Russian constitutional referendum, 1993

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Topic: Russian constitutional referendum, 1993

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	History of post-Soviet Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A new constitution was approved by referendum in December, 1993.
		Since Russian industrial firms were traditionally responsible for a broad range of social welfare functions—building and maintaining housing for their workforces, and managing health, recreational, educational, and similar facilities— the towns possessing few industrial employers were left heavily dependent on these firms, which were the mainstay of employment, for the provision of basic social services.
		The Russian Orthodox Church grew rapidly, as churches and monasteries reopened and were restored, often by the work of their congregation.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /History_of_post-Soviet_Russia

	ARTICLES ON RUSSIA By Valery Chalidze
		In the spring of 1993, after Yeltsin's failed attempt to suppress Parliament, I compared Yeltsin to the Shah of Iran during a conversation with an American official whom I was trying to persuade not to put the weight of American support behind Yeltsin before the April referendum.
		As a Russian worker, quoted in The New York Times of May 8, 1994, said "we had a deal." Well, Gaidar and Yeltsin failed to uphold their end of the deal, and it is only natural that people asked, and will ask, why.
		Yet the Constitutional Court was a new phenomenon for Russia and it was unclear what a chairman of the Constitutional Court could do, especially in a time of a crisis; after all, judicial power is often based on precedents, so a court or its chairman may create a precedent where none exists.
	members.aol.com /chalidze/russia.html

	Main Page (table free)
		The Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 began in earnest on September 21, when Russian President Boris Yeltsin dissolved the country's parliament and ordered a referendum on a new constitution.
		Tensions built quickly, and the representatives barricaded themselves in the parliament building, the " Russian White House." After ten days, Yeltsin, bolstered by support from the military, was able to seize the White House by force.
		At page load, it was --24 T in UTC
	1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/m/ma/main_page__table_free_.html

	andcv.html
		“Constitutional Referendum and Parliamentary Elections in Russia and Their Implications for Russia's Foreign Policy and Role in the United Nations”.
		University of Iowa Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies (REEES) Program and Center for International and Comparative Studies,, Iowa City, IA, November 18, 1993.
		Constitutional Mechanism of a State of Emergency: Legal Regulations and Practice of Implementation in Great Britain and India.
	www.uiowa.edu /~cyberlaw/domrin/andcv.html

	Law of the Russian Federation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since its adoption in a 1993 referendum the Russian Constitution is considered to be the supreme law of the land.
		The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation has jurisdiction to determine the constitutionality of regulations issued by government agencies.
		The primary and fundamental statement of laws in Russian Federation is the Constitution of Russian Federation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Law_of_the_Russian_Federation (1073 words)

	Russian Constitutional Crisis of 1993 Piece @ LaunchBase.net (Launch Base)
		On September 21, 1993, Yeltsin responded to the impasse in legislative-executive relations by repeating his announcement of a constitutional referendum, but this time he followed the announcement by dissolving the parliament and announcing new legislative elections for December.
		The Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 began in earnest on September 21, when Russian President Boris Yeltsin dissolved the country's legislature (Congress of People's Deputies and its Supreme Soviet), which opposed his moves to consolidate power and push forward with unpopular neoliberal reforms.
		The Russian public opinion research institute VCIOM (VTsIOM) conducted a poll in the aftermath of October 1993 events and found out that 51% of those polled thought that the use of military force by Yeltsin was justified and 30% thought it was not justified.
	www.launchbase.net /encyclopedia/Russian_constitutional_crisis_of_1993 (4824 words)

	Russian constitutional crisis of 1993
		The Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 began in earnest on September 21, when Russian President Boris Yeltsin dissolved the country's parliament, which was increasingly opposing his moves to consolidate power and embark on unpopular reforms.
		The Russian public opinion research institute VCIOM (VTsIOM) conducted a poll in the aftermath of October 1993 events and found out that 51% of those polled thought that the use of military force by Yeltsin was justified and 30% thought it was not justified.
		The president was concerned about the terms of the constitutional amendments passed in late 1991, which meant that his special powers of decree were set to expire by the end of 1992 (Yeltsin expanded the powers of the presidency beyond normal constitutional limits in carrying out the reform program).
	www.encyclopedia-1.com /r/ru/russian_constitutional_crisis_of_1993.html (4453 words)

	Encyclopedia - Main Page
		The Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 began in earnest on September 21, when Russian President Boris Yeltsin dissolved the country's parliament and ordered a referendum on a new constitution.
		Tensions built quickly, and the representatives barricaded themselves in the parliament building, the "Russian White House." After ten days, Yeltsin, bolstered by support from the military, was able to seize the White House by force.
		The parliament then deemed Yeltsin's presidency unconstitutional and appointed its own acting president.
	www.encyclopedia-1.com (198 words)

	State Duma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The State Duma replaced the Supreme Soviet as a result of new constitution introduced by Boris Yeltsin, in the aftermath of the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993, and approved by the Russian public in a referendum.
		Under Constitution of the Russian Federation, 1993, there are 450 deputies of the State Duma (Article 95), each elected to a term of four years (Article 96).
		The current speaker of the State Duma is Boris Gryzlov.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/State_Duma (277 words)

	Federation Council of Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The modern history of the Federation Council begins during the 1993 Constitutional Crisis that pitted President Boris Yeltsin’s unpopular neoliberal and governmental structure reforms against the increasingly radical Congress of People’s Deputies, then the nation’s legislature.
		The Council’s first elections occurred on December 12, 1993 running simultaneously with State Duma elections and a referendum on the new Constitution of the Russian Federation.
		Although a Federation Council had been created by Yeltsin in July 1993 to gather regional representatives (except Chechnya) to support an earlier draft of a replacement constitution to the 1978 document, this Federation Council was to become a permanent part of the legislature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Federation_Council_of_Russia (2153 words)

	State Duma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The State Duma replaced the Supreme Soviet as a result of new constitution introduced by Boris Yeltsin, in the aftermath of the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993, and approved by the Russian public in a referendum.
		Boris Gryzlov, speaker of the Russian State Duma since December 2003
		The current speaker of the State Duma is Boris Gryzlov.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/State_Duma (311 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Background
		Ethiopia's annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating governmental forces; independence was overwhelmingly approved in a 1993 referendum.
		Independent from France since 1958, Guinea did not hold democratic elections until 1993 when Gen. Lansana CONTE (head of the military government) was elected president of the civilian government.
		Independent for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian revolution, it was forcibly incorporated into the USSR until the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991.
	www.phatnav.com /factbook/fields/2028.html (311 words)

	Nations in Transit 1998: Tajikistan
		Tajikistan's neighbors exert influence in its politics: Moscow through the presence of the 20,000-member predominantly Russian Commonwealth of Independent States peacekeeping force that has been in the country since 1993, and the provision of economic credits; and Tashkent, because overland and rail transport must pass through Uzbekistan.
		In the national presidential elections and constitutional referendum held on November 6, 1994, turnout was reportedly 90 percent; however, the opposition claims that votes were cast for many citizens who had fled as refugees to Afghanistan and other neighboring states.
		Tajikistan's post-Communist constitution was approved in a November 6, 1994, referendum that was held concurrently with presidential balloting during a time of civil conflict and boycotted by the Islamic opposition and the TDP.
	www.freedomhouse.org /nit98/tajik.html (311 words)

	JRL 6606 - Harvard, Living Standard, Slavneft, Missile Defense, Constitution Day, Terrorism, TV1 Review, Gaidar, Military Reform, Rotar, Kasyanov, Ware/ Human Rights, Bogaturov/ CIS, UES, Helmer/ Electricity
		The Russian statement came a day after Bush ordered the Defense Department to begin work within two years on deploying the first interceptors that are to form the base of the missile defense system.
		At that time, in 1993, the Constitution established clear rules for all the branches of government.
		And today, in accordance with Article 11 of the Federal Law on the Main Guarantees of Electoral Rights, the Decree on the Procedure of Holding a Referendum in Chechnya has been signed.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/6606.htm (311 words)

	Main Page
		The Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 began in earnest on September 21, when Russian President Boris Yeltsin dissolved the country's parliament and ordered a referendum on a new constitution.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/m/ma/main_page.html (311 words)

	Russia's 1993 Parliamentary Elections
		Combined in an election process involving a constitutional referendum that utilized an archaic negative cross-out style of voting, and candidate elections for two legislative chambers involving both an affirmative one-candidate and a two-candidate voting choice, it is understandable how Russian voters might have been somewhat confused and discouraged by their task.
		Russia's recent elections were fairly successful as an administrative matter, but it is not yet certain they represent a step forward in an ongoing process of democratic development.
		Candidates qualified for this election either by being nominated by a party or coalition that had already qualified for the nationwide party list vote or by collecting petition signatures equal to one percent of their electoral district (about four or five thousand).
	www.fairvote.org /reports/1993/dahl.html (1454 words)

	UPEI Department of Political Studies
		"Preston Manning's Reform Party and the Constitutional Referendum: A New Challenge to Canada's Elite," New York State Political Science Association, New York, NY, April 24, 1993.
		Introduction to Politics; Comparative Government and Politics; Canadian Government and Politics; Canadian-American Relations; Russian and East European Studies; Warfare in the Middle East; Modern Jewish History; History of the Holocaust; Capitalism and the Industrial Revolution.
		"Multiculturalism and the Politics of Ethnicity: Jews and the Charlottetown Accord," and "Bibliographical Essay," in John H. Simpson and Howard Adelman, eds., Multiculturalism, Jews and Identities in Canada (Jerusalem: Magnes Press of the Hebrew University, 1996): 95-127; 263-264.
	www.upei.ca /~polstudi/fac-srebrnik.html (2981 words)

	AllRefer - Russia - Government and Politics - Historical Background Russian Information Resource
		In late September 1993, Yeltsin responded to the impasse in legislative-executive relations by repeating his announcement of a constitutional referendum, but this time he followed the announcement by dissolving the parliament and announcing new legisla tive elections for December.
		After a two-week standoff, Rutskoy urged supporters outside the legislative building to overcome Yeltsin's military forces.
		The CPD again met in emergency session, confirmed Vice President Aleksandr Rutskoy as president, and voted to impeach Yeltsin.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/russia/russia146.html (2981 words)

	allRefer Reference - Russia - The Parliament - Structure of the Federal Assembly Russian Information Resource
		Russia's legislative body was established by the constitution approve d in the December 1993 referendum.
		The first elections to the Federal Assembly were held at the same time--a procedure criticized by some Russians as indicative of Yeltsin's lack of respect for constitutional niceties.
		The Federal Assembly is prescribed as a permanently functioning body, meaning that it is in continuous session except for a regular break between the spring and fall sessions.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/russia/russia150.html (2981 words)

	Tuva: Russia's Tibet or the Next Lithuania?
		In May 1993 the Tuva Supreme Soviet enacted a constitutional amendment granting Tuva the right to self-determination and secession from Russia if so voted in a republic-wide referendum.
		Tuva as the next Lithuania would set in motion centrifugal dynamics that could shatter the Russian Federation.
		Tuva — like Lithuania in the waning days of the Soviet Union — is a prime candidate for first exit as separatist sentiment is high, Tuvans form a majority of the population, and the republic has an external border.
	www.fotuva.org /misc/mcmullen.html (3510 words)

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