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	Russian architecture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Saint Basil's Cathedral (1555-61) is a showcase of medieval Russian architecture.
		After the fall of Kiev, Russian architectural history continued in the principalities of Vladimir-Suzdal, and Novgorod, and the succeeding states of Muscovy, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and the modern Russian Federation.
		During the reign of Empress Anna and Elizaveta Petrovna, the Russian architecture was dominated by a luxurious Baroque style of Bartolomeo Rastrelli whose signature buildings include the Winter Palace, the Catherine Palace, and the Smolny Cathedral.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russian_architecture (2591 words)

	User:Falphin/Russian culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Russian icon painting was inherited from the art of the Byzantine churches, and it soon became an offshooot version of the mosaic and fresco traditions.
		Russian is the common official language throughout the Russian Federation understood by 99% of its current inhabitants and widespread in many adjacent areas of Asia and Eastern Europe.
		Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia or its émigrés, and to the Russian-language literature of several independent nations once a part of what was historically Russia or the Soviet Union.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/User:Falphin/Russian_culture (2237 words)

	Russian art and architecture. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		After the fall of Constantinople in 1453 the Russian church became independent of the Greek Orthodox faith, and the Moscow school of art and architecture became the official liturgical and court art of Russia, maintaining this status until the 18th cent.
		In architecture a new period began in the 15th cent., when the first of many Italian architects were invited to work on the Kremlin in Moscow (see under kremlin).
		Russian architecture in the 20th cent., after a brief phase of constructivist experimentation in the 1920s, tended toward an unimaginative combination of neoclassicism and skyscraper construction.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ru/Russiana.html (1304 words)

	ARTMARGINS: Vladimir Paperny - Russian Architecture: Between Anorexia and Bulimia
		Russians appear to be infatuated with the flesh, yet ashamed of this infatuation and consequently ready to accept their due punishment.
		The whole history of Russian architecture could be seen as a history of attempts to reconcile these two conflicting traits, either to find a higher justification for the feast of shapes and colors, or to reject one for the sake of the other.
		While in the early 1920s, architectural modernism was understood not as a method, but as a set of readymade patterns to be replicated, in the early 1930s, the elimination of all traces of Constructivist architectural design was perceived by the majority of Russian architects, as well as by the public, as a newly acquired freedom.
	www.artmargins.com /content/feature/paperny1.html (1991 words)

	Art & Architecture of Russia
		The tradition of icon painting was inherited by the Russians from Byzantium, where it began as an offshoot of the mosaic and fresco tradition of early Byzantine churches.
		The centers of medieval church architecture followed the shifting dominance of old Russia's cities--from Kiev to Novgorod and Pskov, and, from the end of the 15th century, Moscow.
		The Russian tradition experienced a brief period of renewed influence under Ivan IV (the Terrible), under whose reign the legendary Cathedral of St. Basil's was built.
	www.geographia.com /russia/rusart01.htm (1464 words)

	[No title]
		The emphasis of the Byzantine church on the physical splendour of its edifices was a cardinal factor in determining the characteristics of Russian ecclesiastical architecture.
		The most important change in Russian church design of the 16th century was the introduction of the tiered tower and the tent-shaped roof first developed in wood by Russia's carpenters.
		The boldest departures from Byzantine architecture were the churches of the Ascension at Kolomenskoye (1532) and the Decapitation of St. John the Baptist at Dyakovo (c.1532) and, above all, the Cathedral of St. Basil (Vasily) the Blessed (the Pokrovsky Cathedral) in Moscow (1554-60).
	russia-in-us.com /Religion/Christianity/architec.htm (1716 words)

	Architecture - The Empire That Was Russia: The Prokudin-Gorskii PhotographicRecord Recreated (A Library of Congress ...
		The Monastery of St. Nil' on Stolobnyi Island in Lake Seliger in Tver' Province, northwest of Moscow, illustrates the fate of church institutions during the course of Russian history.
		Russian churches featured exterior and interior decoration in the forms of mosaics, frescoes, and carvings, often in brilliant colors.
		The Church of the Resurrection in Kostroma in the northern part of European Russia was built in the 1650s and demonstrates the exuberant decoration of the exterior characteristic of its period.
	www.loc.gov /exhibits/empire/architecture.html (1383 words)

	Belarusian Architecture
		The history of Belarusian architecture is the history of the development of Belarusians as a nation in the middle of Europe - a nation experiencing numerous invasions and wars, absorbing and developing European ideas and philosophies, building socialism, capitalism, and still struggling to its better future.
		As for the monuments of cult architecture it was mainly within Belarusian Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque styles.
		The basis of this was in re-planning of the Belarusian cities by Russian architects in St. Petersburg.
	www.belarusguide.com /culture1/visual_arts/Architecture.html (3995 words)

	Russian Culture
		It was a former residence of the Russian tsars (1754-1762).
		The Russian Dolls or as they are famous throughout the world Matreshki, were created a long time ago as a means of making fun of people from the ruling classes (that was strictly forbidden almost all along Russian history) and to keep the genuine Russian tradition.
		Thus, a famous predecessor and prototype of Russian matryoshka was brought to Russia from the Island of Honshu.
	community.middlebury.edu /~beyer/courses/RU102w03/RussianCulture.html (10834 words)

	UNESCO Courier: Northern lights - Art Nouveau in Russian architecture
		At the turn of the century, the enchantments of Nordic art, with its powerful streak of archaism, were rediscovered, and Russian artists dreamed of combining modernn art techniques with images from the folklore and wild natural beauty of the north.
		The affinities between the Finnish and the St. Petersburg schools of architecture, nurtured by geographical proximity, were further accentuated by the presence in St. Petersburg of practising Finnish architects and by joint participation in national and international exhibitions.
		Russian and Finnish architects harmoniosuly combined technical innovation and extreme stylization of Scandinavian, Russian and Karelo-Finnish art motifs--solar symbols, animal and plant images--and skilfully combined natural materials such as wood and stone.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1990_August/ai_8922126 (786 words)

	ARTMARGINS: Ekaterina Dyogot on Russian Art Of the Last Decade - Russian Architecture
		Those who left Russia did not usually improve their careers, and they were certainly not interested in reversing the fragmentation of the contemporary Russian art scene (as was the case in the Chinese art community).
		The second problem for Russian art of the 1990s stemmed from its initial naive belief that with the fall of the Berlin wall the world had become post-binary, non-hierarchic, communicative, and open.
		Russian art disarmed unilaterally, only to find that the non-hierarchic, new reality it craved had been a pipe dream; the will to dominate was as alive and well in the West as it had ever been in Russia.
	www.artmargins.com /content/feature/dyogot.html (1122 words)

	Best of Russia --- Architecture --- The Novodevichy Convent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The imitation of the Kremlin Cathedral is evident in the similar division of the walls into vertical sections, in the architecture frieze with colonnades and in the cathedral's five domes.
		In the early 17th century, during the reign of Boris Godunov, the walls of the cathedral were ornamented with frescoes representing historic episodes in the struggle for the formation of a centralized Russian state.
		The graves of quite a few prominent public and cultural figures famous in Russian history such as the Decembrists M.Muravyov-Apostol, A.Muravyov and S. Trubetskoi, the poet Denis Davydov who was a hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, have been preserved in the burial grounds of the cloister.
	www.bestofrussia.ca /novodevichi.html (798 words)

	Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Russian Federation is a federal republic with a president, directly elected for a four-year term, who holds considerable executive power.
		As of the 2002 census, 79.8% of the population is ethnically Russian, 3.8% Tatar, 2% Ukrainian, 1.2% Bashkir, 1.1% Chuvash, 0.9% Chechen, 0.8% Armenian, and the remainder of 10.3% includes Mordvins, Belarusians, Georgians, Avars, Kazakhs, Udmurts, Azerbaijanis, Maris, Germans, Evenks, Ingushes, Inuit, Kalmyks, Karelians, Koreans, Ossetians, Dolgan Nenetses, Tuvans, Yakuts, and still others.
		The Russian language is the only official state language, but the individual republics have often made their native language co-official next to Russian.
	russia.ask.dyndns.dk (3340 words)

	Global Architecture Encyclopedia - Glass Steel and Stone
		The pinnacle of gothic religious architecture in France isn't in Pairs; it's in the town of Amiens.
		It was here in 1220 that the gothic style of architecture took planted its roots deep in the French...
		It is a collection of architecture that while thoroughly modern, is still able to impart the importance and statur...
	www.GlassSteelAndStone.com (327 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: A History of Russian Architecture: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The most comprehensive study of this subject to date, A History of Russian Architecture surveys Russian building from the masonry churches of tenth-century Kievan Rus to the pre-fabricated built environments of the present.
		Russian architecture is not well known to Western readers.
		As a systematical desription of history of Russian architecture (data base) it is close to classical Grabar's work History of Russian Culture (in Russian).
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0521403332 (712 words)

	Amazon.com: Landmarks of Russian Architecture: A Photographic Survey (Documenting the Image): Books: W. BRUMFIELD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Very little is known of pre-Christian architecture among the eastern Slavs; but with the acceptance of Orthodox Christianity by Prince Vladimir of Kiev in 988, the construction of masonry churches spread throughout the territory of ancient Rus, as Byzantine clerics, artists, and builders were invited to the area.
		Russian architecture is an expression of dramatic historic struggle of Russian people for the preservation of their national identity and demonstration of the creative development of their Eastern Orthodox culture under the constant pressure of aliened Western culture during periodical waves of Russian modernization.
		Unfortunately, the dramatism of this struggle and strong capacities of Russian architecture for creative adoptation is not well described in the accompanied text.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/9056995367?v=glance (1063 words)

	Face of Russia: Lesson Plans
		Once students have selected an architectural style, have them list some of the features of that style that they would like to include in their structures.
		Architecture is the art of designing and building structures that are usually lived in or used by people.
		This linear structure had to fit in with the architecture of the city because it would be viewed from all four sides.
	www.pbs.org /weta/faceofrussia/reference/lesson2.html (1023 words)

	Russian attractions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Baroque Architecture of St. Petersburg The inimitable beauty of St. Peterburg's architectural ensembles and squares was extolled by many poets.
		Barely discernible in broad daylight, these sharply but callously incised silhouettes are thrown into bold relief at sunup and sundown; transforming as the sun rises or dips, they seem to appear out of nothingness and are then gone as if they never existed...
		The elegant fl-lacquered art pieces on which the heroes of Russian folklore come to life - the amazing fire-birds and the gold-manned troikas subjugate us with a fantastic world of beauty, movement and harmony of their color chords...
	russia-in-us.com /attract.html (228 words)

	The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture by William Craft Brumfield, New, Used Books, Cheap Prices, ISBN ...
		The dramatic transformation of Russian architecture from the 1880s to the 1917 revolution reflected the profound changes in Russian society as it entered the modern industrial age.
		Brumfield explores the diverse styles of Russian modernism in part by analyzing the contemporary theoretical debate about them: the relation between technology and style, the obligation of architecture to society, and the role of architecture as an expression of national identity.
		Steeped in controversy, Russian modernism at the beginning of the century foreshadowed the radical restructuring of architectural form in the Soviet Union during the two decades after the revolution.
	www.bookfinder4u.com /detail/0520069293.html (462 words)

	UW Press: Search Books in Print
		Since its initial publication in 1993, A History of Russian Architecture has remained the most comprehensive study of the topic in English, a volume that defines the main components and sources for Russia's architectural traditions in their historical context, from the early medieval period to the present.
		He is the author of Lost Russia and The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture, among other books, and a member of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences.
		The Revival of Architecture in Novgorod and Pskov
	www.washington.edu /uwpress/search/books/BRUHIC.html (335 words)

	William Craft Brumfield (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		He has numerous other publications on Russian architecture, photography, and literature, and has lectured frequently on these topics at museums and universities in North America and in Europe.
		He co-directed the NEH Summer Institute for College and University Faculty "Moscow: Architecture and Art in Historical Perspective," held in Moscow during the summer of 1994, and has since conducted annual summer seminars for college faculty under the auspices of the Russian Institute of Art History.
		He is currently involved in photographing and studying Russian architectural monuments from the Urals to the Pacific as part of the Library of Congress project "Meeting of the Frontiers."
	www.pomorsu.ru /Brumfield/eindex.html (429 words)

	The Golden Ring Trip: information, a map, the distances, the cities, suggested itinerary, the price. -- WayToRussia.Net
		There are many interesting ancient Russian cities and towns along the way, full of history and unique Russian architecture of the XII-XVII centuries.
		Vladimir is an old Russian town, it used to be capital of Russia in the 12th century.
		Ivanovo is a real Russian industrial city: grey residential buildings, dirty streets, polluted atmosphere, relics of the Soviet times kept intact.
	www.waytorussia.net /GoldenRing/GoldenRing.html (1625 words)

	R Todd King: China Photos 2003 - Northeast Winter
		It’s difficult to imagine a Russian Orthodox church being the centerpiece of a Chinese city, but in Harbin, it is. A century ago the Russians built a railroad between Vladivostok and Harbin, and the Russian influence and presence in the city remained strong afterward.
		Many Russian Orthodox churches were built, including the Church of Saint Sophia here in 1907, but most were badly damaged during the Cultural Revolution.
		This Russian structure use to be just a few stories tall; when it was expanded, the cupolas on each corner were removed, the additional floors added, and the cupolas put back on top, as seen here.
	www.rtoddking.com /chinawin2003_hb_dl.htm (388 words)

	Reshaping Russian Architecture - Cambridge University Press
		Reshaping Russian Architecture examines the development of twentieth-century Russian architecture as it relates to the transformation of the imperial Russia into an industrialised Soviet empire and shows how Western notions of style and technology were assimilated on a massive scale into a uniquely Russian vision.
		An important contribution to our understanding of Russian and Soviet culture in a critical period of its evolution, Reshaping Russian Architecture will also appeal to those interested in modern architecture and urban planning in general.
		Russian perceptions of American architecture, 1870-1917 William C. Brumfield; 3.
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=052139418X&print=y (212 words)

	Maskhadov's relatives kidnapped in Chechnya - Pravda.Ru
		Maskhadov's two brothers and a sister at the age of 69-76 are among the kidnapped.
		The letter also emphasizes that now Russian special services and groups of Chechnya's First Deputy Prime Minister Ramzan Kadyrov conduct sweeping operations in Chechnya and kidnap women, children and the aged.
		The letter says the disorders were provoked by saying of Russia Prosecutor General Vladimir Ustinov that “relatives of terrorists must be responsible for what members of their families do.” Chechen politicians ask the European Parliament to take measures to guarantee safety to Maskhadov’s family and other kidnapped.
	english.pravda.ru /culture/2001/09/12/14806.html (690 words)

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