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Topic: Russenorsk language

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	Russenorsk language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Russenorsk (or "Russonorsk") was a pidgin language combining elements of Russian and Norwegian, created by traders and whalers from northern Norway and the Russian Kola peninsula.
		As is common in the development of pidgins and, the interaction of seamen, fishermen, and traders with no common language necessitated the creation of some minimal form of communication.
		The history of Russenorsk is mainly limited to 18th and 19th centuries.
	americancanyon.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Rusnorsk (266 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Russenorsk language Russenorsk was a pidgin language combining elements of Russian and Norwegian.
		Russenorsk language russet russet russet Burbank Russet burbank potato Russet burbank potato Russet burbank potato Russet burbank potato Russet Mouse-lemur Russet potato Russet potato Russet potato Russet potato...
		Russenorsk language russet russet russet Burbank russet Burbank russet Burbank russet Burbank russet Burbank Russet burbank potato Russet Mouse-lemur Russet potato Russet potato Russet potato Russet potato russet...
	russenorsk_language.iqexpand.com (461 words)

	Russenorsk language -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As is common in the development of (An artificial language used for trade between speakers of different languages) pidgins and trade languages, the interaction of seamen, fishermen, and traders with no common language necessitated the creation of some minimal form of communication.
		Some scholars do not classify Russenorsk as a (An artificial language used for trade between speakers of different languages) pidgin.
		The (The revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917) Russian revolution of 1917 brought about an end to its use; it is reported that the last Norwegian-Russian trade occurred in 1923, marking the last use of Russenorsk.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ru/russenorsk_language.htm (183 words)

	European languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Basque language of the northern Iberian Peninsula is a language isolate, and as such is not closely related to any other language.
		The Finno-Ugric languages are a subfamily of the Uralic language family.
		The Romance languages decended from the Vulgar Latin spoken across most of the lands of the Roman Empire.
	1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/e/eu/european_languages.html (163 words)

	Russenorsk language : Russenorsk
		Russenorsk was a pidgin language combining elements of Russian and Norwegian.
		Understandably, Russenorsk was not an incredibly complex language.
		It dealt mostly with the essentials of Arctic business transactions (fish, weather, etc.) and did not particularly deal with "minutiae" (existentialism, music, etc.) that were not relevant to the situation.
	www.fastload.org /ru/Russenorsk.html (132 words)

	pidgin
		At this stage the language is no longer a pidgin, as it has acquired the full complexity of a human language, and becomes a creole.
		Instead, it is a creole language and a dialect of English, and is widely spoken by residents of Hawai'i.
		A language evolved in the community of people who migrated from the Saurashtra region of the Indian state of Gujarat to places like Madurai and Kumbakonam in Tamilnadu.
	www.mcfly.org /pidgin (541 words)

	Linguistic Society of America - Fields of Linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It would appear that language contact situations generally are subject to two often conflicting forces--the need to achieve communicative efficiency adequate for the purpose of the interaction (dynamics of accommodation) and the need to preserve a distinct sense of group identity (group loyalty).
		These creole languages are a blend of mostly European vocabulary with a grammar representing a compromise between that of the West African substrate and that of the European superstrate.
		Research on the linguistic aspects of language contact leads uto insight on the nature of linguistic systems, the mechanisms by which they interact to produce new strategies of communication, the creativity of human beings in adopting and adapting new materials to be reshaped into new manifestations of the human faculty of language.
	www.lsadc.org /fields/index.php?aaa=contact.htm (1497 words)

	russenorsk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		de:russenorsk Russenorsk was a pidgin language combining elements of Russian and Norwegian.
		Like all pidgins, Russenorsk was not an complex system of communication.
		Kortlandt[1] argues that Russenorsk was essentially a variant of Norwegian with Russian loan words.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Russenorsk.html (164 words)

	Proto-World and the Language Organ
		One argument for the language organ, for instance, is the poverty of stimulus argument-- that the language available to children is too little in quantity and too suspect in quality to serve to construct a grammar.
		But many immigrants don’t really have to learn the national language-- the required level of national language competence in their work is often minimal, and they may live in an enclave (a family or a neighborhood) where it is not needed at all.
		Humans may well be adapted to language; the case is strongest, perhaps, for the alteration of the vocal tract: the choking hazard would surely be maladaptive if not outweighed by the greater good of producing a wide range of possible speech sounds.
	www.zompist.com /langorg.htm (5649 words)

	Pidgin
		Pidgins have rudimentary grammars and restricted vocabulary, serving as auxiliary contact languages.
		This stage requires the pidgin to be learned natively by children, who then generalize the features of the pidgin into a fully-formed, stabilized grammar (see Nicaraguan Sign Language).
		When a pidgin reaches this point it acquires the full complexity of a natural language, and becomes a creole language.
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/p/pi/pidgin.html (376 words)

	Table of contents for The Nordic languages
		The development of the Nordic languages from the mid-16th century to the end of the 18th century 137.
		Bernt Olsson, Historical and sociocultural preconditions of language in Scandinavia from the 16th to the end of the 18th century 138.
		Bo Wendt, The development of the types of text in the Nordic languages from the 16th to the end of the 18th century: The Swedish case 152.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/ecip057/2005002214.html (3389 words)

	All words on Pidgin
		Category:Linguistics Category:Pidgins and creoles Category:English pidgin and creole languages de:Pidgin-Sprachen eo:Pigxino fi:Pidžin fr:Pidgin id:pidgin ja:ピジン言語 nl:Pidgin pl:Języki pidżynowe sl:pidžin sv:Pidginspråk zh:皮钦语
		If you had called these them as readily; but he would mean by BLACK and WHITE the same learns from many experiences to differentiate his feelings, and not the word, but the capacity to experience the sensation that This extract from one of Miss Sullivan's letters is added because the methods of others.
		They were astonished at her command of language.
	www.allwords.org /pi/pidgin.html (789 words)

	[No title]
		A Pidgin, or contact language, is the name given to any language created, usually spontaneously, out of a mixture of other languages as a means of communication between speakers of different tongues.
		As tropical islands were colonised their society was restructured, with a ruling minority of some European nation and a large mass of non-European laborers.
		The laborers, both natives and slaves, would often come from many different language groups and would need to communicate.
	www.kisanji.org /default.aspx?modulo=wikipedia&arg=Pidgin (379 words)

	HF ENG 111 Language and Society: Lecture 6, page 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		One example of this is russenorsk, reported to have been in use by Norwegian and Russian fishermen in the Barents Sea until the Russian revolution.
		A Romance-based trade language, or lingua franca, known as Sabir, developed in the Mediterranean from the 12th century onwards and was widely spread among sailors.
		A pidgin is an auxiliary language arising (typically in a trade situation) among speakers of mutually unintelligible languages.
	www.hf.ntnu.no /engelsk/staff/johannesson/111SoS/L06-o02.htm (417 words)

	Pidgin
		As they develop, they can replace the existing mix of languages to become the native language of the current community (such as Krio in Sierra Leone and Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea).
		The labourers, both natives and slaves, would often come from many different language groups and would need to communicate.
		Russenorsk - combined Russian and Norwegian to create a mutually intelligible form of communication for Arctic fishermen.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/p/pi/pidgin.html (327 words)

	European languages Italo-Romance languages Persian Albanian Danish Valencian Norman Venetian Kurdish Belarusian Bosnian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		== Basque ==The Basque language of the northern Iberian Peninsula is a language isolate, and as such is not closely related to any other language.
		Finno-Ugric languages ==The Finno-Ugric languages are a subfamily of the Uralic language family.
		In-Languages have a hand-picked selection of quality language schools for learning a language on location.
	en.powerwissen.com /1JRNjyTwadJwz0AYdCNzTw==_European_languages.html (319 words)

	de Pidgin Sprachen A Pidgin or contact language is...
		de:Pidgin-Sprachen A "Pidgin", or "contact language", is the name given to any language language created, usually spontaneously, out of a mixture of other languages as a means of communication between speakers of different tongues.
		As they develop, they can replace the existing mix of languages to become the native language of the current community (such as Krio Krio in Sierra Leone Sierra Leone and Tok Pisin Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea).
		Russenorsk Russenorsk - combined Russian Russian and Norwegian Norwegian to create a mutually intelligible form of communication for Arctic fishermen.
	www.biodatabase.de /pidgin (460 words)

	Multiple traditions
		Yet, it cannot be denied that the speakers of Russenorsk activated shared culture in speaking the language; they had a structure of relevance in common enabling them to carry on their interaction in a meaningful way, although the social field activated was narrow.
		The loss of language is almost complete; the caste system is no longer functioning; arranged marriages are virtually a thing of the past, and it could be argued that the Indo-Trinidadian is homo aequalis rather than homo hierarchicus (Dumont's, 1980, terms as he compares European and Indian culture; cf.
		A shared language - in both a literal and a metaphorical meaning of the word - for the articulation of interests, conflicts and experiences - is being developed, and is continuously enacted.
	folk.uio.no /geirthe/Multiple.html (8807 words)

	Russia - Norway relations - Stormfront White Nationalist Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The trade, and thus the use of russenorsk went on until the Russian Revolution in 1917.
		After the revolution the borders were closed and the language was forgotten.
		It became impossible to maintain Norwegian culture and traditions, and the Norwegian language was forgotten.
	www.stormfront.org /forum/showthread.php?t=100491 (528 words)

	A Glossary of Lingua Franca – Foreword
		It is quite likely that it had existed for some time by then, and it has even been suggested that the origins of the language lies in a simplified trade Latin used by Jewish traders.
		It has also been suggested that the influence of Lingua Franca reached even further, and that it would be the ancestor of all the world's creole languages.
		The most important legacy of the language's once dominant position in inter-ethnic communication in the Mediterranian is of course that its name has entered not only English, but also numerous other languages as a generic term for precisely that – a language of inter-ethnic communication.
	www.uwm.edu /~corre/franca/edition3/foreword.html (825 words)

	Opinions: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		I believe that it was Peter Frobisher who told the story of how he learned the "Eskimo" (his word) language.
		It turned out that they had constructed a simplified version of their language to talk to him with.
		Russenorsk - is another exmaple of that sort of thing, except both sides thought they were learning the other's language.
	comments.enetation.co.uk /comments.php?user=smartens&commentid=106199629451714874 (129 words)

	info: EXTINCT LANGUAGES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		U professors, students venture to save dying languages - Utah Chronicle - The Center for American Indian Languages in the College of Humanities is encoded in languages,' said Campbell, the director of CAIL.
		Worsch - Designed to promote the survival and continuing vitality of native, minority and indigenous languages that may be in danger of becoming extinct..
		Beothuk Language (Beothuck, Skraeling, Red Indian) - Language, culture and history of this extinct tribe..
	www.cercalarima.com /Category:Extinct_languages (285 words)

	Evgeniy Golovko: Russian in Contact with Other Languages: Triviality, Typicality, Specificity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Most results of this interaction do not present anything special for language contact studies, they just add more examples to the vast corpus of such well-known contact phenomena, as lexical borrowing and structural interference.
		Still, there are several cases where the results of contact provide valuable material for language contact studies.
		Another special case among language contact phenomena is Mednij Aleut, the only one known 'mixed language' resulting from the intertwining of Russian with some other language (specifically, Aleut).
	odur.let.rug.nl /lic/abgolovko.html (247 words)

	American English a Creole language? \| Antimoon Forum
		Lexical differences amongst different dialects do not tie in whatsoever to notions of "simplicity" in language, which is not an accurate concept to begin with in describing languages or dialects.
		A language is not subjective or objective is either Formal or Informal Slang or Literal.
		However, though, the effect of various other Germanic languages on the pronunciation of English in various NAE dialects in the Upper Midwest are another story unto itself.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/t62-0.htm (1552 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Bears relation with a standard or matrix or lexifier language (not always the same language).
		Can’t explain the similarities in the structures: ‘it fails to explain why pidgins are not always mutually intelligible with the languages of which they are supposed to be simplified versions.’ 2.
		Pidgins as being similar to the language of children age 2 to 4.
	isg.urv.es /sociolinguistics/socio/pidgins.doc (519 words)

	Learn Russian :: Russian Course
		that Russenorsk is a former pidgin language combining elements of Russian and Norwegian, and conceived as a basic means of communication between the two countries' fishermen, seamen and traders?
		Russian is the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and is one of the official languages of the United Nations.
		Today it is mainly spoken in Russia but continues to be widely spoken, as well as an important means of communication, between other nations of the former Soviet Union.
	www.cactuslanguage.com /en/languages/russian.php (320 words)

	On pidgin languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		"Tense and Aspect in Child Language, Pidgins and Creoles." B. Lakshmi Bai and Aditi Mukherjee (eds.), Tense and Aspect in Indian Languages.
		"The Emergence of a TMA Grammatical Device in a Stable Pidgin: The Russenorsk Preverbal po Construction." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 18.21-130.
		"On the Adequacy of Natural Language: I: The development of tense." John Victor Singler (ed.), Pidgin and creole tense-mood-aspect systems.
	www.scar.utoronto.ca /~binnick/TENSE/Pidgin.html (466 words)

	Links, Linguistics, Constructed Languages...
		As the caracteristic of Slavic Languages is declination, I think SLOVIO should also have a declension pattern, of course an easy one.
		This would help as a bridge for those people who want to learn any slavic language, and because their language does not decline, they can not fully understand declination, so a declining SLOVIO would help them overbridge the problem.
		Of course prepositions should be used, that enriches the language and makes it more precise.
	www.slovio.com /links.html (407 words)

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