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Topic: Russia under Nicholas I

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	Nicholas I of Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1825 Nicholas I was crowned king of Poland and began to limit the liberties of constitutional monarchy in Congress Poland.
		Nicholas crushed the rebellion, abrogated the Polish constitution, and reduced Poland to the status of a Russian province and embarked on a policy of repression towards Catholics[1].
		Nicholas married Charlotte of Prussia (1798 - 1860).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia (1485 words)

	Russia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 1547, at the age of 17, Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible; reigned 1533–84) was crowned czar of all Russia.
		Russia did, however, resist the idea of resorting to military intervention in Iraq in order to eliminate weapons of mass destruction, and as the United States pressed in 2003 for a Security Council resolution supporting the use of force, Russia joined France in vowing to veto such a resolution.
		Russia’s reputation suffered internationally, however, in late 2004 when it threw its support behind government candidates in Ukraine and the Georgian region of Abkhazia; in both elections, the candidates Moscow opposed ultimately succeeded despite strong resistance on the part of the existing governments to change.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ru/Russia.html (6604 words)

	Nicholas I of Russia Summary
		Nicholas took no part in the administration of public affairs during the reign of his brother Alexander I. He was put in charge of a brigade of the guards and was inspector general of army engineers.
		This uprising was a shock to Nicholas, for it involved the army, especially the guards, whom the Czar regarded as the backbone of the throne.
		Nicholas I of Russia (Russian: Николай I Павлович, Nikolai I Pavlovich), July 6 (June 25, Old Style), 1796–March 2 (February 18, Old Style), 1855), was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855 and king of Poland from 1825 until 1831.
	www.bookrags.com /Nicholas_I_of_Russia (1876 words)

	The Jewish Virtual History Tour - Russia
		Nicholas I than divided Jews into two groups — “useful” and “not useful.” The wealthy merchants and those essential for commerce were deemed “useful,” all others “non-useful.” The order granted opposition from the Jewish communities of Western Europe and worldwide, but was instituted in 1851.
		Under the influence of influential assimilated Jews, the Bolsheviks began to see the assimilation of the Jews as the only solution to “the Jewish problem.” Jewish nationalist expressions, be they expressions of the Jewish religion or Zionism, were clamped down upon.
		Russia is also playing a role in the Arab-Israeli peace process as a member of the "quartet" along with the US, UN, and EU.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/russia.html (4100 words)

	Russia Under Western Eyes
		A heightened sense of hostility toward Russia is not inevitably caused by aggressiveness on her part; nor are periods of Russian reasonableness invariably rewarded by more kindly sentiments on the part of the West.
		Because Russia's behavior offers only a partial explanation for the uneven response to her presence in Europe since Peter, the full explanation must be sought in forces acting within the body politic of the West.
		Russia has at different times been demonized or divinized by Western opinion less because of her real role in Europe than because of the fears and frustrations, or the hopes and aspirations, generated within European society by its own domestic problems.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/m/malia-russia.html (3504 words)

	RUSSIA
		The Varangians/Russes got to Russia through their technology, the sailing ships that could actually take them to Greenland; but they came to rule the area through forms of large scale political organization that may have been rudimentary compared to Francia and Romania, but were beyond anything seen previously east of Moravia.
		Russia would then always be hindered by autocratic government that alternatively smothered dissent and innovation and then, alarmed at the backwardness of the country, attempted to impose top-down reforms and development -- which then would be resisted by a national conservatism that the government in its phase of being threatened by change would have loved.
		Russia was as weary of war as a country could be, but the Provisional Government decided to stay in the war against Germany.
	www.friesian.com /russia.htm (9004 words)

	Nicholas II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Nicholas II however did not want to allow workers to unite and form unions as they were elsewhere in the world.
		Nicholas II went to the lines to lead his armies but this proved to be a poor move.
		Nicholas II and his family were put under house arrest and in July of 1918 were murdered.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/history/russia/nicholas.html (308 words)

	Nicholas I, czar of Russia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Nicholas strove to serve his country’s best interests as he saw them, but his methods were dictatorial, paternalistic, and often inadequate.
		Under Nicholas, Russia gained control of part of Armenia and the Caspian Sea after a war with Persia (1826–28).
		Nicholas brutally suppressed the uprising (1830–31) in Poland and abrogated the Polish constitution and Polish autonomy.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ni/Nichls1-Rus.html (380 words)

	Our Homeland [The Voice of Russia]
		Nicholas I, like many in his milieu, realized the imperative need to abolish serfdom, which was like a ‘powder keg’ under the Empire, about to blow any moment.
		Under Nicholas I over 8 thousand kilometers of roads were laid, and at the Emperor’s insistence, in defiance of the unanimous objections of the ministers, railroads were being built outside the country, too: the Warsaw-Vienna, Warsaw-St.Petersburg lines.
		Under Nicholas the numerical strength and might of the Fleet was contained at a level equal with that of leading naval powers throughout the time while sailing vessels dominated.
	www.vor.ru /English/homeland/home_021.html (2711 words)

	Russia, U.S.-Russian Relations, Under Secretary Burns Visit - JRL 12-7-05
		UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: Well, listen, in Kosovo a war was fought six and a half years ago to prevent the ethnic cleansing of the Muslim population.
		UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: You know, what's interesting about the Iranian question is that in all the diplomatic conversations that we've had there is not a single country that I've dealt with who doesn't have this concern.
		UNDER SECRETARY BURNS: Well, look, we have nothing against the people of Belarus, of course, but we think that the government of Belarus is autocratic, anti-democratic, and is not giving anywhere near the same rights to their people as for instance the Russian government has done, or the Ukrainian government, or the Latvian government.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/9314-28.cfm (6934 words)

	Russian history, 1796-1855 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the same year, under the influence of religious mysticism, Alexander initiated the creation of the Holy Alliance, a loose agreement pledging the rulers of the nations involved -- including most of Europe -- to act according to Christian principles.
		In 1813 Russia gained territory in the Baky area of the Caucasus at the expense of Persia.
		Nicholas I Pavlovich (Николай I Павлович, July 6 (June 25, Old Style), 1796 - March 2 (February 18, Old Style), 1855) was the Tsar of Russia from 1825 until his death in 1855.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russian_history,_1796-1855 (2163 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Tsar Nicholas II
		Tsar Nicholas II (1868-1918) - Russia's last emperor - was born on 18 May 1868 in Tsarskoe Selo.
		In response to such wide-scale protest, and under the advice of close advisers, the Tsar published the 'October Manifesto', which granted freedom of conscience, speech, meeting and association, and the end of imprisonment without trial.
		Nicholas II was persuaded to abdicate on 15 March 1917 under the recommendation of the Russian Army High Command.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/nicholasii.htm (857 words)

	HIS 241 Nicholas I BB (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It was this short run chaos and the much longer run of disruptive events in Russia associated with the Napoleonic Wars and their aftermath that shaped the character of Nicholas I and of his reign.
		Nicholas’ secret committees on the serf question, some years later, were invisible to Russian society, so this important step toward a social and economic loosening was not apparent to those who condemned Nicholas in the strongest terms.
		The relationship between Nicholas and Pushkin was nothing if not strange (each seems to have had “eyes” for the other's wife), and rumor has it that the tsar may have facilitated the duel in which Pushkin was mortally wounded, while defending his wife's somewhat questionable honor.
	novaonline.nv.cc.va.us /eli/evans/HIS241/Remarks/Nicholas1BB.html (1075 words)

	Russian Chat, Russian Dating, Russian Cuisine, Russian Music, Russian Radio and Russian TV on RussiansAbroad.com
		Nicholas completely lacked his brother's spiritual and intellectual breadth; he saw his role simply as one paternal autocrat ruling his people by whatever means were necessary.
		Ballet took root in Russia after its importation from France, and classical music became firmly established with the compositions of Mikhail Glinka (1804-57) (see Literature and the Arts, ch.
		Nicholas crushed the rebellion, abrogated the Polish constitution, and reduced Poland to the status of a Russian province.
	www.russiansabroad.com /russian_history_35.html (770 words)

	Casebook: Jack the Ripper - Russian Freemasonry
		Russia was in a unique position to abstract from the West all those ideas and processes that had undergone centuries of trial and error, research and development in the West, adopting the latest concepts after due trials and refinements that had been test bedded in the West.
		Under these rules, none but Christians of Russian nationality were to be admitted to high office in the Craft and at the head was to be a Prefect, not responsible to his brethren, but to the Minister of Police and the Emperor himself.
		In Russia, the Freemasons were seeking a solution to an external human quest: an escape from the banality, mortality and immorality of life in their milieu.
	www.casebook.org /dissertations/freemasonry/russianfm.html?printer=true (15303 words)

	Tsarevich Nicholas Aleksandrovich of Russia
		to study in Russia under the care of the Tsar.
		Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia (6 May 1868 to 4 July 1918 in the Julian Calendar, or 18 May 1868 to 17 July 1918 in the Gregorian Calendar), was the last Emperor of Imperial Russia.
		He ruled from November 1, 1894 until his abdication on March 15, 1917, and was killed with his family in 1918.
	www.soravij.com /nicholas.html (288 words)

	Casebook: History of Russian Freemasonry
		On 25 May 1779, a Swedish Grand Provincial Lodge of Russia was officially opened according to the Swedish ritual and thereafter vied for supremacy with the Grand Provincial Lodge of Elagin.
		Nicholas was said to have been a member of this lodge, which suspended its work in 1916.
		With Russia losing the war against the Axis powers, and food riots rapidly spreading throughout Petrograd and Moscow, on March 2, 1917 the Tsar abdicated in favour of a provisional government under the initial control of Prince Lvov.
	www.mega.nu:8080 /ampp/ancient/freemasonry/russianfm.html (15303 words)

	Nicholas I, czar of Russia — Infoplease.com
		Nicholas I, 1796–1855, czar of Russia (1825–55), third son of
		The motto “autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationality,” expressing the principles applied to a new system of education, was also used by Nicholas in suppressing liberal thought, controlling the universities, increasing censorship, persecuting religious and national minorities, and strengthening the secret police.
		The last Czar Nicholas II: the heir of Russia's once powerful Romanov dynasty fell victim to bad decisions, bad luck, and the tide......
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0835585.html (452 words)

	HIS 241 Nicholas I CTE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Tsar Nicholas I loved order so much that when he decided to build a railroad from St. Petersburg to Moscow, he laid out a ruler and had the railroad built in a straight line--see the map to the right here--with the exception of the so-called "Tsar's finger" (the bend in the line near Novgorod).
		There was no doubt that Nicholas I loved both order and duty, both attributes that he learned in his father's household (Tsar Paul I), which was run along very military lines.
		Another interesting aspect of the reign of Nicholas I was that the government actually subscribed to a definite ideological orientation (and educated society began to develop a different one, which we will cover next week).
	novaonline.nv.cc.va.us /eli/evans/HIS241/Remarks/Nicholas1CTE.html (759 words)

	hist359
		from the Kievan period to Nicholas II, with emphasis on the modernization efforts of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, the reforms of Alexander II, and the nineteenth century revolutionary movement.
		Liashchenko, P.I. A History of the National Economy of Russia to the l9l7 Revolution.
		Under Nicholas I. Payne, Robert and N. Romanoff.
	www.longwood.edu /staff/crowljw/hist359.htm (700 words)

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