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	Manchuria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Manchuria was the traditional homeland of the Xianbei, the Khitan and the Jurchen, who built several dynasties in both Manchuria and China proper, and most recently and famously the Manchus, who lent their name to the region and, in the 17th century, conquered and ruled China until the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in 1911.
		Manchuria borders Mongolia in the west, Siberia in the north, China proper to the south and North Korea in the east.
		Russians, especially Cossack farmers of Khabarovsk, who would lose their plowlands on the islands, were unhappy about the apparent loss of territory, while news and information regarding the border treaty were censored in Mainland China by the PRC government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manchuria (3013 words)

	ipedia.com: Manchuria Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Russian Manchuria, Kirin (=Jilin) and Heilungkiang (=Heilongjiang) are drained by the Amur; Liaoning faces the Yellow Sea.
		Prior to World War II, Manchuria was colonized by the Japanese and Manchukuo (in pinyin, 'Manzhouguo') was used as a base to invade China, a foolhardy, unnecessary and expensive (in men, matériel and political integrity) move that was as costly to Japan as the invasion of Russia was to Germany, and for the same reasons.
		From 1945 to 1948, Manchuria (Inner Manchuria) was a base area for the People's Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War and with the encouragement of Soviet Russia, Manchuria was used as a staging ground during the Chinese Civil War for the Chinese Communists, victorious in 1949.
	www.ipedia.com /manchuria.html (1020 words)

	Manchuria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Manchuria was the traditional homeland of peoples such as the Xianbei, the Khitan, the Jurchen, and most recently and famously, the Manchus, who lent their name to the region.
		Prior to World War II, Manchuria was colonized by the Japanese and Manchukuo was used as a base to invade China, an expensive action (in men, matériel and political integrity) that was as costly to Japan as the invasion of Russia was to Nazi Germany, and for the same reasons.
		With the encouragement of Soviet Russia, Manchuria was used as a staging ground during the Civil War for the Chinese Communists, victorious in 1949.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/M/Manchuria.htm (2367 words)

	Forerunner, Russian Expansion in China & Manchuria
		In Manchuria the Russian government opened post offices at Port Arthur, shortly after the occupation in 1899, at Dairen also in 1899 at Ta-lien-wan in 1900, in Ying-kou and Liao-yang during 1900, Mukden was opened in 1900, as was the post office at Kharbin also in 1900.
		Manchuria, now officially called Pri-Amur District by the Russians, was placed under a Russian Governor-General (General Grodekov), and a permanent military guard of 12,000 men was assigned for the protection of the railway, but the local Chinese civilian authorities were maintained at their functions.
		In pursuance of this new policy, the Russians cancelled arrangements for the second stage of the evacuation which was to be completed by the 8th April 1903, presented fresh demands to Peking, re-occupied the area evacuated six months before, and sent a cavalry detachment to Feng-huang-ch'eng, near the Korean border and the timber concession area.
	www.russojapanesewar.com /clark18.html (794 words)

	[No title]
		Russian generals have again and again admitted this, though their motive in doing so may have been questionable, in the effort to exonerate themselves for failure in resisting these attacks, and also to account for the vast losses they met throughout the operations of the war.
		The Russian railway was rushed south to Port Arthur across Manchuria, in defiance of all the promises, pledges, and assurances which Russia had given to Japan forts were erected, garrisons established, and the country treated as a Russian province.
		A plain and explicit demand from Japan that Russia should recognize Chinese sovereignty in Manchuria and embody her recognition in a definite treaty, not in one of the vague assurances she had so often disregarded, was met with the old reply that to ask this was to question the good faith of the Russian Government.
	www.angelfire.com /ca6/minuteman/chapter158.htm (3710 words)

	MANCHURIA - LoveToKnow Article on MANCHURIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Manchuria lies in a north-westerly antI southeasterly direction between 39 and 530 N. and between 116 and 134 E., and is wedged in between China and Mongoliaon the west and north-west, and Korea and the Russian territory on the Amur on the east and north.
		Provinces and Towns.Mukden, or as it is called by the Chinese Sheng-king, the capital city of Manchuria, is situated in the province of Sheng-king, occupies a fine position on the river Hun-ho, an affluent of the Liao, and is a city of considerable pretensions.
		The province of Kirin, or Central Manchuria, is bounded on the N. and N.W. by the Sungari, on the S. by Sheng-king and Korea, on the W. by Mongolia, and on the E. by the Usuri and the maritime Russian province.
	91.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MA/MANCHURIA.htm (3715 words)

	Outer Manchuria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		From the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 to the Treaties of Aigun in 1858 and Peking in 1860, this vast territory comprised Manchuria north of the Amur and east of the Ussuri rivers.
		From 1920 to 1925 Outer Manchuria was occupied by the Japanese and briefly united with Inner Manchuria under Japanese domination.
		From 1925 on, as Soviet Manchuria, it formed part of the far eastern provinces of the USSR and was used as the launch-pad for the Soviet assault on Japanese occupied Inner Manchuria in 1945, when Manchuria was again briefly united under Soviet rule.
	www.mcfly.org /wik/Outer_Manchuria (198 words)

	Manchukuo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Inner Manchuria came under strong Russian influence in the 1890s with the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin to Vladivostok.
		Japanese influence replaced Russian in Inner Manchuria as a result of the Russo-Japanese War (1904 - 1905), and Japan laid the South Manchurian Railway in 1906 to Port Arthur (Japanese: Ryojun).
		On August 8, 1945 the Soviet Union declared war on Japan in accordance with the agreement at the Yalta Conference, and invaded Manchukuo from Russian Manchuria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manchukuo (1518 words)

	The Russo-Japanese War Timeline
		Russian failure to withdraw from Manchuria and Russian penetration into northern Korea was countered by Japanese attempts to negotiate a division of the area into spheres of influence.
		The Russian government, however, was inflexible, and it was willing to risk an armed conflict in the belief that Japan was bound to be defeated and that a Russian victory would head off the growing threat of internal revolution in Russia.
		Russians manage to hold the line, but are forced to use sailors to reinforce infantry in the area due to lack of reserves.
	www.russianwarrior.com /1905_Russojapwar.htm (1492 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Manchuria
		Manchuria was the field of the action between the two contending armies, the chief battles being those of Liao-yang (25 Aug.-3 Sept., 1904) between Kuropatkin and Oyama, of Sha-ho (9-14 Oct.), and of Mukden (1-9 March, 1905).
		By the Treaty of Portsmouth both Russia and Japan agreed to evacuate simultaneously Manchuria, with the exception of the portion of the Liao-tung peninsula leased to Russia and surrendered to Japan, and to retrocede the administration of the province to China.
		Northern Manchuria (Kirin) includes 25 European and 8 native priests, 19,350 Christians; 21 churches and 66 chapels; 74 schools for boys and 49 for girls; 9 orphanages; 35 native sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and 135 native sisters.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09585a.htm (1276 words)

	Koda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The territorial dispute was settled by the treaties of Aigun (1858) and Beijing (1860).
		The widespread and strong sense of a Russian threat produced in the minds of the Japanese a conviction that it was necessary to establish buffer zones between Japan and Russia.
		Finally, the Russian army was too cumbersome and unwieldy to wage the warfare of maneuver that the vast expanse of the Manchurian plain required.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/2005/spring/art1-sp05.htm (13424 words)

	ALEKSÉEV, Evgenii Ivanovich
		The port was a heterogeneous mix of Russians and foreignors of every nationality, all brought to Port Arthur by the hope of quick wealth -- the government construction contracts alone were worth enormous sums of money, and as official controls were lax, the opportunities for graft were extensive.
		Alekseev was anxious to keep the Americans out of Manchuria; on 10/23 June 1903 he telegraphed the government that "the execution of the American demands for the opening of ports and consulates...
		The Russian reluctance to provoke the Japanese, and the expressed desire of Tsar Nikolai II that the Japanese fire the first shot, may explain Alekseev's own rejection of a request by Admiral O.V. STARK, commander of the Port Arthur squadron, asking that the squadron be put on a more warlike footing.
	www.russojapanesewar.com /alex.html (3577 words)

	A. S. Loukashkin: Bibliography
		The vegetation of the divide of Muren and Hsiao-Suifen rivers (Manchuria).
		A breeding colony of the Asiaric dowitcher in Northern Manchuria.
		The biology of the saiga antelope; Moscow, 1961, 466 pp" (In Russian).
	www.loukashkin.org /Bib (1453 words)

	The Soviet Army Offensive: Manchuria, 1945
		Meanwhile, Japan's strength in Manchuria was slowly bled away by her war in the Pacific and concerns for homeland defense.
		Japan's lack of armor and anti-tank weapons, failure to correctly estimate the size of the Soviet force build-up and predict the Russian avenues of approach were all reminiscent of her defeat at Nomonhan in 1939.
		The Soviet's thrust in western Manchuria would be significantly hindered if the Japanese defenders occupied the key passes in the Grand Khinghan Mountains or if the long supply train failed to keep pace with the rapid pace of the tank and mechanized columns.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1986/RMF.htm (5500 words)

	Canadian Journal of History: To the Harbin Station: The Liberal Alternative in Russia Manchuria, 1898-1914
		Harbin will live in the memory of generations of Russian kharbintsy and their descendents, but the city of one hundred thousand in 1913 was a bustling Chinese city of three million people by 1990.
		Founded in 1898 as a Russian railroad town, Harbin became associated with a whole series of Chinese central and local governments, and was tied to Japan once the puppet state of Manchukuo was established, with the Second World War, the Chinese Civil War, and with Communist China after 1949.
		It treats the role of Russian Finance Minister Witte, the Stolypin reforms, the development of Siberia and the Far East, the 1905 Revolution, Chinese nationalism, Korean nationalism in exile, and the rise of the soybean trade.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200004/ai_n8902205 (774 words)

	CIVIL WARS-- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Russians approved the air delivery of Chinese troops to Changchun and Shenyang as well as assistance with Chinese officials in establishing civil organizations in various cities and regions.
		Russians acknowledged Xiong Shihui's "mobile camp" office and agreed to station a liaison officer inside of the office building which was formerly Manchukuo Coal Building.
		On Sept 14th, a rep of Russian commander at Changchun (i.e., Ma-li-nuo-fu-si-ji) arrived in Yan'an with Zeng Kelin the head of CCP contingent dispatched to Manchuria in August 1945.
	www.uglychinese.org /civil_wars.htm (12305 words)

	Manchuria
		Manchuria: People - People Manchuria is traditionally the homeland of peoples that have invaded and sometimes ruled N...
		Manchuria: History - History Japan and Russia long struggled for control of this rich, strategically important region.
		Manchuria: Land and Economy - Land and Economy Manchuria's vast timber reserves have been damaged by excessive cutting.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0831482.html (322 words)

	SAC 1904-1917
		Russian liberal and revolutionary political parties agreed to cooperate (SDs did not participate).
		Russian SDs at Congress #5 heard Lenin's report on peasantry [VSB,3:808-9] Marxism was never strong in its comprehension of peasants, but now Lenin worked to bring his doctrine in line with Russian economic realities and revolutionary opportunities.
		Manchuria, Korea and Mongolia [DIR2:432-4] In essence, the treaty divided Manchuria into "North Manchuria" under Russian authority and "South Manchuria" under Japanese authority.
	www.uoregon.edu /~kimball/sac.1904.1917.htm (11461 words)

	The Sour Taste of Revenge, from The Name of Hero
		Because of his Russian looks, the Chinese were reluctant to take him, and the Russians rejected him because of his Chinese looks.
		Russian sharpshooters picked off the Chinese on white horses and carrying parasols, presuming those were the high-ranking officers.
		At nightfall, when the battle was over and other Russians were pitching tents, Bulatovich, on his own initiative, ignoring orders, slipped away, leading a makeshift detachment of Mazeppy and railway guards in pursuit of the Chinese.
	www.samizdat.com /hero12.html (3855 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Instead, Russian officials made clear this fall that the pipeline would go to a Russian port on the Sea of Japan.
		Russian leaders changed their minds after Japan's government offered billions of dollars to help finance the pipeline, which could be a $12 billion, 2,500-mile oil project running from Lake Baikal to Nakhodka.
		By bringing gas through the Russian Far East, Transneft, the Russian pipeline monopoly, would follow President Vladimir V. Putin's policy of stressing internal development over exports of raw materials.
	japanfocus.org /180.html (1029 words)

	Tatary
		Manchuria comprising Outer Manchuria (Russian speaking) and Inner Manchuria (Chinese speaking)
		Russian Turkestan was known as 'Independent' Tatary and Chinese Turkestan, Mongolia and Manchuria were together known as Chinese Tatary.
		In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Russia annexed independent Tatary, north Mongolia and outer Manchuria.
	www.fastload.org /ta/Tatary.html (196 words)

	Russo-Japanese War. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Russian failure to withdraw from Manchuria and Russian penetration into N Korea were countered by Japanese attempts to negotiate a division of the area into spheres of influence.
		A series of quick Japanese victories, which astounded the world, culminated in the fall of Port Arthur (Jan., 1905), the victory of troops under General Oyama at Shenyang (Feb.–Mar., 1905), and the destruction of the Russian fleet under Rozhdestvenski at Tsushima by Admiral Togo’s fleet (May, 1905).
		Through the mediation of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, peace was made in September at Portsmouth, N.H. (see Portsmouth, Treaty of).
	www.bartleby.com /65/ru/RussoJap.html (292 words)

	To the Harbin Station: The Liberal Alternative in Russian Manchuria, 1898-1914 - David Wolff Foreword by Nicholas V. ...
		In 1898, near the projected intersection of the Chinese Eastern Railroad (the last leg of the Trans-Siberian) and China’s Sungari River, Russian engineers founded the city of Harbin.
		Between the survey of the site and the profound dislocations of the 1917 revolution, Harbin grew into a bustling multiethnic urban center with over 100,000 inhabitants.
		In this area of great natural wealth, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and American ambitions competed and converged, and sometimes precipitated vicious hostilities.
	www.sup.org /book.cgi?book_id=3266 (245 words)

	Untitled Document
		In Manchuria, the Russian government supported him greatly because Russia was having war against Germany and also against Japan.
		Il Sung was born in North Korea, between Kim Hyonh Jik and Kang Pan Sok and was the eldest of three sons.
		The main task of this unit was to gather military intelligence in Manchuria.
	www.indiana.edu /~ealc100/Group16/E100/kimilsung.htm (1044 words)

	Manchuria: History
		China's changing economic policies led to renewed investment in the region in 1978, but the ensuing shift to a market economy resulted in unemployment and stagnant growth in the state-controlled businesses.
		To the Harbin Station: The Liberal Alternative in Russian Manchuria, 1898-1914.
		Civil Government in Warlord China: Tradition, Modernization and Manchuria.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0859460.html (448 words)

	St. Jonah Orthodox Church
		A church of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad
		Appeal for the Purchase of Land for the Parish
		We are an English language church of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad under the Diocese of Chicago and Detroit.
	www.saintjonah.org (221 words)

	Russo-Japanese War on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		1904-5, imperialistic conflict that grew out of the rival designs of Russia and Japan on Manchuria and Korea.
		A series of quick Japanese victories, which astounded the world, culminated in the fall of Port Arthur (Jan., 1905), the victory of troops under General Oyama at Shenyang (Feb.-Mar., 1905), and the destruction of the Russian fleet under Rozhdestvenski at Tsushima by Admiral Togo 's fleet (May, 1905).
		The imperial Russian response to American contraband during the Russo-Japanese war: controversy and effects.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/r/russoj1ap.asp (414 words)

	The face of Manchuria, Korea & Russian Turkestan. London, Chatto & Windus, 1910. - KEMP, EMILY GEORGINA: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The face of Manchuria, Korea & Russian Turkestan.
		With one folding coloured map and 24 coloured plates after illustrations by the author.
		This journey by the Trans-Siberian Railway went to Manchuria, Korea and through Siberia into Turkestan.
	www.antiqbook.com /boox/dur/99156.shtml (103 words)

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