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Topic: Russian Turkestan

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	Turkestan - LoveToKnow 1911
		Thus it includes (1) the governor-generalship of Turkestan, embracing the provinces of Ferghana, Samarkand, Semiryechensk, and Syr-darya; the provinces of Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk, and sometimes that of Turgai belonging to the governor-generalship of the Steppes; the Transcaspian region; and the semi-independent states of Bokhara and Khiva.
		Representatives of all the Tertiary formations are met with in Turkestan; but while in the highlands the strata are coast-deposits, they assume an open sea character in the lowlands, and their rich fossil fauna furnishes evidence of the gradual shallowing of that sea, until at last, after the Sarmathian period, it became a closed Mediterranean.
		II.-East Turkestan East or Chinese Turkestan, sometimes called Kashgaria, is a region in the heart of Asia, lying between the Tian-shan ranges on the north and the Kuen-lun ranges on the south, and stretching east from the Pamirs to the desert of Gobi and the Chinese province of Kan-su (98° E.).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Turkestan (9501 words)

	Turkestan
		The trade of Turkestan amounts to about 320 millions and a half of rubles, of which 140 millions and a half are exportation and 180 millions are importation.
		Tashkent, the chief city of the Syr Daria Province, is also the centre of the administration of Russian Turkestan with a population of 191,500 inhabitants, of which 150,622 are natives, for the most part (140,000) Sarts.
		The two main rivers of Russian Turkestan which flow into the Aral Sea are the Syr Daria, Sihun, or Jaxartes, and the Amu Daria, Tihun, or Oxus.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/t/turkestan.html (913 words)

	West Turkestan - LoveToKnow 1911
		The Turkestan Committee elects a small council, forming a kind of cabinet and having control of the different branches of the administration.
		The Russians in Turkestan form only about 5% of the total pop., and since most of the rural Mussulman pop.
		There are practically no branch roads in Turkestan, and the only means of transport in bulk is either by wagon on the few main roads, or by railway.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /West_Turkestan (817 words)

	Turkestan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is subdivided into West (Russian) and East Turkestan (called Xinjiang Turkestan by the PRC, administered as the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, titled Uyghuristan by Uyghur separatists), with the Tian Shan and Pamir ranges forming a rough division between the two.
		The region became part of the Russian Empire in the 1860s, and is thus sometimes called Russian Turkestan or the Туркестанский Край (Turkestanskii Krai).
		After the Russian Revolution, a Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union was created, which was eventually split into the Kazakh SSR (Kazakhstan), Kyrgyz SSR (Kyrgyzstan), Tajik SSR (Tajikistan), Turkmen SSR (Turkmenistan) and Uzbek SSR (Uzbekistan).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkestan (614 words)

	Turkestan - IBWiki
		Turkestan gained its independence from Russia in 1918, along with countries like Ukraine and Georgia.
		During the years 1948-1990, Turkestan was a Russian satellite with a SNORist government.
		As a result of this agreement, the province was officially transferred to Turkestan in 2001, and all residents obtained dual citizenship of Turkestan and Uyguristan.
	ib.frath.net /w/Turkestan (340 words)

	Soviet Union - Kirgiz
		Russian conquest of the Kirgiz began in the mid-nineteenth century, and by 1876 they were absorbed into the Russian Empire.
		Russians, with almost 22 percent of the population, were second.
		Russians residing in the republic were the most urbanized segment of the population, with over half of them living in towns and cities.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-12501.html (968 words)

	Russia and world
		With Russian dominance in northern Europe, the Byzantine conception of the czar was exchanged for the Latin conception and title of emperor; when Peter was formally proclaimed emperor in 1721, the Muscovite state became the Russian Empire.
		His troops entered Moscow on September 14, but the city was burned by the Russians, and the French were forced to fall back in a retreat which became a rout, exposed to hunger, cold, and constant guerrilla attacks in a country devastated by the Russian "scorched-earth" policy.
		In 1850 a Russian settlement was established on the estuary of the Amur River, and the northern half of the island of Sakhalin was occupied in 1855.
	www.geocities.com /russiaworld (6866 words)

	Russian Turkestan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Russian Turkestan (Russian: Русский Туркестан), also known as Turkestansky Krai (Туркестанский край), was a subdivision (Krai or Governor-Generalship) of Imperial Russia, comprising the oasis region to the South of the Kazakh steppes, but not the Protectorates of Bukhara and Khiva.
		This was swiftly followed by the conquest of Khodjend, Djizak and Ura-Tyube, culminating in the annexation of Samarkand and the surrounding region on the River Zeravshan from the Emirate of Bukhara in 1868.
		After the Russian Revolution of 1917, a Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union was created, which in 1924 was split into the Kazakh SSR (Kazakhstan), Turkmen SSR (Turkmenistan) and Uzbek SSR (Uzbekistan).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russian_Turkestan (752 words)

	Iranica.com - TURFAN EXPEDITIONS
		Russian scholars inaugurated the exploration of the Turfan oasis.
		Next to the Russian contribution to the discovery of the Turfan antiquities the Finnish Baron Carl-Gustav Mannerheim (1867-1951) should be mentioned who visited Central Asia in the service of the Russian army (Finland being at that time a part of the Russian empire) from 1906 to 1908.
		But Ukhtomskiy failed to inform the Russian authorities and the imperial court in particular about his plans, and since this was done by the German embassy, Ukhtomskiy was accused by his adversaries of trying to plant foreign spies in an area of Russian interest.
	www.iranica.com /articles/sup/Turfan_Expeditions.html (5822 words)

	Etext: Count Pahlen, Mission to Turkestan
		Under Cyrus and Darius, Turkestan was a rich and fertile province of the Persian Empire and it was in Turkestan that Alexander overtook his opponent, Darius, and himself nearly perished for lack of water.
		When I was in Turkestan all the mektebs I saw were exactly alike - generally a room in the mosque building, the floor on which the pupils sat brightly carpeted, and the teacher usually an old man, perched on a cushion in one of the corners.
		It is renowned throughout Turkestan for its genial climate and complete freedom from the malarial mosquito, and is a local spa to which hundreds of Europeans come every year to recoup from their own trying climate and to enjoy the wonderful mountain scenery.
	www.iras.ucalgary.ca /~volk/sylvia/Pahlen.htm (22913 words)

	Central Eurasian Studies Review - Volume 3 - Number 2 - Winter 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Daniel Brower, Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire.
		Russian Turkestan, the annexation of which began with the conquest of Tashkent in 1865 by General Cherniaev, was to become Russia's ambitious colonial project.
		Russian Turkestan covered the territory of the present Central Asian states (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan), as well as the southern part of Kazakhstan.
	cess.fas.harvard.edu /cesr/html/CESR_03_2.html (13569 words)

	The Central Asian Republics
		The Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic was admitted as a constituent republic of the Soviet Union on December 5, 1929 from regions of Bokhara and Turkestan where the Tajiks formed a majority of the population.
		The largest ethnic group is the Tajiks (64.9 percent of the population), followed by Uzbeks (25 percent) and Russians (3.5 percent and declining due to emigration).
		The Soviets of the Turkestan, Bokhara, and Korezm Republics met in the Fall of 1924 and agreed to redistribute the territories of these republics on the basis of nationality; at the same time, Bokhara and Korezm became Socialist Republics.
	www.russianamericanchamber.org /regions/Central_Asia.html (4017 words)

	HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
		In 1860s, Turkestan, except the Kazakh steppe at the north occupied by the Russian empire, was under the political control of three Turkish Khanates, which were Bukhara, Khiva and Kokand.
		In September 1920 with the assistance of the Russian troops the People’s Republic of Bukhara was established.
		At the end the Russian language became official language of the Republics and had to be used in all official communications between local areas.
	www.emu.edu.tr /~eefegil/historicalbackground.htm (2825 words)

	Russia, Afghanistan
		The Russian general can also be considered a precursor of Zbigniew Brzezinski, who once labeled the region of Central Asia "Eurasian Balkans." In the early 1900s, Snesarev argued that, historically, Central Asia is an extremely unstable and volatile region.
		In the 19th and 20th centuries, Snesarev contended, the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union acted as the de facto legitimate successors of Gengiz Khan and Timur.
		Drawing on Snesarev's geopolitical teaching, Russian analysts assert that outside control over the Greater Central Asia is needed to fight the "historic forces of anarchy." Otherwise, argues the historian A.I. Fursov, a lack of foreign involvement enables the type of turmoil that has recently plagued Afghanistan.
	www.cdi.org /Russia/182-10.cfm (1070 words)

	TURKESTAN - Online Information article about TURKESTAN
		Flora.—As a whole the flora of Turkestan is identical with that of Central Asia, which was formerly continued by geo-botanists as far west as the steppes of Russia, but which must now be considered as a separate region subdivided into two—the Central Asian proper and that of.the Gobi.
		The real masters of the steppes and highlands of Turkestan are the Kirghiz, of whom there are two branches—the Kazak (Cossack) Kirghiz, who number about 3,787,000, and the Kara (Black) Kirghiz or Burnt, who number nearly 202,000.
		They number over 350,000 and constitute the intellectual element of the country and are the principal owners of the irrigated land—the Uzbegs being their labourers—merchants, and mollahs or priests.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /TUM_VAN/TURKESTAN.html (5861 words)

	Russian scholar Jack A. Posin dies at 94 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A native of Ashkhabad in Russian Turkestan, Posin came to Stanford in 1946 to head the Russian section in what was then the Department of Asiatic and Slavic Languages.
		From 1944 to 1946 he was head of the Russian department at the U.S. Navy language school at the University of Colorado.
		Posin¹s close friends, mechanical engineering Professor Milton Van Dyke and his wife, Sylvia, said the Russian scholar was a ³charming and delightful companion, ready with a Russian saying for any occasion.² He had a tremendous memory for poetry, they said, and could quote Pushkin and sing old Russian folk songs.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/news/relaged/950203Arc5391.html (873 words)

	Central Asian History, Part 2
		The Russians establish a fort at Krasnovodsk on the Caspian Sea.
		The border between Afghanistan and Russian Turkestan is determined by the British and the Russians.
		The National Delimitation of Soviet Central Asia results in the abolition of the Turkestan ASSR, the Bukharan SSR, and the Khorezmian SSR and the establishment of the Turkmen SSR, the Uzbek SSR, and the Tajik ASSR (as part of the Uzbek SSR).
	www.oxuscom.com /cahist2.htm (1949 words)

	The Soviets in Xinjiang (1911-1949)
		The Russians, after throwing off the Mongol yoke in 1480, had begun a rapid expansion eastward into Asia, in a relentless search for solid borders to protect the vast Eurasian steppe from a reoccurrence of the devastation which the armies of Chingiz Khan had unleashed.
		Russians were soon involved in everything from oil drilling to education to military training.
		In the areas that Sheng controlled, mostly in the north, Russian became the main foreign language studied in school, many young people were sent to the USSR to study, atheistic propaganda became commonplace, mosques were converted into social clubs or theatres, and religious leaders were persecuted.
	www.oxuscom.com /sovinxj.htm (12720 words)

	Out of Print and Unusual Books
		Author was the wife of a Russian officer held as a POW during the Russo-Japanese War in Matsuyama, Japan.
		An enthralling memoir of the onset of the Russian Revolution and the defeat of the White Army.
		Russian Drama: From its beginnings to the age of Pushkin.
	www.therussianshop.com /russhop/books/specialbooks.htm (2320 words)

	Tatary
		Turkestan subdivided into Russian Turkestan comprising Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kirghizia (Turkish speaking) and Tajikistan (Persian speaking)
		Russian Turkestan was known as 'Independent' Tatary and Chinese Turkestan, Mongolia and Manchuria were together known as Chinese Tatary.
		China has retained Chinese Turkestan, inner Mongolia and inner Manchuria.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ta/Tatary.html (157 words)

	Turkestan - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Turkestan looks a good ground force; SCU'S TV VIEW.
		Afghan men ride horses during Afghanistan's national sport of Buz Kashi, January 31, 2002 in Kabul, Afghanistan.
		The sport originated many centuries ago on the vast Turkestan plains of Central Asia, and is p
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-x-turkesta.html (239 words)

	Peter R
		Russian Interministerial Conferences on the Governance of Turkestan at the End of the Empire.” American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies.
		The Imperial Ministries and the Administration of Turkestan at the End of the Empire.” American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies Annual Conference, Washington, D.C. October 26, 1995.
		Russian Orthodox Travelers and Scholar-Monks in the Christian East." AAASS National Conference, New York, November, 1984.
	www.macalester.edu /history/CVs/weisenselcv.htm (783 words)

	On Mannerheim’s Footsteps:
		The czar's dream was crushed by communist revolution and not even Stalin could finish the old Russian dream of sole Eurasian hegemony, although the Soviets tried it both on Chinese borderlands (occupation of Tuva and the wars on Ussur) and in Afghanistan.
		In Turkestan, it is not worthy to pay too much, since not much better quality can be expected in the heavily over-priced hotels and arranged trips, than what can be found in small hostels and by independent travelling.
		In Turkestan, there are several exotic species of tits, but in many cases their taxonomic status is unclear and they are sometimes considered as full species, sometimes as subspecies, not always in entirely consistent way.
	www.camacdonald.com /birding/asiakyrgyzstanAnssiTripReport.htm (5453 words)

	Gem County Weed Department--Russian Knapweed
		BACKGROUND: Russian knapweed is an invader from the Caucasus in southern Russia and Asia.
		DESCRIPTION: Russian knapweed is a perennial whose stems are considerably branched and up to 4 feet tall.
		STRIBUTION: Russian knapweed is found throughout the western U.S. : A biological control agent (a stem/leaf gall nematode) is available for control of Russian knapweed, but control levels have not been determined.
	www.co.gem.id.us /weed/noxious/russian_knapweed.htm (229 words)

	Workers World Nov. 5, 1998: How the workers dethroned Big Oil
		Russian Turkestan was a wide swath of territory running eastwards from the Caspian Sea along the northern borders of Iran - then Persia - Afghanistan and India.
		To the north and west of Turkestan there were also revolutionary stirrings in Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan.
		When the Russian Revolution and its new Red Army of workers and peasants finally ousted the imperialist invaders, the Azerbaijan Socialist Republic came back into being.
	www.workers.org /ww/1998/caspian1105.php (1135 words)

	The University of Arizona Press/Arizona Weeds/Fly Mushroom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		DESCRIPTION-A prohibited noxious weed in Arizona, Russian knapweed bushy, many-branched perennial, 1 to 3 feet high, from creeping horizontal and vertical underground stems, 2 to 4 feet deep, the older ones dark brown to fl.
		Reproducing by leafy shoots from the underground stems and by seeds.
		Russian knapweed should be considered a very serious weed, and its spread viewed with alarm.
	www.uapress.arizona.edu /onlinebks/weeds/knapweed.htm (335 words)

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