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	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Turkistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Turkistan is Persian for "land of the Turks," but although most of the population speak Turkic languages, the region is not the oldest known home of the Turks, nor do the majority of the Turkish peoples dwell there.
		Turkistan may be regarded as a single region, however, because a combination of geographical and historical factors made it the bridge linking the Eastern and Western worlds and the route taken by many of the great conquerors and migrating peoples.
		Turkistan, as the focus of trade between Europe and Asia, had great wealth and large cities (notably Bukhara, Samarkand, and Merv) that could be plundered.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/T/Turkistn.asp (1028 words)

	Russia - Search View - MSN Encarta
		The head of the Russian Orthodox Church is the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (from 1990 Alexii II of St Petersburg and Novgorod), assisted by the seven-member Holy Synod.
		Russian was established as the dominant language during the Soviet period, reflecting the dominance of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic within the former USSR and the dominance of Russians within the state government and bureaucratic structures.
		Russian education and cultural institutions and activities, highly constrained and monitored, as well as financed, by the Soviet state for nearly seven decades, were granted much greater freedom during the late 1980s, under the policy of glasnost (Russian, “openness”) of the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761569000__1/Russia.html (20832 words)

	Turkistan. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Western, or Russian, Turkistan extended from the Caspian Sea in the west to the Chinese frontier in the east and from the Aral-Irtysh watershed in the north to the borders of Iran and Afghanistan in the south.
		All of Turkistan fell to the Mongols in the late 13th cent., and the territory was mostly bestowed upon the khan Jagatai.
		A military administration under a Russian governor-general was established in 1867 in the conquered territories.
	www.bartleby.com /65/tu/Turkistn.html (888 words)

	Tashkent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A cantonment and Russian settlement were built across the Ankhor Canal from the old city, and Russian settlers and merchants poured in.
		The Russian population increased dramatically as well, with evacuees from the war zones increasing the population to well over a million.
		Dating from 655 and stained with the blood of murdered caliph Uthman, it was brought by Timur to Samarkand, seized the Russians as a war trophy and taken to Saint Petersburg.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Taskent (1693 words)

	[No title]
		The Russians, perhaps the most expansionist of powers and Central Asia's nearest neighbor, was drawn to Central Asia by the lure of reputed riches in cities along the former Silk Road and the prestige of colonial holdings.
		The early 20th Century In 1905-1906 the defeat of the tsarist Russians by the Japanese began a new chapter against the Russian colonial rule in Central Asia.
		The Turkistan National Liberation Movement was a reaction not only to conscription, but to the tsarist conquest itself and the policies employed by the tsarist state in that region.
	www.angelfire.com /on/paksoy/islam2.html (3304 words)

	Russian Turkistan
		Turkistan - Turkistan or Turkestan, historic region of central Asia.
		Mikhail Dmitreyevich Skobelev - Skobelev, Mikhail Dmitreyevich, 1843–82, Russian general, one of the military commanders...
		Mikhail Grigoryevich Tchernaiev - Tchernaiev or Chernyaiev, Mikhail Grigoryevich, 1828–98, Russian general and Pan-Slavist.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0918294.html (73 words)

	History - Kyrgyzstan - Asia
		Russian forces conquered the Quqon khanate in 1876, thereby incorporating present-day Kyrgyzstan into the Russian Empire.
		The Russian government responded with force, which compelled many Kyrgyz to seek refuge in China, across the eastern border.
		The Russian monarchy fell during the Russian Revolution of 1917, and the Bolsheviks (Communists) seized control of the Russian government.
	www.countriesquest.com /asia/kyrgyzstan/history.htm (172 words)

	Kyrgyzstan: history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Russian colonists began arriving by the thousands, and the Kyrgyz saw their best lands confiscated, and turned over to immigrants for agricultural use.
		The Russian Empire leapt in to annex the Khanate of Kokand and Southern Kyrgyzstan.
		Despite the fact that the major part of its population was Uzbek, the region of Fergana was formed as part of the Province of Turkistan.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=65 (1762 words)

	[No title]
		TURKISTAN, "Land of the Turks", is a Newsletter and a Discussion List intended to disseminate information (T-N) and promote discussion (T-L) about topics relating to the culture(s), history, and language(s) of the people(s) known by the name "Turk".
		In earlier periods the term "Turkistan" usually referred to a region in Central Asia, as used for example by the 17th century historian and ruler of Xiva (Khiva), Abulghazi Bahadur Xan (Khan).
		TURKISTAN is not intended as a vehicle to advocate any political point of view, ideology, movement, secessionist movement, or violence of any sort, nor is TURKISTAN intended as a forum for negative, derogatory, or inflammatory comments about any ethnic or national group, political point of view, ideology, movement, religion, or state.
	www.euronet.nl /users/sota/turkistan.htm (2649 words)

	[No title]
		The Russian military conquest of the steppe and Turkistan was a protracted process whose origins can be traced to the conquests of Ivan IV (1533-1582).
		It was Ivan IV who began the Russian state's eastward expansion into non-Slav territory with his annexation of the entire length of the Volga as well as much of Siberia.
		Another by-product of Russian rule was the establishment of Russian Orthodox churches in the region and missionary work among the local population.
	lucy.ukc.ac.uk /Paksoy/alpamysh2.html (9830 words)

	Kazakh Adoptive Families: Turkestan/Turkistan
		An ancient centre of the caravan trade, known earlier as Shavgar and later as Yasi, it became a religious centre known as Khazret (Hazrat) because of the 12th-century S ufi (Muslim mystic) Ahmed Yesevi, whose 14th-century mausoleum is the city's chief monument.
		Turkistan is an important place of worship for Moslems, the Mausoleum of Hodja Ahmed Yassaui has attracted many pilgrims over the centuries.
		An outstanding poet and humanitarian scholar Yassaui established a theological school attracting those craving for knowledge both from the neighbouring cities and outlying steppes of Kazakhan and the city became a significant centre of enlightenment.
	kazakhadoptivefamilies.com /cities/turkistan.html (1554 words)

	Turkistan: History
		Turkistan, as the focus of trade between Europe and Asia, had great wealth and large cities (notably
		All of Turkistan fell to the Mongols in the late 13th cent., and the territory was mostly bestowed upon the khan
		conquered Turkistan in the late 14th cent., pushing the Mongols into the steppes of Kazakhstan.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0861659.html (755 words)

	Baha'i House of Worship in Ashkabad, Turkmenistan
		THE MASHRIQU'L-ADHKAR OF 'ISHQABAD BY CHARLES MASON REMEY ISHQABÁD, one of the chief cities of Russian Turkistán, is just north of the Elburz mountains, which separate the desert plain of western Turkistán on the north from Persia on the south.
		There in 'Ishqábád these friends found a refuge of peace and tranquillity where the Russian government protected them allowing them the free exercise of their faith; thus the city became in reality as well as in name the City of Love*.
		The Russian authorities took the matter in hand and condemned to death all of the seven men.
	www.bahaindex.com /documents/Ashkabad/yearbook.html (1153 words)

	NewsCentralAsia.com - Nationality Or Religion? Views of Central Asian Islam - Part-2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In 1905-1906 the defeat of the tsarist Russians by the Japanese began a new chapter against the Russian colonial rule in Central Asia.
		Comparing Roman Britons to Russian held Turkistan, it appears that the Russians have not been as successful as the Romans and the Central Asians were also aware of their predicament.
		The Turkistan Extraordinary Conference of December 1917 announced the formation of Autonomous Turkistan, with Kokand as its capital.
	www.newscentralasia.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=991 (4563 words)

	ONE COUNTRY Volumne 8 Issue 4 / January - March 1997
		In the mid-1800s, Russian diplomats made important interventions on behalf of the Faith when it faced a first round of persecutions in Iran.
		And early followers established a thriving community in Russian Turkistan in the pre-Revolutionary era, building there the world's first Bahá'í House of Worship.
		In Russian Turkistan, the Bahá'í community reached a high stage of development in the early years of this century.
	www.onecountry.org /oc84/oc8413as.html (434 words)

	Zeki Velidi Togan
		Turkistan parliament, provincial and city councils will be established and elected by the general population directly.
		In Turkistan, the nationality and minority affairs are governed according to census figures and in representative proportions.
		Turkistan being the hearth of an ancient civilization, those monuments of civilization accumulated throughout centuries will be preserved, organized to serve the development of the national civilization.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/comment/togan.html (12903 words)

	The School of Russian and Asian Studies: Regions & Cities: Central Asia: Tashkent
		The School of Russian and Asian Studies
		By 1865, Russian forces controlled the city and made it the capital of Russian Turkistan.
		When the Central Soviet Government broke Turkistan up into several regions, Tashkent replaced Samarkand as the capital of the Uzbek SSR in 1930, and today it is the capital of an independent Uzbekistan.
	www.sras.org /cities.phtml?m=68 (298 words)

	Adam Carr's Electoral Archive
		Russian is the first language of 12% and is widely used in business and communications.
		The Turkmen-speaking lands were under the sovereignty of the Khanate of Khiva until the late 19th century, when the Russians penetrated the area.
		In 1924 the area became the Turkistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and in 1936 the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic.
	psephos.adam-carr.net /countries/t/turkmenistan/statsturkmenistan.shtml (510 words)

	Skobelev, Mikhail Dmitreyevich. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		), 1843–82, Russian general, one of the military commanders responsible for the Russian conquests in Turkistan.
		He was appointed governor of the Khanate of Kokand, which the Russians renamed Fergana.
		Skobelev distinguished himself in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, and in 1881 he led the march to Geok-Tepe, which completed the conquest of Russian Turkistan.
	www.bartleby.com /65/e-/E-SkobelevM.html (126 words)

	Terrorism: the South Asian dimension - I, The Milli Gazette, Vol. 2 No. 23
		Russians are backing the ethnic minorities under the banner of the Northern Alliance which is recognized by all relevant member-States of the UN (except Pakistan) as the legitimate government of Afghanistan though it controls only 10 percent of its territory and has not recorded any advance since the bombing began.
		Being dependent on Central Asian and, therefore, Russian support it had the potential of marching to Kabul and breaking through the Taliban lines and demolishing the Taliban regime with Russian tanks and American bombers but the US, as a matter of policy, cannot possibly back the restoration of Russian influence in Afghanistan.
		After all it invested heavily in the Russian withdrawal from Afghanistan, the destruction of pro-Russian governments and the decisive victory of the Taliban over its rivals in the civil war and the installation of its regime in Kabul.
	www.milligazette.com /Archives/01122001/39.htm (1135 words)

	eKantipur.com - Nepal's No.1 News Portal
		Devkota’s English prose is eloquent on this Russian experience, which is expressed in bold and rational appraisal of communism that applies science to life rather than depend on fate for human fulfillment.
		There is no doubt at all that Devkota’s travels outside the country contributed to his growth as a writer, to the refinement of his thought, and to the reinforcement of his conviction that modern literature has a powerful utilitarian function in the life of the society and the nation.
		L.Aganina, a Russian scholar of Nepali literature, records a few titles that were published in Russian translation during this time: “Mountain Cataract” (pahadi nirjhar), “Crossroad” (dobato), “Rice, Lentil Soup, and Mustard Stems” (dal-bhat duku), “Rest-plinth” (chautaro), and “In Moscow” (maskoma).
	www.kantipuronline.com /kolnews.php?&nid=9607 (1228 words)

	The Coming War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		As soon as the Russian Empire bad stepped into the delta of the Amu, the conquest of the whole of the, basin of the Oxus with its thinly scattered oases, with its populations which have not yet succeeded in constituting themselves into national units, became a said necessity.
		In Russian Turkistan, too, the reckless confirmation of imaginary Tight,; in land which was carried on on a great scale at the beginning (we do not know if it, continues) endangered the very existence of the Uzbeg villages.
		With regard to Russian administration itself itself, we must certainly admit, that during the first years after a conquest the choice of administrators is not very bad; but as time goes oil and all enters into smooth water one will be perplexed to make his choice between them; and the officials of a khan.
	dwardmac.pitzer.edu /anarchist_archives/bakunin/graphicstable.htmlhttp://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/comingwar.html (3131 words)

	MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
		Western Turkistan was controlled by the Russian empire and then by the USSR, and so the area is also referred to as Russian Turkistan.
		While the Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement's name would suggest that the group is interested in creating an Islamic state exclusively in the Xinjiang province ("Eastern Turkistan"), some analysts have stated that the group aims to create a new state that would include portions of Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Xinjiang.
		ETIM is not the only terrorist group committed to an Islamic state in the Turkistan area; the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) is another significant terrorist operation pushing for a theoretical Islamic Turkistan state.
	www.tkb.org /Group.jsp?groupID=4347 (694 words)

	"AXIS & LEGION MILITARIA" - Axis & Legion Militaria
		The shield on your left is a second pattern Turkistan shield worn by troops in the German 162nd Infantry Division.
		The nucleus of the division consisted of remnants of the 30th SS Russian Infantry Division, which was never completed, and remnants of the Kaminski Brigade.
		The Russian Defense Corps in Serbia, formed from White Russian exiles and the Ukrainians.
	axis101.bizland.com /EasternVolunteers1.htm (1962 words)

	<Turkistan-Newsletter> Analysis 97:1-4, 4 June 1997
		The Phenomenon of Nomenclatura in the Muslim Republics of the Russian
		Russian Federation the situation is not much different.
		For the Russian authorities it was vitally important that Tatarstan forget
	www.euronet.nl /users/sota/TN9714.htm (4025 words)

	Turkistan - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Turkistan or Turkestan, historic region of central Asia.
		Turkistan, as the focus of trade between Europe and Asia, had great wealth and large cities (notably Bukhara
		Perhaps the earliest empire to bring Turkistan under its sway was that of the Persians, who by 500 &BC; had cleared the Lydian empire from the region around the Caspian Sea.
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?word=Turkistn (976 words)

	Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative •• Türk Öykürleri Sandığı
		Russian expansion in Asia would be further spurred in the 19th century by military defeats in other theaters.
		Many Russian thinkers and groups have fought democracy at every turn.136 Slavophiles and even some Westernizers of the 19th century tsarist empire preferred an "organic link" of autocrat and subjects to the artificial guarantees of constitutions and the rule of law.
		Russians became aware of the nourishing and rejuvenating qualities of kimiz after their occupation of Kazakhstan.
	aton.ttu.edu /komatsu.asp (14672 words)

	Central Asian Khanates
		Beginning in January of 1917 mass protests against the Tsarist government occurred in the Russian of capital Petrograd and in the city of Moscow.
		The result was two fold: first, the rival Tsarist and Bolshevik camps soon started fighting, and second, the lack of Muslim representation in either camp forced the indigenous population to organize their own defense.
		In addition, the "Kokand government" was situated in Russian Turkistan, the area under direct Russian control, and therefore it had a minor affect on populaces of the Khanates of Khiva and Bukhara.
	www.fotw.net /FLAGS/casia.html (1602 words)

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