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Topic: Russian (spelling)

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	Spelling Society : Slavonic language spelling.
		Russian has its own history of spelling reforms, the most illustrious being immediately after the October Revolution, when the hard sign was removed from the alphabet, along with a number of other letters.
		According to spelling conventions the compound ought to be pronounced with a palatal /t/, but in fact the /t/ is retained as hard, and theme is almost a distinct juncture in the pronunciation as a result.
		There are traditional spellings, the most common one being the use of the letters <-ogo>, which is the genitive singular inflection of masculine and neuter adjectives and which is pronounced as though it were <-ovo>.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j8/slavonic.php (4630 words)

	Russian language - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Russian is primarily spoken in Russia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics of the USSR.
		Russian is also spoken in Israel by at least 750,000 ethnic Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union (1999 census).
		Russian is the official language of Russia, and an official language of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the unrecognized Transnistria and Abkhazia.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Russian_language (3039 words)

	Reforms of Russian orthography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With the strength of the historic tradition diminishing, Russian spelling in the eighteenth century became rather inconsistent, both in practice and in theory, as Lomonosov advocated a morphological orthography, and Trediakovsky, a phonetical one.
		The spelling reform was finally promulgated by the Provisional Government in the summer of 1917.
		An urban legend holds that the yat was dropped because it somewhat resembles a church with belltower or spire, or an orb and cross (globus cruciger), signifying the tsar's role as defender of the Orthodox Christian faith.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography (1439 words)

	Russian spelling reforms
		Comprehensive spelling reform aimed at mass literacy was one of the first acts of the democratic provisional government in the 1917 Revolution.
		Soviet estimates of Russian literacy rose from 40% of men and 16% of women in 1897, to 93% of men and 82% of women in 1939.
		Russian Cyrillic orthography is regular, in that it has three types of rules to compensate for inconsistencies or ambiguities, although stress is not assigned systematically and must be memorised for each new form.
	home.vicnet.net.au /~ozideas/wrussref.htm (925 words)

	Russian language (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Russian belongs to the group of Indo-European languages and is therefore related to Sanskrit Greek Latin as well as the modern Germanic Romance and Celtic languages including English French and Gaelic.
		Russian is the official language of Russia and an official language of Belarus Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
		Reformed spelling the new political terminology the abandonment of the effusive formulae of characteristic of the pre-Revolutionary upper classes prompted statements from members of the emigré intelligentsia Russian was becoming debased.
	www.freeglossary.com /Russian_language (5333 words)

	: , Kerala, Kerala News, Kerala Hotels, Kerala Travel, Kerala Classifieds, India - www.kerala.com
		With the strength of the historic tradition diminishing, Russian spelling in the eighteenth century became rather inconsistent, both in practice and in theory, as Lomonosov advocated a morphological orthography, and Trediakovsky, a phonetical one.
		EmigrÃ© Russians by and large adhered to the old spelling until after World War II; long and impassioned essays were written in its defence, as by Ilyin in c.
		An urban legend holds that the yat was dropped because it somewhat resembles a church with belltower or spire, or an orb and cross (globus crucifer), signifying the tsar's role as defender of the Orthodox Christian faith.
	www.kerala.com /wiki-Reforms_of_Russian_orthography (1647 words)

	Requests for new languages/Wikipedia Pre-reform Russian - Meta
		Russian writer Voinovich predicted this in his novel "Moscow 2024" - that after overthrowing communists, power-hungry Imperial Russia revivalists will change everything back from grammar to common laws...
		Old Russian is the language of up to around the 15th century, and has nothing to do with what we are discussing.
		Another illustration of this scam: [[9]] - Russians did not use "Самолётъ" for an aircraft at that time, they used "аэропланъ", and "Самолётъ" in 19th century was a name of a shipping company shipping goods by boats.
	meta.wikimedia.org /wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wikipedia_Pre-reform_Russian (5102 words)

	Russian Life magazine: Russian Life Online
		The Russian-to English transcription system used by Russian Life presupposes no knowledge of Russian and is oriented to (1) readability (meaning: if a transcribed word is read by a native English speaker, the word should sound as close as possible to the Russian) and (2) consistency.
		The transcription of the Russian "E" as E is conditional.
		Russian sailors and traders were required, by imperial decree, to keep two calendars in their logs, one synched with Western practice, the other with Russian practice.
	www.russianlife.com /transcribe.cfm (1077 words)

	Why Study Russian?
		Russian is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, which includes English and the other Germanic languages, the Romance languages and other languages of Europe, the Middle East, and the Asian subcontinent.
		Russian has had the reputation of being a difficult language to learn, and it is indeed somewhat more difficult for a native English speaker than French, Spanish, or German.
		Russian is a major language for scientific publications, and it is an increasingly important language for business and trade as Russian institutions, both public and private, integrate with their European and American counterparts.
	www.wmich.edu /languages/russian/Russian1.html (912 words)

	Basic Spelling Rules of Russian
		Russian kids learn them by the end of first grade; if you are past this stage, you should pick them up with no difficulty.
		Russian has a system of 'soft' or 'palatalized' consonants which parallels that of the regular consonants.
		You must remember that, after applying all the other rules of Russian, especially when adding noun, verb, and adjectives endings, you must be sure to convert any 'hard consonant' vowel to its 'soft' alternate, if the suffix begins with a vowel and is added to a stem ending on a consonant.
	www.rlcentre.com /materials/spelling.shtml (701 words)

	ipedia.com: Russian language Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Russian is primarily spoken in Russia and the other countries that were once constituent republics of the USSR.
		Reformed spelling, the new political terminology, and the abandonment of the effusive formulae of politeness characteristic of the pre-Revolutionary upper classes prompted dire statements from members of the emigré intelligentsia that Russian was becoming debased.
		Modern Russian is sometimes said to begin with Pushkin, in the sense that the old "high style" Church Slavonic and vernacular Russian are so closely fused that it is difficult to identify whether any given word or phrase stems from the one or the other.
	www.ipedia.com /russian_language.html (6343 words)

	Spelling Russian Name In Period English
		As such, all Russian personae in the SCA are presumed to be travelling away from home and thus would have seen their names spelled by foreign scribes in Latin alphabets.
		Russian vowels, when stressed, tend to have a rather full sound that seems exaggerated to English ears.
		It is important to remember that the Russian language in the sixteenth century was not pronounced quite as it is today.
	www.goldschp.net /archive/fletcher.html (1695 words)

	Spelling Society : Optimality of English spelling.
		Ever since English spelling settled down in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the consensus seems to have been that the conventions we have inherited are ill-suited...
		The Russian spelling system, for example, cannot be read "by a purely sequential, phonic method: it requires a combination of the phonic and look-and-say methods" (Knowles, 1988, p.9).
		For instance, pronunciation might be spelled pronounciation as it relates to pronounce; spatial might be spelled spacial as it relates to space, and deceit might be spelled deceipt as it relates to deception.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j29/optimality.php (4445 words)

	Alphabet and Spelling Rules
		The Russian alphabet is generally effective at conveying the sounds necessary for the correct pronunciation of Russian.
		Russian consonants, such as the Д in ВОДА, are either hard consonants or soft consonants.
		This is an important concept, because generally when adding or changing the endings of words in Russian you cannot change the hardness or softness of the affected consonant -- so hard stays hard, and soft stays soft (with the exception of the prepositional case and some dative endings).
	www.du.edu /langlit/russian/alpha.htm (724 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Language debate rages in Russia
		Russians often feel slightly embarrassed when trying to cope with their mother tongue's notoriously complicated spelling rules, and recent debates on language reform may well have confused them even more.
		Her words must have signalled trouble for the orthographic commission which has been trying to simplify Russian spelling and accommodate foreign words that have flooded the language.
		One of the proposals is aimed at simplifying the spelling of certain words - like the Russian equivalents of "wounded" or "fried" - which can be different depending on whether they are participles or adjectives.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/1937377.stm (433 words)

	Russian Life: Transcription and Dates (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Russian-to English transcription system used by Russian Life presupposes no knowledge of Russian and is oriented to (1) readability (meaning: if a transcribed word is read by a native English speaker, the word should sound as close as possible to the Russian) and (2) consistency.
		The transcription of the Russian "E" as E is conditional.
		Russian sailors and traders were required, by imperial decree, to keep two calendars in their logs, one synched with Western practice, the other with Russian practice.
	www.russianlife.net /transcribe.cfm (1078 words)

	Translation of Medical Terms
		Thus the Russian "gestosis" may be translated hestosis or hestos or histosis or histos.
		The Russian word diatez (diathes, diates) is commonly used in pediatric practice to denote a rash.
		Hospitalism (gospitalism) is the term Russian physicians use to refer to the effects of living in an institution.
	www.russianadoption.org /translation.htm (825 words)

	irg Basic Concepts
		Every form of a Russian verb has an ending; if the ending is peeled off, the part of the word that is left is called the stem.
		As a rule, the Russian verb may be said to have two stems: the non-past stem for non-past forms and the past stem for the infinitive and past tense forms:
		After ч it appears as -ат, because of the spelling rules for the hushing consonants ч, щ, ж, ш; after р it appears as -ят, to show that the р is soft.
	russian.dmll.cornell.edu /verbs/irg01-04basics.htm (1620 words)

	Spelling of Russian Names
		When a language has a phonetic spelling, there is no need for special subject Spelling, since the key to the pronunciation is in the writing itself.
		As the political situation was changing, people moved from Russia to Poland, or Yugoslavia, or France, or Germany, or USA etc. From the way Russian name is written in Latin alphabet one can see that that person (or his parents) moved from Russia say to France.
		At that point Russian name was for the first time written in Latin alphabet, and this spelling stays with the person permanently or until he decides for some reason to change it.
	www.dorogadomoj.com /se02nam.html (453 words)

	How to write Russian in ASCII
		An exact correspondence with Cyrillic spelling was not deemed desirable inasmuch as it leads to a cumbersome spelling.
		This is because when confronted with a less familiar spelling, a closer connection with phonetics may be of help, so there is little reason to retain obsolete features of the traditional spelling (but don't overdo it -- stick to the rules explicitly stated here).
		The paper in which he deals with the Russian spelling is being republished in his "Trudy po nematematike", vol.
	www.inr.ac.ru /~ftkachov/russian_in_ascii.htm (1234 words)

	INSP: Spelling Chornobyl (Chernobyl)
		Two of the most noticeable differences are Chornobyl (Ukrainian spelling) and Chernobyl (Russian spelling); and Kyiv (Ukrainian spelling) and Kiev (Russian spelling).
		Our spelling change was made at the request of Ukraine government officials with whom we work.
		In addition, the U.S. Department of State, at the request of the Ukraine government, advised our offices in August 1997 to change to the preferred spelling of the country in which the city or nuclear power plant is located.
	insp.pnl.gov /-chorninit-spelling.htm (181 words)

	[No title]
		As was noted in the most recent issue of this newsletter, the award-winning Russian war correspondent Anna Politkovskaya has returned to Russia after having been ordered by her editors to spend several months abroad due to serious death threats made against her by persons opposed to her reporting concerning the conflict in Chechnya.
		In an obvious reference to the Russian president, she writes: "Under any circumstances, it is necessary to be very cold, calculating and indifferent, which is now seen as a sign of a statist mind which incessantly thinks about the Homeland.
		Extending NATO's reach The Russians are also awaiting clarification of a U.S. proposal to extend NATO cooperation with the Kremlin by means of a new NATO-Russia council, intended to mitigate Russia's long-standing objections to expansion of the European defensive coalition.
	www.cdi.org /russia/Johnson/6027.txt (8743 words)

	Russian spelling
		Grot (incomplete Russian text; 330KB), was widely adhered to, there remained several issues of controversy.
		It should be proper, therefore, to consider the 1956 spelling rules the first proper standard for Russian orthography.
		One need not be a fanatic adherent of the pre-1918 Russian spelling to agree that of the reasons variously proposed in its favour the cogent one may be that the 1918 reform damaged the morphological principle of Russian orthography, but failed to replace it with a phonetic one.
	members.shaw.ca /abaka/spell/en/rules.htm (627 words)

	Russian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While Russian preserves much of East Slavonic synthetic-inflectional structure and a Common Slavonic word base, modern Russian exhibits a large stock of borrowed international vocabulary for politics, science, and technology.
		According to the United States 2000 Census, Russian is the primary language spoken in the homes of over 700,000 individuals living in the United States.
		Russenorsk is an extinct pidgin language with mostly Russian vocabulary and mostly Norwegian grammar, used for communication between Russians and Norwegian traders in the Pomor trade in Finnmark and the Kola Peninsula.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russian_(spelling) (3399 words)

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