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Topic: Russian constitutional crisis of 1993

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	ooBdoo
		The Early East Slavs constituted the bulk of the population in Western Russia from the 7th century onwards and slowly assimilated the native Finno-Ugric tribes, such as the Merya, the Muromians and the Meshchera.
		Assisted by the Russian Orthodox Church and Saint Sergius of Radonezh's spiritual revival, Muscovy inflicted a defeat on the Mongols in the Battle of Kulikovo (1389).
		As of the Russian Census (2002), 79.8% of the population is ethnically Russian, 3.8% Tatar, 2% Ukrainian, 1.2% Bashkir, 1.1% Chuvash, 0.9% Chechen, 0.8% Armenian.
	www.oobdoo.com /wikipedia/?title=Russia (6538 words)

	Politics of Russia
		Because of the Russians' dominance in the affairs of the union, the RSFSR failed to develop some of the institutions of governance and administration that were typical of public life in the other republics: a republic-level communist party, a Russian academy of sciences, and Russian branches of trade unions, for example.
		Russian is proclaimed the state language, although the republics of the federation are allowed to establish their own state languages for use alongside Russian.
		Under the 1993 constitution, the republics, territories, oblasts, autonomous oblast, autonomous regions, and cities of federal designation are held to be "equal in their relations with the federal agencies of state power"; this language represents an attempt to end the complaints of the nonrepublic jurisdictions about their inferior status.
	www.stranslation.com /Russian_Translation/politics_of_russia.htm (10770 words)

	Informat.io on Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Slavs constituted the bulk of the population from the 8th century onwards and slowly assimilated both the Scandinavians as well as native Finno-Ugric tribes, such as the Merya, the Muromians and the Meshchera.
		In 1813 the Russian army and its allies, the Austrians and Prussians, defeated the French armies at the Battle of Leipzig.
		As of the 2002 census, 79.8% of the population is ethnically Russian, 3.8% Tatar, 2% Ukrainian, 1.2% Bashkir, 1.1% Chuvash, 0.9% Chechen, 0.8% Armenian.
	www.vacilando.sk /?title=russia (5662 words)

	Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 began on September 21, when Russian President Boris Yeltsin dissolved the country's legislature (Congress of People's Deputies and its Supreme Soviet), which opposed his moves to consolidate power and push forward with unpopular neoliberal reforms.
		In 1993, a majority of Russians considered the events of September 21 – October 4 as an attempt of Communist revanche or as a result of Rutskoy and Khasbulatov seeking personal power.
		Valery Zorkin, chairman of the Constitutional Court, was forced to resign.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russian_constitutional_crisis_of_1993 (4745 words)

	IJNL Vol 6 Iss 1: RUSSIAN FEDERATION CONSTITUTIONAL COURT DECISIONS ON RUSSIA’S 1997 LAW “ON FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE ...
		He said that "the proper implementation of the Russian Constitution, strengthening of the tenets of the constitutional structure, and protection of the rights and freedoms of an individual largely depend on the activities of the Court.
		Herbert Hausmaninger, “From the Soviet Committee of Constitutional Supervision to the Russian Constitutional Court,” 25 Cornell Int’l L.J. 305, at 306 (1992).
		Constitution of the Russian Federation, December 12, 1993, Articles 28 and 30, Institute of Religion and Law, “Religious Associations: Freedom of Conscience and Religion; Normative Acts and Judicial Decisions,” Moscow, Jurisprudence, 2001, at 43-44.
	www.icnl.org /JOURNAL/vol6iss1/rel_thomasprint.htm (5399 words)

	Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 - SourceWatch
		The Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 began in earnest on September 21, when Russian President Boris Yeltsin dissolved the country's parliament, which was increasingly opposed his moves to consolidate sweeping powers in the president's hands and embark on widely unpopular neoliberal reforms.
		Under the terms of the constitutional amendments passed in late 1991, the special powers of decree were set to expire by the end of 1992.
		In mid-March 1993, an emergency session of the Congress of People's Deputies voted to amend the constitution, strip Yeltsin of many of his powers, and cancel the scheduled April referendum, again opening the door to legislation that would shift the balance of power away from the president.
	sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Russian_constitutional_crisis_of_1993 (4119 words)

	Russia Information Center - flights russia
		Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the Romanovs.
		That year, however,Asian financial crisis culminated in the August depreciation of the ruble in 1998, a debt default by the government, and a sharp deterioration in living standards for most of the population.
		The greatest challenge facing the Russian economy is how to encourage the development of SME (small and medium travel agency russia sized enterprises) in a business climate with a young and dysfunctional banking system, dominated by Russian oligarchs.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_P_-_S/Russia.html (3820 words)

	Russia — Infoplease.com
		Agreeing to the constitution meant abandoning claims for complete independence, and the new powers accorded the republic were little more than cosmetic.
		In 2005, according to the Russian military's own estimates, 2,798 cases of severe abuse were reported, 16 soldiers had been killed, and another 276 had been driven to suicide.
		Russian Culture Timeline: Rise of Russia - Part I: Rise of Russia by David Johnson 888 1036 1300 1411 1505 1655 Next: Peter's Revolution...
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107909.html (3138 words)

	Russia Resource Center - flights russia
		Repeated devastating cheap tickets russia defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread europe russia france great britain flights tickets rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the Romanovs.
		The greatest challenge facing the Russian economy is how to encourage the development of SME (small and adoption from russia medium sized enterprises) in a business beautiful women and russia climate with a young and dysfunctional banking system, dominated by Russian oligarchs.
		Population is densest in the European part of Russia, in the Ural Mountains area, and in the south-western parts of Siberia; the south-eastern part of Siberia that meets the Pacific Ocean, known as the Russian Far East, is sparsely populated, with its southern part being russia adoption densest.
	www.taxgloss.com /Tax-Banks_P_-_S-/Russia.html (3841 words)

	Comprehensive information and links about Russia
		The Russian state persistently battled against Nogai-Horde and Crimean khanat which were successors of the Golden Horde.
		At the close of this Russian Revolution of 1917, a Marxist political faction called the Bolsheviks seized power in St. Petersburg and Moscow under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin.
		That year, however, Asian financial crisis culminated in the August depreciation of the ruble in 1998, a debt default by the government, and a sharp deterioration in living standards for most of the population.
	www.quicknation.com /Russia.htm (5272 words)

	Illustrated history of Russia and the Former USSR.(C) Copyright 1995, RUSphoto
		Political and economical crisis was made even worse by the struggle for power between Yeltsin from one side and his opponents in the Russian Parliament (together with Vice President Rutskoi) from another side.
		On September 21, 1993, Yeltsin decreed parliament dissolved and new parliamentary elections to be held on December 12th.
		A few days later, under the pressure of Yeltsin, the Head of the Russian Constitutional Court was fired, because he opposed the military and violent solution of the conflict between presidential and parliamentary sides.
	www.cs.toronto.edu /~mes/russia/period/october93.html (992 words)

	Yeltsin, Opponents Agree to Negotiate Constitutional Crisis
		President Boris Yeltsin, facing an open revolt from provincial lawmakers and continued clashes between police and demonstrators in the streets of Moscow, Thursday agreed to negotiate with his parliamentary opponents to overcome the country's constitutional crisis.
		Senior officials from conservative local legislatures across Russia, meeting here Thursday at the Russian Constitutional Court, demanded that the siege of the parliament building be lifted immediately.
		Some regions, especially in the sprawling land mass east of the Ural Mountains, already have voted to withhold tax revenues from the capital or are threatening to leave Moscow without oil and gas supplies.
	www-tech.mit.edu /V113/N46/yeltsin.46w.txt.html (467 words)

	About Russia - Travel, Maps, Flag and Information
		The Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of Europe and Asia.
		Putin's presidency has shown improvements in the Russian standard of living, as compared to the 1990s; despite acute crises, human rights abuses, and largely criticised government failures.
		Some areas of the Russian Federation, particularly in Siberia and Eastern Russia, are closed to foreigners unless they have obtained government permission.
	www.canadiancontent.net /profiles/Russia.html (1314 words)

	October 4 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		1824 - Mexico adopts a new constitution and becomes a federal republic.
		1993 - Doom press-release version is made available to journalists for review.
		1993 - Russian constitutional crisis of 1993: Russian President Boris Yeltsin orders tanks to storm the Russian parliament building.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-October_4 (1151 words)

	1993
		1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
		The October Crisis of 1993: Context and Implications
		Russian Constitutional Crisis: Law and Politics Under Yel'tsin
	www.bellpub.com /psa/1993/f93tc.htm (104 words)

	ICL - Russia Index
		The Soviet Union has formally been dissolved by the declaration in Alma Ata on 21 Dec 1991.
		The new Russian Constitution was adopted 12 Dec 1993 by referendum, but 9 former republics and 10 former regions refused adoption.
		The Constitution grants sweeping powers to the President, making him the person to name the Government while the Parliament is restricted to participate in setting the national agenda and - most importantly - pass the yearly budget.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/rs__indx.html (237 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Russia
		Many more Russian banks have very high international ratings by Moody's and Fitch, including "investment"?title=level.
		Other countries have expressed concerns and worries at the "selective"?title=application of the law against individual businessmen, though the government actions have been received positively by most of the aggravated Russians.
		^ From Article 1 of Constitution of Russia: "The names "Russian Federation"?title=and "Russia"?title=shall be equivalent."
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Russia (6522 words)

	Top20Russia.com - Your Top20 Guide to Russia!
		The president, who resides in the Kremlin, nominates the highest state officials, including the prime minister (or premier), who must be approved by the State Duma, the lower house of Russian parliament.
		The greatest challenge facing the Russian economy is how to encourage the development of SME (small and medium sized enterprises) in a business climate with a young and dysfunctional banking system, dominated by Russian oligarchs.
		Many of Russia's banks are owned by entrepreneurs or oligarchs, who often use the deposits to lend to their own businesses.
	www.top20russia.com (4179 words)

	Constitution of Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The current Constitution of the Russian Federation (Конституция Российской Федерации) was adopted by national referendum on December 12, 1993 replacing the previous Soviet-era Constitution of April 12, 1978 of Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic following the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993.
		In Russian - The Constitution on the official Russian Government's website
		A site in Russian, English, Deutsch, Français about the Constitution
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constitution_of_the_Russian_Federation (110 words)

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