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Topic: Russian economy

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Economy of Russia

The Central Bank of the Russian Federation

Centrally planned economy

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Economic history of the Soviet Union

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Russian Provisional Government, 1917

	Economy of Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For nearly sixty years, the Russian economy and that of the rest of the Soviet Union operated on the basis of central planning, viz.
		The attempts and failures of reformers during the era of perestroika (restructuring) in the regime of Mikhail Gorbachev (in office 1985-91) attested to the complexity of the challenge.
		Official Russian economic statistics indicate that from 1990 to the end of 1995, Russian GDP declined by roughly 50%, far greater than the decline that the United States experienced during the Great Depression.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Economy_of_Russia (10148 words)

	Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Assisted by the Russian Orthodox Church and Saint Sergius of Radonezh's spiritual revival, Muscovy inflicted a defeat on the Mongol-Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380).
		Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I and the resultant deterioration of the economy led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the Romanovs.
		As of the Russian Census (2002), 79.8% of the population is ethnically Russian, 3.8% Tatar, 2% Ukrainian, 1.2% Bashkir, 1.1% Chuvash, 0.9% Chechen, 0.8% Armenian.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russia (6603 words)

	Russian economy, the Russian economy, Russia economy, Russian economy 2002, Russian economy today, current Russian ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		First came the disintegration of the centrally planned economy that was a hallmark of the state-controlled economy and then its replacement by an economy operating on the basis of market forces.
		For nearly 60 years, the Russian economy and that of the rest of the Soviet Union operated on the basis of central planning--state control over virtually all means of production and over investment, production, and consumption decisions throughout the economy.
		A second important measurement factor is the extremely active so-called shadow economy, which yields no taxes or government statistics but which a 1996 government report quantified as accounting for about 50 percent of the economy and 40 percent of its cash turnover.
	www.russiansabroad.com /russian_history_184.html (1090 words)

	RussianLegacy.com \| Russian History - E. Prussakov - Tsarist Economy
		This period is also known as the period of industrial 'boom' in Russia and it was during that time that the industrial output of the country raised from 5% per annum (figures of 1861-85) to 8-9% per annum.
		Russian government was keen on promoting industrialization because (1) the market was heavily controlled by the state, (2) the development of heavy industry allowed for a fast catch-up, rapidly covering the 'gap' that existed in the country's economy, and besides all this (3) such industrialization improved the overall military capability of Russia.
		Russian economy of this period can by no means be christened a plan of a system.
	www.russianlegacy.com /russian_culture/history/ep_tsarist_economy.htm (1434 words)

	Russian economic outlook, economy outlook in Russia, world economic outlook, economic outlook 2003 on RussiansAbroad.com
		Many Russians are experiencing the new and disillusioning phenomenon of unemployment as the growing private sector slowly absorbs an increasingly large labor pool jettisoned in the restructuring of the state sector.
		Yeltsin's appointment of reform economist Anatoliy Chubays as his chief of staff in July 1996 was a signal that the advocates of strong reform might overcome the factions that had blocked or weakened reform legislation in the State Duma.
		Russian Federation: Report on the National Accounts is an in-depth 1995 report on Russia's financial status by a team from the World Bank and Russia's State Committee for Statistics (Gosudarstvennyy komitet po statistike).
	www.russiansabroad.com /russian_history_249.html (694 words)

	Russian Federation Economy
		The Russian government is currently in the process of implementing a deposit insurance scheme as part of its banking reform efforts.
		Russians generally disapprove of permanent or temporary immigration of workers from countries other than the Russian-speaking former Soviet states that might help solve economic problems brought on by its declining population.
		HIV infection rates in the Russian army are estimated to be between two to five times higher than in the general population, and tuberculosis is a persistent problem.
	www.traveldocs.com /ru/economy.htm (2561 words)

	The Russian Economy: What Is It and Where Is It Headed?
		The demonetization of Russia's economy is important because it is the mechanism that allows value-destruction to continue and to be hidden.
		The thesis of the "virtual economy" is that the Russian economic system has evolved and adapted as a form of institutionalized protection from and resistance to market reform.
		It would be an economy in which the determination of who is the recipient of value through the virtual economy's mechanisms would be made from the top, on the basis of national priorities, rather than through some raw struggle on the principle of survival of the fittest (or best endowed).
	www.brookings.edu /views/papers/gaddy/19990815.htm (3218 words)

	Association for Asia Research- Russian economy soars while Chinese economy falters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 2003, the Russian economy experienced an economic boom, with the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) increasing as high as 7.3%, reaching $465.2 billion at $3,200 per person.
		The Russian government continued to experience a surplus which reached $14 billion, while the Chinese government maintained an average deficit of $40 billion each year.
		As the Russian economy and the investment environment have improved dramatically, many international authoritative monetary institutes have raised Russia’s credit rating.
	www.asianresearch.org /articles/1981.html (650 words)

	Russia in 1998: The Politics, The Economy, The People
		She is founder, President and CEO of American Russian Collaborative Enterprises (ARCHES), LLC and The Adams Group, Inc., based in Denver, Colorado, and a founder and director or ARCHES-Moscow.
		And, it was an economy that was collapsing, imploding.
		This is the weakest sector of the economy.
	www.russianamericanchamber.org /newsletter/T_Adams.html (4536 words)

	Raya Dunayevskaya: The nature of the Russian Economy (1946/47)
		The law of value, i.e., the law of motion, of the Russian economy has led to the polarization of wealth, to the high organic composition of capital, to the accumulation of misery at one pole and the accumulation of capital at the other.
		It is for this reason that Russian state capitalism has had to base its entire calculation, not on the amount of labor time, as in a transitional society, but basically on wages, that is to say, upon the value of the worker.
		Because of this the economy is in constant crisis.
	www.marxists.org /archive/dunayevskaya/works/1946/statecap.htm (9106 words)

	The Russian Economy at the Start of 1998--Stanley Fischer
		Six years after the start of the Russian economic reform process, much has been achieved and the continued progress of the economy towards economic normalization is not in doubt.
		On the spending side, efforts are needed in particular to redefine the role of the government in the Russian economy and ensure that spending decisions are based on efficiency and equity considerations.
		In summary, Russian economic reform is entering a less dramatic phase than that of the last few years: the most important battles in securing macroeconomic stabilization and creating a market economy have been won; but much remains to be done to secure the future growth of the economy.
	www.imf.org /external/np/speeches/1998/010998.HTM (2999 words)

	The Russian Economy: Fixing Russia's Banks: Chapter 1
		Analyzing the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe and Asia has created a new area of scholarly inquiry, producing a spate of books and journals exploring a variety of transition issues as these countries try to make the adjustment from their former socialist systems to market economies.
		According to a published statement by the chairman of one of the largest Russian commercial banks, Inkombank, the CBR and the commercial banks reached an unwritten agreement in 1997 to use creative accounting in designing their balance sheets to hide sunk losses, which may wipe out the entire equity of major banks.
		Private Western accounting firms are familiar with this problem; their typical published audits of major Russian banks contain a disclaimer that the audit is based on the data provided by the client and that the auditor is not responsible for the final numbers in the balance sheet.
	www.ibiblio.org /efloyd/UNC_classwork/Econ162/russianeconomy.htm (3745 words)

	American-Russian Economic Relations in the Post-Cold War Era
		Despite all its problems, the Russian economy is recovering and will continue to do so in the short and long-term future.
		But it is especially challenging for former command/planned economies who are in the midst of the entire transformation of the previous economic, political and social order.
		Russian exports and imports increased 30% and 17% respectively over '94, resulting in a trade surplus of $16.4 billion, which constitutes a 28% increase over 1994.
	www.russianamericanchamber.org /dap/russia_96.html (1230 words)

	BBC News \| BUSINESS \| 'New life' in Russian economy
		Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has said his country's ailing economy is now "bursting with new life".
		Russia's economy fell apart in August 1998 when the government, facing a crippling debt burden, froze its securities market and effectively devalued its currency the rouble.
		The economy has taken a backseat in recent months as Russia has concentrated on its crackdown on the rebel republic of Chechnya.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/business/535278.stm (455 words)

	Jonathan Power, Miracle in Russian Economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		No doubt it will stumble again, but the indications are that the fundamentals of future success are now being laid and that the Russian economy can be said to have safely weathered the storms of its transition from command economy straitjacket to capitalist economy free spirit.
		Three years later on August 17th, 1998, in a totally undisciplined environment the Russian economy crashed and the rouble eventually fell to a quarter of its previous value.
		This translated into big losses for the big Russian businessmen and because they could no longer milk the state there was no way for them to win back the power and influence they wielded before.
	www.transnational.org /forum/power/2002/10.02_RussianEconomy.html (896 words)

	Snapshot of the Russian Economy
		While the net inflow of personal assets was a modest 300 million, it shows that Russians are beginning to trust their economy, at least enough to keep their savings within Russia's boarders.
		The Russian government is also finally beginning to consolidate and to focus on long-term planning, rather than short-term crisis resolution.
		While there are challenges to face, the Russian economy, with one of the best educated labor forces in the world and a good share of the world’s energy and mineral resources, is certainly capable of growth in the long term.
	www.sras.org /news2.phtml?m=584 (1649 words)

	TFF Jonathan Power Columns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It is, in fact, says Anders Aslund, the Swedish expert on the Russian economy, an old Polish joke, from the days, not that long ago, when Poland, now a high charging economy, was mired in economic stagnation and corruption.
		Then the West was seen by the Russian leadership as a good friend in the making and the country was ready to take its medicine if given a helping hand.
		The economy has begun to grow at a surprisingly healthy clip, particularly in the industrial sector.
	www.transnational.org /forum/power/2000/02russianeconomy.html (962 words)

	RIA Novosti - Opinion & analysis - Russian economy: forecasts for 2006
		According to the data of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in 1999-2005 Russia's GDP increased by nearly 57%, with average annual growth rates constituting 6.6%.
		However, the Economic Development and Trade Ministry forecasts that if the Russian economy's dependence on exports of fuels and raw materials is not reduced in the next few years, it will not be able to maintain stable annual GDP growth rates of over 4-5% even with high oil prices.
		Therefore, the Russian government is engaged now in an active search for possible growing points in the economy intending to concentrate on efforts promoting its innovative development.
	en.rian.ru /analysis/20060327/44852175.html (2191 words)

	Russian Economy Investors toast Putin at Russia & CIS Forum in NY
		A Russian veto, on the other hand, would likely restrict Russia's access to the spoils of postwar Iraq, a crucial source of income Putin would need to offset declines in revenue caused by falling oil prices and unwelcome reforms in pensions and the electricity sector.
		Conference participants disagreed on whether the economy were sufficiently diversified to withstand a fall in oil prices.
		The bland lunch of grilled chicken and pasta salad was avowedly stateless in its influences, and the gallantly attired Russian executives who made presentations seemed to have embraced the global nature of their economy to the point that the English translator wandered the halls without much to do.
	www.templetonthorp.com /en/news267 (1338 words)

	AllRefer.com - Russia - The Economy \| Russian Information Resource
		First came the disintegration of the centrally planned economy that was a hallmark of the state-controlled economy and then it s replacement by an economy operating on the basis of market forces.
		The central planning system left a number of legacies with which the Russian economy must deal in its transition to a m arket economy.
		A second important measurement factor is the extremely active so-called shadow economy, which yields no taxes or go vernment statistics but which a 1996 government report quantified as accounting for about 50 percent of the economy and 40 percent of its cash turnover.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/russia/russia110.html (1232 words)

	RIA Novosti - Russia - Russian economy enters development stage - Primakov
		TOKYO, May 29 (RIA Novosti) - Chairman of the Russian Chamber of Commerce said Monday that the Russian economy was making a transition from stabilization to development.
		The conference in Tokyo is aimed to attract large portfolio and strategic investment in Russian economy from Japan, a source in the organizational committee said.
		Russian economy to grow at 5.5-6% in next 3 yrs - minister
	en.rian.ru /russia/20060529/48743230.html (266 words)

	Korean Businesses Ride Russian Economy
		According to the Institute of Complex Social Research at the Russian Academy of Sciences, almost 50 percent of Russians regarded themselves as middle class last year against 29 percent in 1998 before the infamous default.
		The Russian government awards the titles to the most popular consumer goods in 20 categories and the products selected as national brands may use the Narodnaya Marka logo in their advertising and packaging for two years.
		Company officials expect that the Russian market will be a critical starting point for its expansion to Eastern Europe, which is one of the most rapidly growing automobile markets in the world.
	yaleglobal.yale.edu /display.article?id=4103 (1108 words)

	BBC News \| Europe \| US fears for Russian economy
		Russian officials say they are committed to a painful programme of economic reforms drawn up in co-operation with the International Monetary Fund.
		Russian Prime Minister Sergey Kiriyenko says he will continue with the government's economic policy.
		Russian officials have ruled out calls for the rouble to be devalued.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/150742.stm (391 words)

	Russia's Virtual Economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Circulated at the highest levels of the Russian and U.S. governments and reported in leading publications worldwide, their thesis--that Russia's economy is based on illusion or pretense about nearly every important economic yardstick, including prices, sales, wages and budgets--has forced broad recognition of the inadequacies of the intended market reform policies in Russia.
		Gaddy and Ickes now use the virtual economy concept to project the near- and middle-term future of the Russian economy and suggest possible policy responses.
		Drawing on new empirical material from published and unpublished sources and from their own extensive field work in Russia, the authors examine critical aspects of the virtual economy: manufacturing enterprises, households and the public sectors, both local and federal.
	www.brookings.edu /press/books/russiasvirtualeconomy.htm (475 words)

	Russian economy: Last news - Pravda.Ru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Russians are much more concerned about economy, not
		Russian water bombers put out forest fires abroad while Russia s forests are
		Russians suffer from food fever buying up packs of salt and sugar across the
	english.pravda.ru /filing/Russian_economy (364 words)

	Russian Economy U.S. grants Russia market economy status
		According to AP, the Russian government estimates that the U.S. decision will increase Russian exports to the United States by about $1.5 billion annually.
		The U.S. decision to grant Russia market-economy status is producing a sharp increase in demand for shares in Russian companies, ITAR-TASS reported on 7 June.
		An unnamed source in a Western bank told the news agency that many Western investment funds are buying up Russian blue-chip stocks in order to increase the share of Russian securities in their portfolios.
	www.templetonthorp.com /fr/news45 (219 words)

	Russian Studies at Bucknell \|\| Bucknell University
		The old Russian Empire has undergone a major revolution.
		Unlike the earlier revolution, however, which removed the nations of the USSR from the world community, the second revolution has brought them back into that community.
		The Russian studies program is geared toward teaching students about these changes.
	www.bucknell.edu /Russian.xml (72 words)

	WorldNetDaily: The Russian state and the Russian economy
		And this only proves that there has always been a strong economy in Russia, but it is a military economy with the facade of a consumer economy tacked onto it.
		It is not an economy which maintains the civilian infrastructure, or which facilitates a comfortable life for the Russian masses.
		We have to remember that 50 Russian bankers were shot in 1994 alone, and about 60 have been gunned down since then.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=19848 (1532 words)

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