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Topic: Russian colonization of the Americas

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Russian America

Danish colonization of the Americas

Norwegian colonization of the Americas

Courland colonization of the Americas

Swedish colonization of the Americas

Battle of Sitka

German colonization of the Americas

History of North America

Polish colonization of the Americas

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Dutch colonization of the Americas

History of the Americas

Colonialism

European colonization of the Americas

British colonization of the Americas

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	Russian colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After the discovery of northern Alaska by Ivan Fedorov in 1732, and the Aleutian Islands, southern Alaska, and north-western shores of North America in 1741 during the Russian exploration conducted by Vitus Bering and Aleksei Chirikov, it took fifty years until the founding of the first Russian colony in Alaska in 1784 by Grigory Shelikhov.
		Subsequently, Russian explorers and settlers continued to establish trading posts in Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and as far south as Fort Ross in northern California.
		In 1818, Dr. Schaeffer, a Russian entrepreneur, occupied Kauai and negotiated a treaty of protection with the island's governor Kaumualii, vassal of King Kamehameha of Hawaii, but the Russian Tsar refused to ratify the treaty.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas (404 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/History of North America
		Many natives of North America, as the Europeans found them, were semi-nomadic tribes of hunter-gatherers; others were sedentary and agricultural civilizations.
		While some smaller powers like the Dutch and Swedish had minor holdings on the continent, the main land and most of the islands were divided between the Spanish, the French, and the English empires.
		Giovanni da Verrazzano explored the East Coast of America from Florida to presumably Newfoundland in 1524.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/History_of_North_America (285 words)

	Encyclopedia: Spanish colonization of the Americas
		Map of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, with Courlands colonies marked The Duchy of Courland was the smallest nation to colonize the Americas with a short-lived colony in Tobago during the 1654-1659, and again 1660-1689.
		The Swedish colonization of the Americas consisted of a 17th century settlement on the Delaware River in Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, and possessions in the Caribbean during the 18th and 19th century.
		Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in the Americas of Christopher Columbus in 1492.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Spanish-colonization-of-the-Americas (820 words)

	Colonialism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Advocates of colonialism argue that colonial rule benefits the colonized by developing the economic and political infrastructure necessary for modernization and democracy.
		Dependency theorists such as Andre Gunder Frank, on the other hand, argue that colonialism actually leads to the net transfer of wealth from the colonized to the colonizer, and inhibits successful economic development.
		Critics of the alleged abuses of economic and political advantages accruing to developed nations via globalised capitalism have referred to them as neocolonialism, and see them as a continuation of the domination and exploitation of ex-colonial countries, merely utilizing different means.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Colonialism (406 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: America
		The so-called aborigines of North America are, with the exception of the so-called Eskimo, generally regarded as belonging to one and the same branch of the human family, physically as well as ethnically.
		Russian colonization of Alaska, and Danish occupation of one of the Lesser Antilles may also be passed over as unimportant.
		The methods of colonization pursued by the Portuguese, were in the main similar to those of Spain, with the difference that the Portuguese inclined more to utilitarianism and to commercial pursuits.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01409c.htm (8271 words)

	Spanish colonization of the Americas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in America of Christopher Columbus in 1492.
		The silver of America (especially the mines of Zacatecas and Potosí) went to pay the enormous debt brought by the wars against the Reformation led by the Spanish kings.
		Soon the exclusive of commerce between Europe and America was conceded to Seville (later to Cádiz).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas (1734 words)

	Encyclopedia article: History of North America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Many natives of North America, as the Europeans found them, were semi-nomadic tribes of hunter-gatherers; others were sedentary and agricultural civilization (A society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)) s.
		The first Europeans known for certain to have reached North America are the Vikings (Any of the Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries), who called it Vinland (additional info and facts about Vinland).
		Giovanni da Verrazzano (Florentine navigator who explored the eastern coast of North America (circa 1485-1528)) explored the East Coast (The eastern seaboard of the United States (especially the strip between Boston and Washington D.C.)) of America from Florida to presumably Newfoundland in 1524.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/H/Hi/History_of_North_America.htm (531 words)

	Dutch colonization of the Americas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		During the 17th century Dutch traders established trade posts and plantations the Americas ; actual colonization with Dutch settling in new lands was not as common as settlements of other European nations.
		The settlement served mostly as a post for fur trade with the natives and was later replaced by Fort (or Fort Orange) at present-day Albany.
		Dutch colonization of Sint Maarten began in 1620 although the onwership of the island hands at least 16 times before 1816 when it was permanently split between France and the Netherlands.
	www.freeglossary.com /Dutch_America/History (1299 words)

	RUSSIAN COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		After the discovery of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska in 1741 during the Russian exploration conducted by Vitus Bering and Aleksiei Chirikov, it took over forty years until the founding of the first Russian colony in Alaska in 1784 by Gregory Shelekov.
		Subsequently, Russian explorers and settlers continued to establish trading posts in Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, British Columbia, Washington (state), Oregon and as far south as Fort Ross in northern California.
		Since the start of Perestroika in Russia there has been speculation in the Russian mass media that Alaska was not, in fact, sold, but was instead leased to the USA for 99 or 150 years and has to be returned to Russia.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/RUSSIAN+COLONIZATION+OF+THE+AMERICAS (271 words)

	History of Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Russian language has astonishly little influenced from Greek and Latin, and the main reason is that the Slavic was used directly in church language instead of the formers.
		Revolutionary activity in Russia began with the Decembrist Revolt, uncovered in 1825, and although serfdom was abolished in 1861, its abolition was achieved on terms unfavorable to the peasants and served to encourage revolutionaries.
		As the Russian republic's Boris Yeltsin eclipsed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in power, the disintegration of Communist allies in Eastern Europe eventually triggered the peaceful dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the independence of the Russian Federation.
	www.indexlistus.de /keyword/History_of_Russia.php (793 words)

	Encyclopedia article: Ivan Antonovich Kupreianov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Ivan Antonovich Kupreianov was the head of the Russian-American Company (additional info and facts about Russian-American Company) in Alaska (A state in northwestern North America; the 49th state admitted to the union) from 1835 to 1840.
		The residence was the site of the ceremony in which control (The activity of managing or exerting control over something) of Alaska was transferred from Russia to the United States in 1867.
		Russian colonization of the Americas (additional info and facts about Russian colonization of the Americas)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/iv/ivan_antonovich_kupreianov.htm (129 words)

	RUSSIA
		Russian rulers come to descend from a daughter of the last Saxon King of England, as the Capetian House of France came to descend from a daughter of Varoslav the Wise.
		After midcentury, the Russian border was then dramatical pushed south and the Moslem states of Turkestan were steadily reduced in a march that to the British always looked directed at India, as perhaps it was.
		The numerical superiority that the Russians initially had in 1904 was rendered useless by the geographic division of their forces; and then the numerical parity of the Far Eastern fleet was rendered useless by avoidance of battle.
	www.friesian.com /russia.htm (8586 words)

	Herman of Alaska - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Saint Herman of Alaska is the first saint to be canonized by the Orthodox Church in America.
		Herman of Alaska was a Russian Orthodox monk from the Valaam Monastery in Russia, who traveled with eight other monks in 1793 to bring the Gospel to the native Aleuts and Eskimos in the Aleutian Islands.
		As part of the Russian colonization of the Americas Russians had been exploring and trading there since at least 1740.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Herman_of_Alaska (205 words)

	French colonisation of the Americas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first French attempt at colonization was Fort Caroline in 1564, made by Huguenots.
		The French were able to briefly regain some of their former possessions in North America from the Spanish in 1800, during the Napoleonic Era, under the Treaty of San Ildefonse.
		The date of this was May 3, 1803 and the fee, 15 million dollars, a considerable sum for the young American state.
	www.wikipedia.com /wiki/French+colonization+of+the+Americas (1135 words)

	Russian Settlement at Fort Ross, California, in the 19th Century
		The presence of Russian fur hunters in the North Pacific induced Spain to occupy Alta California in 1769.
		Starting in 1742, Russian fur hunters, or "promysloviki," as they were called, began to leave the mainland to seek furs on and near the many islands to the east.
		Another Russian, Mikhail Nevodchikov, reached Attu (the westernmost Aleutian island) on September 25, 1745, becoming the first of the flood of fur hunters to reach territory that was later to become part of the United States.
	www.parks.sonoma.net /rosshist.html (1959 words)

	Russian colonization of the Americas: Just the facts... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Russian colonization of the Americas: Just the facts...
		The Russian-American Company (additional info and facts about Russian-American Company) was formed in 1799 for the purpose of hunting sea otter (Freshwater carnivorous mammal having webbed and clawed feet and dark brown fur) s for their fur.
		Fort Ross, some 50 miles north of San Francisco (A port in western California near the Golden Gate that is one of the major industrial and transportation centers; it has one of the world's finest harbors; site of the Golden Gate Bridge) was founded in 1812 and closed in 1841.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/R/Ru/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas.htm (260 words)

	colonization
		Colonization is the act, by a militarily strong country, of invading and taking over the sovereignty of another area, which then becomes known as a colony.
		Following the European "discovery" of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492, the major European powers embarked on a large-scale campaign of colonization, the consequences of which have shaped the current state of the world to a considerable extent (see European colonization of the Americas).
		A concept associated with space colonization is ocean colonization, the hypothetical permanent habitation of locations in Earth's oceans.
	www.fact-library.com /colonization.html (291 words)

	Colgate Russian Studies Courses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		In this course, students explore diverse aspects of Russian society--folklore, religion, the family, gender relations, economic and power relations, class and structures of social hierarchy, the history of authoritarianism and utopianism in Russia, ideas (and ideologies) about work, and the meanings and repercussions that militarism and war have had in Russian society.
		Russian history from the accession of Nicholas I until the rise of Stalin.
		The aim of this course is to provide students with a background in Russian history and culture that will allow them to place their study group experiences in an intellectual framework and provide the basis for further study.
	departments.colgate.edu /russian/courses.html (2016 words)

	Read about Russian Hill at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Russian Hill and learn about Russian Hill here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Russian Hill is the top end of that portion of
		Lombard Street that is sometimes referred to as "the crookedest (most winding) street in the world".
		Athough the bodies were never officially identified, it is assumed that the bodies probably belonged to Russian fur-traders and sailors from nearby Fort Ross.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Russian_Hill (240 words)

	Fur trade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Before the colonization of the Americas, Russia was a major fur supplier of Western Europe and parts of Asia.
		Between the 16th and 18th centuries Russians tamed Siberia — a region rich with various valuable kinds of fur-bearing animals such as arctic fox, sable, sea otter and stoat.
		Between the 17th and second half of the 19th century, Russia was the biggest supplier of fur in the world until the U.S. and Canada joined the fur market.
	www.vacilando.org /_cliextra/baghdadmuseumorg/includepage.php?title=Pelt&action=edit (542 words)

	Colonization-- Avery J. Parker - North Carolina Genealogy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		The Vikings, or Norse, explored and settled areas of the North Atlantic, including the northeast fringes of North America, beginning in the 10th century of the common era.
		The Duchy of Courland was the smallest nation to colonize the Americas with a short-lived colony in Tobago during the 1654–1659, and again 1660–1689.
		Large portions of it involved the colonization of the Americas.
	www.northcarolinagenealogy.net /category/historical-references/colonization (530 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Colonialism
		Dependency theorists such as Andre Gunder Frank, however, argue that colonialism actually leads to the net transfer of wealth from the colonized to the colonizer, and inhibits successful economic development.
		Indian writer and political activist Arundhati Roy said that debating the pros and cons of colonialism/imperialism "is a bit like debating the pros and cons of rape".
		Critics of neocolonialism see neocolonialism as the continuation of the domination and exploitation of the same countries with different (and often the same) means.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Colonialism (293 words)

	History of North America
		Many natives of North America as the Europeans found them were semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers; others were tribally based, more sedentary and agricultural.
		Many formed tribes in response to European colonization.
		The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hi/History_of_North_America.html (64 words)

	Light Replacing Darkness: A Story of Spanish Colonization in the Americas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		That said, the record of Spanish in the Americas, and the progress to the present of the countries and peoples of the Spanish-speaking Americas, compared with that of English-speaking North America, is hardly an admirable one.
		In Hispanic America there was a great degree of equality among men which unfortunately was not the case in the English, Dutch and French colonies, although their colonial period occurred during a century when the ethical and moral standards were supposedly much higher.
		It is certainly true that during the first 20 years of the colonization, in some islands of the Caribbean, the brutality of some of the conquistadors and the diseases they brought for which the Indians were not immune, brought about an almost total annihilation of the indigenous population.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/776920/posts (13095 words)

	Population and Community Dynamics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		According to Oldstone, African slaves where highly prized in the Americas' because they were resistant to many diseases that the Europeans were not.
		America where Indians where purposefully given blankets used by smallpox victims, in the hope that the Indians would catch the disease.
		Napoleon primarily sold Louisiana to the U.S. because Yellow Fever was endemic to the area and it was not worth the effort to keep it.
	www.providence.edu /bio/faculty/adams/LECTUREPlaguesInHistory.html (1187 words)

	500 Years of Indigenous Resistance
		Before the European colonization of the Americas, in that time of life scholars refer to as "Pre-history" or "Pre-Columbian", the Western hemisphere was a densely populated land.
		Indeed, the majority of Europeans who emigrated to the Americas in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries were impoverished merchants, petit-bourgeois traders, mercenaries, and Christian missionaries all hoping to build their fortunes in the `New World' and escape the deepening class stratification that was quickly developing.
		South and Central America were to be brought firmly under US control, a process begun during the early 1900s as the US moved to replace Britain as the dominant imperialist nation in the region, even paying off debts owned to Britain.
	www.dickshovel.com /500.html (19425 words)

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