a system that connects subscribers to the public switched telephone network using radio signals as a substitute for copper for all or part of the connection between the subscriber and the switch.
	www.frs.org /ka/ka-3.cfm?content_item_id=2485&folder_id=396 (7633 words)

	Rural Radiotelephone Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Rural Radiotelephone Service is a fixed radio service where a wireless technology is used to provide telephone service to subscribers in remote areas.
		Conventional Rural radiotelephone service is generally considered by state regulators to be a separate service that is interconnected to the public switched telephone network.
		Regulation of this service currently resides in Part 1 and 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Subtitle 47, on Telecommunications and may be researched or ordered through the Government Printing Office.
	wireless.fcc.gov /rural (210 words)

	Section V: Rural Radio: Case studies from the USA, Latin America and Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Radio was a natural area of interest for Chavez and the UFW and they used it effectively to fight for better lives for farm workers and their families.
		Rural radio was been in danger of complete asphyxiation, and a second breath of oxygen had to be found.
		Before the radio they would travel to a community and lose hours or even days waiting for the news of their arrival to get out to the people in the countryside and for the people to travel to where they were waiting to attend to their health problems.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/006/Y4721E/y4721e0c.htm (13083 words)

	KRVN 880 Rural Radio - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Brown was one of the group of leaders of Nebraska farm organizations that started the Nebraska Rural Radio Association, which put KRVN on the air on February 1, 1951.
		Radio coverage in the western part of the state was insufficient and weather information provided by existing stations was inaccurate.
		Brown served as Secretary Treasurer of the Nebraska Rural Radio Association and General Manager of KRVN from their founding until his retirement in 1979.
	www.krvn.com /news/MaxBrown/index.cfm (1102 words)

	Improving Rural Telecommunications Infrastructure - Introduction
		In order to prevent the erosion of rural subsidies from newly competitive services, a number of federal and state initiatives are under way with the goal of preserving subsidy flows, usually under the rubric of so-called Universal Service Objectives.
		High powered digital radio systems for fixed telephone service are cost effective in rural applications compared to wireline systems, but only if there is enough spectrum and only if system power restrictions allow for large “macrocell” radio coverage areas (e.g., 15-30 mile radius) featuring maximum sharing of available spectrum within single base station area.
		The US government’s recent focus for radio spectrum policy has been on new convenient low power cellular and advanced paging and cordless telephone services which, while ideal for pedestrian and mobile applications in congested urban environments, is not cost effective or feasible in rural settings.
	www.rural.org /workshops/rural_telecom/egan/1.htm (1570 words)

	Title 69. Telegraphic and Telephonic Transactions, Chapter 2. Emergency Telephone Service Law
		(1) "911 emergency telephone service" means a communication system which provides citizens with rapid direct access to public emergency operation centers by dialing the telephone number "911" with the objective of reducing the response time to situations requiring law enforcement, fire, medical, rescue, and other emergency services.
		Radio communications service providers include corporations, persons or entities offering cellular telephone service, enhanced specialized mobile radio service, rural radio service, radio common carrier services, personal communications services, and any equivalent wireless public telecommunications service, as defined in 47 CFR, parts 20, 21, 22, 24, and 90.
		In implementing a 911 emergency telephone service, the public agency and public safety agencies and their employees shall cooperate in establishing the service and in its day-to-day provision.
	www.code-co.com /utah/code/03/69-02.htm (2644 words)

	HB 468 - GeorgiaNet
		5 (5) 'Radio utility system' means any facility within the 6 state which provides a radio service on a for-hire basis 7 to members of the public who subscribe to such service, 8 whether or not such facility is interconnected with the 9 public land-line telephone-exchange network.
		4 No radio utility shall combine, merge, or consolidate 5 with, or acquire control of, another organization without 6 first obtaining the approval of the commission, which 7 approval shall be granted only upon a finding, after a 8 hearing, that such proposed combination, merger, 9 consolidation, or acquisition is in the public interest.
		If the radio 8 utility fails or neglects to comply at or prior to the 9 expiration of the 90 day period, the commission may, in 10 its sound discretion, order the revocation, suspension, or 11 alteration of the certificate of public convenience and 12 necessity held by the radio utility.
	www.state.ga.us /cgi-bin/pub/leg/legdoc?billname=1999/HB468&docpart=full (1311 words)

	The Challenges of ICTs and Rural Radio
		Radio Ondas Azuayas(16) in Cuenca, Ecuador, a country that has seen 10% of its population leave in the past two years as a result of an economic crisis, directs its webcasts at Ecuadorians in the USA and Spain.
		Like the ship radio operators in 1906 who were surprised to hear a human voice over their morse code equipment, rural inhabitants in some of the remotest parts of the world are now tapping into the digital world via their radios.
		Radio and Internet projects should be designed to be scaleable — allowing users (both radio stations and listeners) to define and refine levels of sophistication and interactivity depending on the level of access that is available to them.
	www.comunica.org /tampa/challenge.htm (5482 words)

	Basic Exchange Telephone Radio Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		BETRS is a fixed radio service where a multiplexed, digital radio link is used as the last segment of the local loop to provide wireless telephone service to subscribers in remote areas.
		This service may operate in the paired 152/158 and 454/459 MHz bands and on 10 channel blocks in the 816-820/861-865 MHz bands.
		Regulation of this service currently resides in Part 1 and Part 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Subtitle 47, on Telecommunications and may be researched or ordered through the Government Printing Office.
	wireless.fcc.gov /basicex (273 words)

	Rural Radio: Africa's Internet
		Rural and community radio in Africa currently reach a far wider audience than the Internet or television.
		Sanago's four colleagues from community radio stations in Niger, Mali and South Africa at a recent workshop on Rural Radio and Food Security at FAO headquarters in Rome.
		Most community radio stations, such as this one in Mali, are underfunded and the majority of workers in the sector are untrained volunteers.
	www.fao.org /News/2001/011205-e.htm (1068 words)

	General_Packet_Radio_Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a mobile data service available to users of GSM mobile phones.
		A change to the radio part of GPRS called EDGE allows higher bit rates of between 20 and 200 kbit/s.
		A radio noise induced pause can be interpreted by TCP as packet loss, and cause a temporary throttling in transmission speed.
	www.usedaudiparts.com /search.php?title=General_Packet_Radio_Service (1156 words)

	Current Online \| CPB approves boost of rural radio aid, 1999
		The CPB Board on Feb. 2 [1999] approved a $7 million strategy designed to strengthen rural radio service.
		When Congress approved the increase, it directed CPB to foster service to underserved communities, particularly rural and Native American ones.
		The TV and Radio Funds awarded $120,000 for Alaska III, a partnership between the Alaska Public Broadcasting Commission, the state's two dozen public radio stations and four public TV stations.
	www.current.org /cpb/cpb902r.html (637 words)

	rural radio station funding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Rural radio stations should be provided with the infrastructure, equipment and consumables...
		Development of rural radio in Africa: Declaration and plan of...
		Kothmale community radio station is located in the central hill region of Sri...
	www.getinternetradioinfo.com /73/rural-radio-station-funding.html (406 words)

	Rural Radio Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The construction of a farmer-rancher owned radio station in Nebraska was triggered by several events that took place in 1947 and 1948.
		First, Nebraska farmers learned of a farm organization in Ohio that was creating a farm radio station, a new and startling idea at that time.
		On April 4, 1949, the Nebraska Rural Radio Association decided to apply to the Federal Communications Commission to operate at 1010kc with 25,000 watts of power during daytime hours using a directional antenna.
	www.ruralradio.com /about.cfm?station=kneb (633 words)

	Rural Utilities Service Regulations
		Hilda Gay Legg, Administrator of the Rural Utilities Service, announced today that she had submitted her resignation to President Bush and Secretary Veneman.
		Legg is the 15th Administrator of the Rural Electrification Administration-Rural Utilities Service and the first woman to serve in that position.
		Legg, a native of Somerset, Kentucky, was appointed by President Bush and confirmed by a unanimous vote of the U.S. Senate September 27, 2001.
	www.usda.gov /rus/index2/hildastatement.htm (291 words)

	Zamtel Rural Radio Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Rural Radio Telephone system, commonly referred to as RSS, is a kind of telephone service mostly used in inaccessible places where convetional telephone cable network would otherwise be cumbersome or difficult to instal.
		Places such as National parks, farm areas and islands just to mention a few are always preferred for this kind of service.
		The radio base equipment is installed near to the main existing exchange interfaced by an RSS exchange.
	www.zamtel.zm /zamtel/rss.htm (165 words)

	Improving Rural Telecommunications Infrastructure - Footnotes
		When rural telcos are faced with purchasing in an environment of competing proprietary network systems, more often than not a least cost strategy is to select a single vendor of choice so that life cycle costs are minimized.
		The round-trip transmission delay for two-way satellite service is 250 milliseconds which usually results in poor quality voice conversations, though some researchers believe this problem could be mitigated somewhat using advanced electronics.
		However the costs for voice satellite service in thin rural markets can be very high even when transponder capacity is leased from others (thereby removing up-front manufacturing and launch costs from the calculation).
	www.rural.org /workshops/rural_telecom/egan/footnotes.html (1527 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Big Voices of the Air: The Battle over Clear Channel Radio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		As AM radio embarked upon its so-called Golden Age in the early 1930s, the industry's structure had been in many ways dictated-or at least endorsed-by government regulation.
		Early on their was debate as to whether certain stations should be given the ability to dominate certain frequencies at night, afterall could KDKA Pittsburgh truly serve the public interests of Podunkville, KY? Well, this book takes a look at the history of this debate and how the AM dial ended up being carved up.
		The main radio owner group today, has its namesake, but it is not about today's Clear Channel gobbling up the other owners...
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/081382804X?v=glance (874 words)

	FAO launches rural radio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Its aim is to provide information relevant to the needs of rural communities, as well as create the best conditions for the proper functioning of the pilot radio station in the province.
		The FAO has agreed to provided equipment worth US $160,000 to support training for radio personnel and a local development committee; to support studies done by local consultants; provide technical aid from the FAO's Rome headquarters and form the office representing different development activities in the project whose overall cost is put at $351,000.
		All IRIN material may be reposted or reprinted free-of-charge; refer to the IRIN copyright page for conditions of use.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=32709 (264 words)

	Telephony: BETRS just keeps getting better - Basic Exchange Telephone Radio Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Unfortunately, these services have had many years to acquire the frequencies available and a BETRS system designer faces a challenge in finding clear or clearable frequencies in many locations.
		BETRS systems can be used to provide new service to previously unserved locations, for temporary installations, for quick repair during inclement weather and for emergency services.
		The Rural Electrification Administration has recognized that BETRS systems are exchange plant and as such can be financed at favorable interest rates.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0TPY/is_n4_v217/ai_7487448 (1143 words)

	Title 69. Telegraphic and Telephonic Transactions, Chapter 2. Emergency Telephone Service Law
		Emergency services telephone charge to fund statewide unified E-911 emergency service.
		(c) Any unexpended money in the emergency telephone service fund at the end of a fiscal year does not lapse, and must be carried forward to be used for the purposes described in this section.
		(ii) shall only be used for that portion of the costs related to the development and operation of wireless and land-based enhanced 911 emergency telephone service and the implementation of wireless E-911 Phase I and Phase II services as provided in Subsection (5)(b).
	www.code-co.com /utah/code/04/69-02.htm (3953 words)

	USDA Rural Utilities Service - Telecommunications Program
		Rural America has been the foundation that this nation was built on and has been one of the fundamental elements for the strongest and healthiest economy in the world.
		Our rural citizens should not have to endure inadequate health care that diminishes the quality or length of their lives.
		Rural carriers are providing more access and a higher deployment rate of access every day.
	www.usda.gov /rus/telecom (599 words)

	USDA Rural Development Emergency Radio Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Washington, May 12, 2000--Agriculture Secretary Dan Glickman announced that the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Department of Commerce are creating a partnership to extend emergency radio service to rural areas of the nation.
		"The cost of installing radio transmitters is small when you consider the life-saving service it will provide to millions of rural people nationwide," Glickman said.
		Inadequate warnings of approaching hazards, such as floods, tornadoes and hurricanes are particularly acute in the nation's rural areas.
	www.rurdev.usda.gov /rd/newsroom/2000/boost.htm (294 words)

	Foundation for Rural Service
		The continued success of the Foundation for Rural Service (FRS) depends on the personal commitment and active involvement of a select group of individuals who serve as advocates on the Foundationâs behalf.
		He is a member of the Board of Directors for the Rural Telephone Finance Cooperative (RTFC) and currently serves as the Secretary/Treasurer.
		Please forward any suggestions for new programs or services to: Lisa Lopinsky, Director, Foundation for Rural Service, 4121 Wilson Boulevard, Tenth Floor, Arlington, VA 22203.
	www.frs.org /ka/ka-3.cfm?content_item_id=2235&folder_id=488 (1366 words)

	Rural Voices Radio
		Children suddenly become interested in the Weather Channel and as soon as the snow starts to fall, many people turn on the TV or radio, to listen for school cancellations or postponements.
		As a child growing up in rural North Dakota, the mailbox represented anticipation, hope, and excitement to me. The arrival of the mail and the sighting of Mailman Jim's low slung sedan cruising down the hill from the neighbor's house thrilled me every time I happened to see it.
		There were seven of us that setup in a caravan on ice that was about a foot and a half thick.
	www.und.nodak.edu /instruct/weinstei/ruralvoices.htm (7588 words)

	the Pacifica Foundation's website: we are community radio - Pacifica is a free speech, listener sponsored, community ...
		The Pacifica Radio Network Brought You The John Roberts Senate Hearing for Nomination to The United States Supreme Court.
		This years GRC was coordinated by the Prometheus Radio Project, from Aug. 4 through 7, and was simultaneously the genesis of a new LPFM station (aka barnraiser), along with the 10th annual Grassroots Radio Conference (GRC10).
		And Pacifica Radio was there to bring you the sounds of South America's new network launch, more...
	www.pacifica.org (948 words)

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