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Topic: Tsarist Russian Empire

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	Russian Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Russian Empire formed from Muscovite Russia, which was ruled by the successors of Ivan IV as Tsars.
		In 1914 the Russian Empire consisted of 81 provinces (guberniyas) and 20 regions (oblasts).
		Russian Orthodox Christianity was the official faith of the Empire and was controlled by the tsar through the Holy Synod.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tsarist_Russia (657 words)

	Soviet Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Soviet Empire was a controversial, politically charged and pejorative term used to critically describe the actions and nature of the Soviet Union.
		to be one of the main empires of history, equal to such notables as the British Empire and the Roman Empire, and borrowing some of the foreign policy of the Tsarist Russian Empire that it replaced.
		Supporters of the Soviet Union (mostly intellectuals or Communist parties aligned with it, such as Cuba), meanwhile, reject such claims and argue that the relationship between the Soviet Union and countries within its "empire" was in fact one of voluntary cooperation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soviet_empire (808 words)

	RUSSIA
		Russian rulers come to descend from a daughter of the last Saxon King of England, as the Capetian House of France came to descend from a daughter of Varoslav the Wise.
		After midcentury, the Russian border was then dramatical pushed south and the Moslem states of Turkestan were steadily reduced in a march that to the British always looked directed at India, as perhaps it was.
		The numerical superiority that the Russians initially had in 1904 was rendered useless by the geographic division of their forces; and then the numerical parity of the Far Eastern fleet was rendered useless by avoidance of battle.
	www.friesian.com /russia.htm (9004 words)

	ACLS: Collaborative Research Network
		In contiguous empire states the distinction between the nation and the empire is more easily muddled than in overseas empires, and ruling elites may attempt to construct hybrid notions of an empire-nation, as in tsarist Russia or the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century.
		And while secession of peripheries weakened these empires, in two of the four cases — the Ottoman and the Soviet — it was the secession of the core from the empire — Kemal's nationalist Turkey in Anatolia and Yel'tsin's Russia — that dealt the final blow to the old imperial state.
		For the classical states and empires, it appears that the organization of tribute and military security dominated court policy and the exact conformation of tributary units (their religious, linguistic, economic, and ecological identities, not to mention the boundaries of their zones of residence and movement) were largely a matter of indifference.
	www.acls.org /crn/network/doc_sept2000des.htm (9111 words)

	Russian Legacy \| Russian History - E. Prussakov - Tsarist Economy
		This period is also known as the period of industrial 'boom' in Russia and it was during that time that the industrial output of the country raised from 5% per annum (figures of 1861-85) to 8-9% per annum.
		Russian government was keen on promoting industrialization because (1) the market was heavily controlled by the state, (2) the development of heavy industry allowed for a fast catch-up, rapidly covering the 'gap' that existed in the country's economy, and besides all this (3) such industrialization improved the overall military capability of Russia.
		Russian economy of this period can by no means be christened a plan of a system.
	www.russianlegacy.com /en/go_to/history/ep_tsarist_economy.htm (1438 words)

	The Great Game Summary
		The Russians collided with the Kokand Khanate when they captured Tashkent (1865), an important economic outpost of the khanate; Khodzhent (1866); and later Kokand (1875), which established their influence over the Bukhara Khanate (1868), advancing all the way to the borders of Afghanistan, the last political barrier before India.
		From the British perspective, the Russian expansion threatened to destroy the so-called "jewel in the crown" of India.
		Samarkand became part of the Russian Empire three years later and the independence of Bukhara was virtually stripped away in a peace treaty the same year.
	www.bookrags.com /The_Great_Game (1927 words)

	The Millenial Files - A Russian Revolution, 1917 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The first, or April Revolution, took place one evening in April, 1917; on that night, the Imperial Russian Empire, the autocratic and orthodox Russian monarchy known as Tsarism "simply ceased to exist." As revolutions go, this was a rather bloodless one; the autocracy had few supporters willing to shed their blood to preserve it.
		The Russian Revolution of 1917 was not a simple changing of the guard, a palace coup d’etat, this group of rulers for that group of rulers.
		And thus the Russian autocracy, with the support of the military, the ruling classes, the ultra-nationalists, the big capitalists, and everyone else with a vested interested in maintaining the Tsarist regime -- all urged war in 1914.
	www.mmmfiles.com /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=58&Itemid=33 (1316 words)

	Fathom :: The Source for Online Learning
		The Russian empire, from the sixteenth century to the twentieth century, was one of the largest and most successful of the European empires.
		Nonetheless, most people think of the Russian empire as having begun in the mid-sixteenth century, because that was the first time they conquered large areas which were Muslim and were therefore culturally alien to the great Russian population.
		It was an exceptionally successful empire in its own terms and in terms of the dynasty's interests and the interests of the aristocratic class.
	www.fathom.com /feature/122084/index.html (1087 words)

	The Bagrationi Royal Dynasty of Georgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 1801, the Tsarist Russian Empire invaded and annexed the neighboring Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia), deposing its King Giorgi XII (1798-1800).
		The risings against Russian domination in Georgia took place in 1802, 1804, 1810, 1811-1813, 1819-1820, 1821, 1824, 1829, 1830, 1832, 1838-1840, 1850, 1856-1857, 1858, 1861-1863, 1866, 1876-1878, 1905-1906, 1907 years.
		The main purposes of this Union were liberation of Georgia from tyranny of Soviet Empire and foundation of the Constitutional Monarchy in Georgia.
	www.iaphs.org /articles/urushadze.html (1764 words)

	Socialism Today - Islam & socialism
		The unification of countries and the solution of the national question is one of the key tasks of the bourgeois-democratic revolution, along with the elimination of feudal and semi-feudal relations on the land and the introduction of bourgeois democracy.
		The Russians were expelled for continuing the colonial oppression of imperial Russia under the name of the revolution, rather than simply because of their religion.
		However, the blame for this counter-revolutionary revolt is laid solely at the feet of the undoubtedly colonial policies of the Tashkent Soviet in the period of the civil war.
	www.socialismtoday.org /87/islam.html (6640 words)

	Georgia Today on the Web
		It is sometimes intriguing to trace people’s destinies, the lives of their ancestors and the way they are intertwined with the historical events of the recent or more or less distant past.
		One of the few privileges of being within the colonial system was perhaps the opportunity to share with the culture and experience of a multitude of other peoples put into more or less same conditions.
		Currently after the fall of both: the tsarist Russian empire and the totalitarian soviet rule, certain ties between these peoples still remain and they claim to maintain the best of the past traditions.
	www.georgiatoday.ge /article_details.php?id=357 (1112 words)

	(11/30/2004) Ukraine Key To Russia's Dream Of Economic Empire
		It was reputedly coined by Vladimir Vynnychenko, one of the leaders of the 1918 Ukrainian national revolution, after Lenin sent the Red Army to reconquer Ukraine after the fall of the Tsarist Russian empire.
		This is closely related to the emergence of a new Russian imperial idea, which roughly coincides with the election of Vladimir Putin as president in 2000.
		Prior to Putin's accession, talk of Russian interference in the affairs of its neighbors was left to a few communist ideologues and Russian chauvinists.
	www.monitor.net /monitor/0411a/russiaeconomicempire.html (726 words)

	Records in Other Countries - Russian Empire
		Vital record keeping of births, deaths and marriages became mandatory for Jews in 1835 and was maintained by the Jewish community in columnar format, in both Russian and Hebrew.
		Ten censuses (revizskie skazki, meaning 'revision lists') were taken in the Russian Empire for tax purposes in the mid-18th to mid-19th centuries:
		There was also an all-Empire census in 1897.
	www.movinghere.org.uk /galleries/roots/jewish/country/russianempire.htm (136 words)

	Ethnic Problems in the USSR ans Soviet Union
		This proved to be fundamentally false and Russian nationalism and beliefs of superiority set the stage for ethnic conflict within the USSR.
		The USSR was built on roughly the same territory as the Tsarist Russian empire.
		Russians realised they were one of the poorest people and started to complain.
	www.historyorb.com /russia/ethnic_problems.shtml (475 words)

	WCFU statement on Great Famine (07/31/83)
		The Ukrainian nation was not destroyed, either by the tribes of Khazars, Pechenihs, Polovtsi, by the Black Klobukes, Tatars and Turks; nor was the tsarist Russian empire able to annihilate and destroy it.
		In this way the old Russian rule returned to Ukraine; though it was now painted in red, it nevertheless continued the colonial policies of the tsarist regime, but with newer and more sophisticated methods of violence and exploitation.
		Realizing the aims and tasks of Russian great power chauvinism, the Kremlin overloads dealt bloodily not only with all classes of the Ukrainian nation but, not trusting them, they also destroyed those few Ukrainian Communists who helped them implement the Russian policies in Ukraine at the beginning of their rule.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/1983/318315.shtml (1603 words)

	[No title]
		On the surface, the reasons were the "integrity" and salvation of both empires, the Ottoman, and the reincarnated Russian under the "soviet" rubric.
		As far as the "Eastern Question" was concerned, the tsarist Russian empire expected to be a beneficiary, even instigator, of the proposed dissolution of the Ottoman empire.
		The tsarists (as their Soviets successors) expected to profit from the control the Straits, Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, connecting the Black Sea and Mediterranean via the Sea of Marmara, as well as the territories in the Caucasus and further south.
	www.turkishnews.com /itumuk/info/petek/frame/subject6/article4.html (4112 words)

	BakuTODAY.net - Analysis: Russia\'s New Imperialism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		"Russian democracy ends on the border with Ukraine" is an oft-repeated maxim among the Ukrainian political elite.
		It was reputedly coined by Volodymyr Vynnychenko, one of the leaders of the 1918 Ukrainian national revolution, after Lenin sent the Red Army to reconquer Ukraine after the fall of the Tsarist Russian empire.
		On 10 May 2001, the president appointed Viktor Chernomyrdin, the former head of Gazprom, to be the Russian ambassador to Kyiv.
	www.bakutoday.net /view.php?d=11342 (769 words)

	Tallinn
		Though the Baltic Germans still played a dominant role in town life, the Russian empire brought its own customs, architecture, and the Russian Orthodox religion, all of which heavily influenced the development of Tallinn through the 18th and 19th centuries.
		The most lasting remnants of that era are symbols of the Tsar’s power and extravagance, such as the magnificent Kadriorg palace and surrounding parks, and the symbols of the empire itself, such as the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral.
		The marketplace of medieval Russian merchants was located in the Sulevimäe and Vene St. area of Tallinn from at least the12th century.
	tourism.test.neti.ee /eng/fpage/explore/attractions/tsarist (542 words)

	Tsarist Russia Cartoons
		You are looking at the "tsarist russia" cartoon and caricature page from the CartoonStock Vintage Cartoon directory, the web's biggest searchable archive of vintage and historical cartoons.
		Related topics: russian, russians, russian empire, tsar, alexander iii, pograms, anti-semitism, anti-semitic, israelites, tsar alexander iii, reactionary, reaction, repression, persecution, exodus, tsarist russia, tsar alexander, tzar, tzarist russia, tzar alexander,
		Copyright in this image is owned by the original artist, rights to reproduce or use the image may be obtained from www.CartoonStock.com.
	www.cartoonstock.com /vintage/directory/t/tsarist_russia.asp (221 words)

	SULAIR
		In 1900 there were more than five million Jews in the Tsarist Russian empire, most of them in the western provinces comprising the former Pale of Jewish Settlement (in present-day Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, and Moldova).
		Limits on geographical and occupational mobility that prevailed during Tsarist rule were lifted, even as increasingly harsh restrictions on religious practice and cultural expression were imposed under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin.
		The Allies’ victory over Nazi Germany (Den’ pobedy, in Russian) is observed on May 9th and it remains one of the most important and solemn holidays in the former Soviet republics.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/spc/exhibits/nowinonlinsoviet.html (1222 words)

	Emir Programs - People of Tsarist Russia, Tsarist Russia in Color
		In the early 1900s Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii constructed an ambitious plan for a photographic survey of the Tsarist Russian Empire.
		Tsarist Russia in Color 1.0 by Pixel Paradox
		In this screensaver 52 color photogaphs by Prokudin-Gorskii of Tsarist Russia are presented.
	www.softchecker.com /files/emir.html (334 words)

	Photographer to the Tsar: Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii - The Empire That Was Russia: The Prokudin-Gorskii ...
		Through such an ambitious project, his ultimate goal was to educate the schoolchildren of Russia with his "optical color projections" of the vast and diverse history, culture, and modernization of the empire.
		Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii (1863-1944) poses near a mountain stream, thought to be the Karolitskhali River in the Caucasus Mountains near the seaport of Batumi on the eastern coast of the Black Sea.
		Primarily they were used to produce positive glass slides for his illustrated lectures about the Russian Empire.
	www.loc.gov /exhibits/empire/gorskii.html (808 words)

	Turkish Weekly Articles - NAGORNO-KARABAKH PROBLEM: CLAIMS, COUNTERCLAIMS AND IMPASSE
		As known from the examples of the dissolution of the empires in the past, emergence of new independent states often led to the rise of old, forgotten or suppressed political, economic, cultural and territorial claims among intra-state communities and inter-state relations.
		In accordance with Stalinist policies, Russian workers and specialists were encouraged to migrate to the less developed regions so as to improve the economy and to educate indigenous peoples because minority nationalism was considered as a threat to the collectivization policy.
		They have seen the Armenian population of the region was a recent event as a result of tsarist Russian policy towards the region.
	www.turkishweekly.net /articles.php?id=120 (6329 words)

	Free Download Tsarist Russia in Color 1.0 - 52 early color photos of Tsarist Russian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In this screensaver 52 colour photogaphs by Prokudin-Gorskii of Tsarist Russia are presented.
		His subjects ranged from the medieval churches and monasteries of old Russia, to the railroads and factories of an emerging industrial magnate, to the daily biography and play of Russia's diverse population.
		In this screensaver 52 discolor photogaphs by Prokudin-Gorskii of Tsarist Russia are presented.
	www.freedownloadscreensaver.com /misc/tsarist-russia-in-color.html (354 words)

	History of Armenia - Armenica
		However, the extreme measures and oppressive policy of the Russian bureaucratic government reinvigorated this Armenian class and awakened them from Russian enchantment, stemming a return to national thought and spirit and even their mother tongue.
		Before long, the Armenians realised that the future held either the fall of the tsarist regime or the transformation of the empire into a great union or confederation of different peoples, where each people would be self-governing and determine the development of its own characteristics.
		At the fourth convention, in 1907, in reaction to the intervening events, the party’s aim was extended to the self-governance of Western Armenia within the framework of the Ottoman Empire and the self-governance of Eastern Armenia within the framework of a federal Russia.
	www.armenica.org /cgi-bin/history/en/getHistory.cgi?7=1=283===9=3=A (523 words)

	People of Tsarist Russia Screen Saver & Virtual Villagers Game
		In the early 1900s Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii constructed an ambitious plan for a photographic survey of the Tsarist Russian Empire that won the support of Tsar Nicholas II.
		Between 1907-1915 he completed surveys of eleven regions, traveling in a specially equipped railroad car provided by the Ministry of Transportation.
		His subjects ranged from the medieval churches and monasteries of old Russia, to the railroads and factories of an emerging industrial power, to the daily life and work of Russia's diverse population.
	www.pixelparadox.com /russia_1.htm (218 words)

	RussianLegacy.com \| Russian History - E. Prussakov - Tsarist Economy
		Its railway system … increased in mileage by 87 percent between 1892 and 1903, while oil extraction more than tripled between 1887 and 1898." All of these were undoubtedly great achievements of Russian economic planning; and the main credit was to be given to the Russian finance minister of the time, Count Sergei Witte.
		Interestingly enough, the knowledge capital used in Russian industrialization was also either foreign or that of the entrepreneurial minorities of the country: Jews, Poles or Старообрядцы [Old Believers].
		"Russian Writers and Composers": 100 pins and badges
	www.russianlegacy.com /russian_culture/history/ep_tsarist_economy.htm (1442 words)

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