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Topic: Russian military ranks

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Lieutenant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Military ranks of the United States Coast Guard This chart shows concisely the most common way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is applied to represent the English language.
		The rank of Lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations (see comparative military ranks), but in all cases it is common for it to be divided.
		In the Royal Navy, the rank of Lieutenant is equivalent to that of a Captain in the army.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Lieutenant (6973 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Russian military ranks
		In case of emergency, a militia was volunteered from the peasants and druzhina served as a core of the troops.
		During the beginning of 1700s, military ranks were frequently changed by the tsar during efforts to reform the army and create a strong Navy.
		The ranks were based on Russian Empire military ranks, although they underwent some modifications; the modified Imperial rank insignia was reintroduced in 1943.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Senior_Sergeant (1124 words)

	Comparative military ranks of World War I - Slider
		Military personnel in the Ottoman Empire were assigned different duties according to their capabilities in order to administer the Armed Forces and particularly to be successful in battle.
		This rank, which continued until the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, was also given to civilian administrators who were approved of and found suitable.
		The rank of the Adjutant and Paymaster of a regiment was also high but such individuals were not from the military class and they dealt with clerical duties and equipment needed by the regiment.
	enc.slider.com /Enc/Comparative_military_ranks_of_World_War_I (485 words)

	Table of Ranks
		The rank of Podporuchik was not used in the Cavalry.
		The rank of Estandart-yunker (Fanen-yunker in Dragoons) was established for nobles wishing to become officers (3 years as a private, 3 years as estandart-yunker, and then promotion to officer rank).
		This source says that mining ranks were discontinued and changed to military ranks in 1834, as opposed to 1867 as stated by Dumani (Note 7).
	home.comcast.net /~markconrad/Ranks.html (1188 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия, Raboche-Krest'yanskaya Krasnaya Armiya; RKKA or usually simply the Red Army) were the armed forces first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918 and that, in 1922, became the army of the Soviet Union.
		Military commissariats however should not be confused with the institution of military political commissars.
		On August 5, 1921 the Academy became the Military Academy of the RKKA (Военная академия РККА), and in 1925 the Frunze (М.В.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Red_Army (6749 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: General Admiral (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The rank of General Admiral was first given to the future Grand Admiral Erich Raeder on 20 April 1936.
		General-admiral (Russian: Генера́л-адмира́л) was the highest rank of the Russian Navy as established by the Table of Ranks and equivalent to Field Marshal.
		This was purely honorific rank and for the most time of its existance, it was awarded to the only person in active duty, typically a descendant of Romanov Royal family.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/General-Admiral (1669 words)

	Military.com Content (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Four Russian generals from the Defense Ministry's finance department are under investigation for allegedly embezzling $450 million from the state's military budget -- about one tenth of the entire fiscal 2000 defense budget.
		Military prosecutors have also arrested a group of soldiers suspected of stealing equipment from a Moscow base, and on the outskirts of Moscow, yet more soldiers have been charged with stealing food.
		But, because such a plan would contradict the recent Russian doctrine of relying on the threat of nuclear weapons to compensate for a weak, bulky army, it would dictate a fundamental change in the structure of the Russian military.
	www.military.com /Content/MoreContent?file=SL9august (675 words)

	Russian Military Medals
		The principal Russian decoration instituted in commemoration of the Eastern War (as the war of 1853-1856 was officially named) was a bronze medal for members of all the civilian and military ranks of the Russian Empire, established in August 1856.
		Men of all the military and civilian ranks who had been in action at other theatres of war, where it was the Allies that were more successful, or who had been in areas where a state of siege was declared received medals on the blue ribbon of the Order of St Andrew the First-Called.
		All other military men and civilians were awarded medals on the fl-and-red ribbon of the Order of St Vladimir, and the merchants who had donated in support of the war effort or in aid of the wounded were given medals on the golden-and-red ribbon of the Order of St Anne.
	www.sadcom.com /pins/article/r_medals.htm (3173 words)

	CRS, Vol. 2, nr. 1, Art. 4
		The problem of the Russian military presence in Georgia at the present stage is interesting both in itself and for the analysis of the foreign and security policy of present-day Russia.
		The Russian military presence and the treaties signed in the military sphere were appraised by the Georgian side in two ways: as a certain benefit but at the same time as a forced compromise.
		As testified by representatives of Russian military circles, the GRVZ serves Russian geopolitical interests, while the objective of Russian aid to the Georgian Army is to tie the Georgian military morally and materially to their northern partners (81).
	poli.vub.ac.be /publi/crs/eng/0201-04.htm (8583 words)

	Russian Federation Military - POCCИЯ BOOPYЖEHHblE CИПbl
		The general in Russian Federation clan is the leader of the clan.
		To become General the old General must retire his rank and the clan must nominate and vote on whose the new General.
		To become a Sergeant one must show up and participated at least 10 airsoft games, officers or other sergeants must agree that he is ready to advance in the rank and have showed good quality as a soldier, and own his own equipment and uniform.
	www.freewebs.com /russianteam/ranks.htm (325 words)

	The Russian Military - By David Plotz - Slate Magazine
		The Russians are pounding their own city, Grozny, to rubble and are murdering Russian civilians in the process.
		Russia's military is a lumpen-army, the dregs of dregs.
		We were told it was an awesome military machine and we believed it as we studied the capabilities of their T-62 tank.
	www.slate.com /id/68304 (1962 words)

	The Ultimate Military rank - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Military rank, or simply rank, is a system of grading seniority and command within military organizations.
		A separate set of ranks was also used for secular, and occasionally ecclesiastic, rulers, as discussed in Ranks of nobility and peerage.
		The use of formalized ranks came into widespread use with the Roman Legions, after the introduction of reforms by the consul Gaius Marius which were completed around 60 BCE.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Military_rank (827 words)

	Building National Armies - Russian Federation
		Previously, only a handful of military specialists and human rights campaigners ignored by official authorities consistently called for an end to the draft, but now, the leaders of two political parties in the Duma have realized that the move to a professional army must be at the foundation of military reform.
		Russian military officials announced at the beginning of September that the merger begun in March was complete.
		Russian rulers for centuries have tried to "rationalize" their empire, but past attempts to reduce the number of bureaucrats and generals always eventually resulted in greater numbers.
	www.geocities.com /psanl/build_russian.html (16500 words)

	Russian military history, Soviet military history, military history of Russia, Russian war history on RussiansAbroad.com
		The first great Russian naval victory, at the Hango Peninsula on the Baltic Sea in 1714, also came at the expense of the Swedes; Peter had modernized the Russian navy with the same diligence he applied to the army.
		The greatest Russian military leader of Catherine's time was Aleksandr Suvorov, who fought in the second Russo-Turkish War and the Polish campaign, then led a Russian and Austrian army against the revolutionary French in northern Italy in 1799.
		Although the Nazi invasion of 1941 drove far into the Russian interior to threaten Leningrad and Moscow, a new generation of officers gradually asserted themselves as the Germans were driven from Russian territory in 1943 and 1944 after the climactic Battle of Stalingrad.
	www.russiansabroad.com /russian_history_321.html (1598 words)

	[No title]
		The Russian Government was aiming for 5-7 percent inflation in 1998, but the eruption of financial crisis and related developments on and after August 17, 1998 (ruble devaluation, etc.) resulted in a dramatic climb in monthly inflation.
		Russian estimates of the country’s budget deficit, however, tend to be at least a few percentage points lower than international estimates.
		A challenge in determining Russian unemployment is that many of Russia's underemployed have kept their official jobs but have worked reduced hours or have stayed on unpaid leave in order to receive social benefits and also to establish a cover for tax purposes, that is, to conceal income made in the informal sector.
	www.russiancouncil.org /reports/russianov.htm (4283 words)

	US Victory Reveals Russian Military's Weakness
		The Russian military has seen a steady decline since the 1991 Soviet collapse, lacking funds to modernize their Soviet-built weapons, hold exercises and even properly feed and dress servicemen.
		All Russian men aged 18-27 are required to serve two years in the military, but 90 percent avoid the draft.
		The Russian military has sought to retain its giant Cold War arsenals - even though the lack of fuel and spares has stranded aircraft on the ground and left most navy ships rusting berthside for years.
	www.rense.com /general37/vic.htm (762 words)

	Table of Ranks - Definition, explanation
		The Table of Ranks determined a person's position and status according to service to the emperor (tsar) rather than to birth or seniority.
		The origins of the Table lie in Russian military ranks, which were extensively modified by Peter the Great with addition of many distinct ranks and specialities.
		The Table of Ranks was in force until the Russian Revolution.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/t/ta/table_of_ranks.php (376 words)

	PINR - Proposed Russian Military Deployment in Iraq Fraught with Consequences
		To the Russian military, which has been based for decades on the offensive-defensive Cold War-style warfare, this type of deployment is a new and untested territory.
		Even as Russian forces brought overwhelming military superiority to bear on the rebels, no clear end is in sight for this war that is straining Russia's patience and is a constant source of embarrassment for the government.
		The proposed military deployment is truly an untested territory for the Russian armed forces that are currently taxed to the limit by lack of funds and necessary reforms, as well as by the war in Chechnya.
	www.pinr.com /report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=202&language_id=1 (2289 words)

	frontline: russian roulette: interviews: general william odom (ret.)
		Military officers from different countries, when they meet each other, tend to sort of fall in love, become mutual admiration societies, at the expense of realities.
		I think one who knows the climate very well inside the milieu in the Russian military ranks could be very cautious about believing that these generals can deliver on that.
		I've decided that the political context is such that the only way reform will finally come about in the Russian military is that the deterioration goes beyond the point to which these old generals can stand up there and resist it.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/russia/interviews/odom.html (2493 words)

	Military Vehicles For Sale
		Advances in the use of military vehicles have revolutionized the way the modern military fights wars, but military vehicles are still evolving in both technology and tactics.
		The longtime Marine tank officer and noted military historian offers an insider's view of the Corps's acquisition and use of armored fighting vehicles over the course of several generations, a view that illustrates the characteristics of the Corps as a military institution and of the men who have guided its development.
		Geared toward the serious military scale modeler, each detail photograph is captioned with detailed descriptions, covering such details as differences between variants, interior details, exterior details, power plant, armament, ammunition, maintenance, stowage, service, etc. This volume set the standard for comprehensive detailed coverage that would become legendary in the military scale modeling world.
	www.fortliberty.org /military-vehicles/military-vehicles.shtml (2607 words)

	Газета.Ru - Russian 'spies' heading to Strasbourg
		The problem is that the military courts are in fact courts of dual subordination, the journalist explained on Thursday.
		At the same time, the military judges are military servicemen by status and hold military ranks.
		All military judges report to the chairman of the Supreme Court, therefore in his work the judge is guided solely by the law.
	www.gazeta.ru /2003/02/07/Russianspies.shtml (760 words)

	Russian Military Personnel Abuse: Russian military court imposes prison term, awards financial compensation over brutal ...
		The Russian Defense Ministry appears to be resisting calls by Russian President Vladimir Putin to create checks and balances in the form of special military police units to crack down on military hazing and other misconduct.
		In the military context respect for rule of law, and related values of honor and duty, go hand-in-hand with military discipline, respect for the command structure, and military effectiveness.
		Instilling respect for rule of law and human rights in the Russian military, and adopting stringent measures for transparency and accountability, are important areas of potential progress to demonstrate that Russia has the capacity and will to be a reliable security partner and global security leader.
	www.cdi.org /program/document.cfm?DocumentID=3436&from_page=../index.cfm (689 words)

	Hazing Harming Russian Military's Reputation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Hazing, so-called "rule by elders" (dedovshina), is a long-standing problem in Russia that only recently grabbed attention again, with the publication of a recent case at the Chelyabinsk academy in the Urals, in which a young conscript had to have his genitals and both legs amputated after severe beatings by more-senior soldiers.
		Each year, scores of young Russian soldiers are killed at their hands of their colleagues, while hundreds of others commit suicide or seriously maim themselves, to escape the hell of hazing.
		Independent military analyst Pavel Felgenhauer tells VOA that the lack of a professional recruitment system to ensure good officers is only helping to fuel the violence, which he says is really being used as a way to maintain discipline.
	www.voanews.com /english/2006-02-13-voa52.cfm (1053 words)

	Officer ranks under Peter the Great’s “Table of Ranks” of 1722
		The Russian official rank system was based on Peter the Great’s decree of 4 February 1722 that provided a system for equivalencies of ranks among the army branches and the civilian service.
		The Table of Ranks was particularly beneficial for the non-nobles because it allowed sons of secretaries and scribes to achieve promotions through the ranks.
		The Table of Ranks was abolished by the decrees of 23 November and 29 December 1917 by the Bolshevik government.
	www.napoleon-series.org /military/organization/c_russianranks.html (625 words)

	Military.com Resources
		Military Parade - Monthly publication on the Russian military is available in Russian and English.
		Military Equipment of the Former USSR & Russia - Reference guide provides descriptions and photos of armored vehicles, small arms and engineer equipment.
		Russian Navy - Bellona - Examines the catastrophic effect that the Russian Navy has had on the marine environment.
	www.military.com /Resources/ResourceSubmittedFileView?file=fsl_europe.htm (3477 words)

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