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Topic: Russian oligarchs

	Russian Oligarchs: A Quantitative Assessment
		Russian industrial tycoons, or “oligarchs”, are the quintessence of Russia’s transition to capitalism.
		On the one hand, oligarchs are the only feasible counterweight to the predatory and corrupt Russian bureaucracy; and they are a unique constituency that is both willing and able to lobby for the development of market institutions.
		Similarly, oligarchs’ firms are on average more productive, but if we compare productivity levels of firms controlled by oligarchs and by other private owners within the same industries, the difference in productivity turns out to be insignificant.
	www.worldbank.org /html/prddr/trans/december_2004/pgs4-5.htm (1276 words)

	Business oligarch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Russian oligarchs were well connected entrepreneurs who started from nearly nothing and got rich through participation in the market via connections to the current highly corrupt regime at the time during the transition to capitalism.
		Although the majority of oligarchs were not formally related with the communist party of the Soviet Union, there are allegations that they were promoted (at least initially) by the communist apparatchiks, with strong connections to power structures to the bolshevik regime and access to the monetary funds of the communist party.
		The 1998 Russian financial crisis hit some of the oligarchs hard, however, and those whose holdings were based on banking lost much of their fortunes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russian_oligarchs (874 words)

	Politics and oligarchs in Russia - Turkish Daily News Nov 03, 2003
		Oligarchs, who played key roles in appointing the (prime) ministers and were able to speak authoritatively about many subjects like the Chechen War and domestic and foreign security problems (2), started to search for a successor as the end of the Yeltsin-term approached.
		A statement made by Putin regarding the oligarchs prior to the elections, as "those who have shifted the influence of capital against power" to "abandon acting like a class" was responded to quickly by the greatest oligarch of the period, Boris Abramovich Berezovsky, who was extremely sure of his power in the Kremlin.
		The two greatest oligarchs, Berezovsky and Gusinsky, both of Jewish origin, had to flee abroad when, through the efforts of the Russian attorney general, most of their assets were confiscated and they came face-to-face with the possibility of being imprisoned.
	www.turkishdailynews.com.tr /archives.php?id=34165 (3291 words)

	Russian Oligarchs, Taming: Debatabase - Debate Topics and Debate Motions
		The Russian government has portrayed efforts against the oligarchs as restoring law and order, whereas the oligarchâs supporters think that substantive power in the hands of private individuals or civil society is unacceptable to the authoritarian Russian government.
		Russiaâs oligarchs should be punished for the questionable sources of their wealth to serve as an example to the rest of Russian society.
		Oligarchs, acting as powers independent of state control, are crucial to the development of civil society and freedom in Russia.
	www.idebate.org /debatabase/topic_details.php?topicID=292 (1469 words)

	Asia Times
		The oligarchs, they claimed with all the excitement of a cub reporter hoping for a Pulitzer prize, were a brand-new Russian phenomenon.
		Russian insiders can't answer with more confidence than foreign outsiders, because the game is far from being played out.
		But since it was, and remains, the oligarchs and their political placemen who continue to run the Finance Ministry, it is just as likely they will continue deciding whose deaths are most efficacious for cutting down on expenses.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Central_Asia/EC22Ag01.html (1586 words)

	www.mineweb.net \| sections \| what's new Russian oligarchs versus the media (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The greatest disadvantage that a certified Russian oligarch has in the libel courts of the United States is that he is a public person, not a private figure.
		For oligarchs who have spent small fortunes at American public relations companies to promote themselves in the US as internationally respected public figures, it is difficult for them to turn around and confide to a US judge that they are nothing but humble individuals unseeking of fame, and undeserving of notoriety.
		While the contract documents show that the oligarch agreed to pay a large sum of money for the job, the cost of his bankers’ suspicion that he might be a bad man to lend money to was substantially greater, as the detective agency pointed out in the correspondence.
	www.mineweb.net /sections/whats_new/398758.htm (1088 words)

	Putin and the Oligarchs - Council on Foreign Relations
		An oligarch's success, in other words, almost always depended on his connections to the government officials in charge of privatizing the country's rich energy and mineral deposits, as well as on his ability to outmaneuver or intimidate rivals.
		In July of that year, Putin told the oligarchs that he would not interfere with their businesses or renationalize state resources as long as they stayed out of politics-that is, as long as they did not challenge or criticize the president.
		And as the 2003 election results demonstrated, the oligarchic seizure of Russia's resources triggered support for the neo-nationalists-whose agenda is not all that different from that of the communists, at least not when it comes to the state's regaining control of mineral resources.
	www.cfr.org /publication/8018/putin_and_the_oligarchs.html (4233 words)

	The Oligarchs
		In the 1996 elections, about to be proved wrong, the oligarchs briefly forgot their in-fighting and managed to convert an approval rating of under 4% for Yeltsin into a decisive victory over the Communists.
		And yet it was the oligarchs who brought Putin to power, and the system that reigns in the country today is the legacy of what they created in collusion with their patron saint, Boris Yeltsin.
		Khodorkovsky is the sole remaining oligarch, the richest man in Russia, at the age of 38.
	www.theoligarchs.com (6540 words)

	Pravda.RU:Russian Oligarchs Panic Over Oil
		Russian oligarchs complained of that to Russian Vice Prime Minister Viktor Khristenko.
		Russian oil oligarchs perceived that statement as a display of lobby on the part of state structures.
		Russian media outlets supposed that the 'financial crisis' happened due to the intrigues of some larger gamblers.
	newsfromrussia.com /main/2002/11/21/39793_.html (917 words)

	Russian Oligarchs
		Russian democracy was founded in 1992 after the fall of the Soviet Union.
		On the other hand the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs has met to try to create an “Oligarchs Code” to help reign in the illegal business practices and lack of ethics by the oligarchs.
		The Russian government should also be investigated and those with connections to known criminals should be ousted from office and possibly persecuted.
	members.aol.com /snake31182/myhomepage/profile.html (392 words)

	Russian oligarchs need to be recognized, IRED
		Russian oligarchs didn't invent any new technology, they didn't build new industries, but they just took over the existing industries and technologies and made profit from their exploitation.
		Russian oligarchs and their branches in the West strictly pay taxes and abide laws, desperately in need of a good word in the media about their economic activity.
		Russian oligarchs don't want to wait until their children are accepted in the western high society circles.
	www.ired.com /news/mkt/oligarchs.htm (1191 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Prosecutors warn Russian oligarchs
		Since Khodorkovsky's arrest in October 2003, the Russian business elite has speculated as to the next target of the siloviki - the Kremlin hardliners from the security services who were behind the attack on Khodorkovsky and Yukos.
		Anatoly Chubais, the head of electricity monopoly UES and the architect of liberal economic reforms in Russia in the 1990s, was last month hauled into the prosecutor's office to explain a power cut that brought Moscow to a standstill on May 25.
		But he added the "more worrying" signal it sent was that hardliners in the Putin cabinet were split between those wanting to reinvigorate Russian industry through state investment, and those "with dollar signs in their eyes" who wanted to benefit personally.
	www.guardian.co.uk /russia/article/0,2763,1500880,00.html (612 words)

	World Bank Accuses Russian Oligarchs of Inefficiency - SPECIAL REPORT - MOSNEWS.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The World Bank study shows that the oligarchs have disproportionately captured investment flows and some of them remain powerful lobbyists, although their influence is nothing compared to what it was in the 1990s.
		However, there is no evidence that oligarchs outperform the rest of the economy, and the report concludes that they are less efficient managers of assets than smaller, more dynamic private owners.
		But let us not forget that these same oligarchs have been the main engine of economic growth over the past few years; that they have restructured large parts of the Russian industry and built effective management systems, and that they have paid taxes and started to fill the state coffers.
	www.mosnews.com /money/2004/04/07/wboligarchs.shtml (775 words)

	Russian 'Oligarchs' Are Under Attack
		Few, however, thought that Putin was prepared to go after the oligarchs in a serious way, and certainly not the prestigious Khodorkovsky, the richest man in Russia, with his high-level ties to political and financial circles in Britain and the United States.
		While the Russian government was lured by promises of untold billions of dollars, on the U.S. side this idea was used to support the argument by Vice President Richard Cheney and the other warhawks, that the United States would suffer no great penalty in antagonizing and destabilizing Saudi Arabia and other former Arab partners.
		From all of this it is clear that the attack on Khodorkovsky by the Russian authorities, and Putin's conspicuous refusal to intervene on his behalf, have profound strategic implications, and cannot be dismissed as mere political show.
	www.larouchepub.com /other/2003/3032russ_oligarchs.html (1509 words)

	BBC News \| BUSINESS \| Russia's new oligarchs
		Head of NTV and the Most group, Vladimir Gusinsky is the only oligarch who is now throwing down a direct political challenge to President Putin in the form of criticism of Moscow's policy in Chechnya.
		Roman Abramovich is one of the new Russian oligarchs, and a close associate of Boris Berezovsky.
		Unlike other oligarchs, he did not hold a position in government himself, but his partner Pyotr Aven was trade minister in the 1992 government of Yegor Gaidor.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/business/692297.stm (1388 words)

	Russian Oligarchs Flee To Safety In Israel Yukos Oil Fugitives Find Safe Haven In The Promised Land
		For the Russian government, they are allegedly dangerous criminals who have made off with billions in unpaid taxes and are wanted on charges that range from embezzlement to murder.
		Two of Israel's normally publicity-shy Russian "oligarchs" this week surfaced to announce their first investment in Israel since they sought refuge there 18 months ago in the wake of the debacle over Yukos, the Russian oil company.
		Although the Russian tycoons have maintained a low profile since moving to Israel, they have not managed to escape controversy.
	www.rense.com /general63/oky.htm (582 words)

	Russian oligarchs flock to Britain with billions to spend and a Independent, The (London) - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		There are an estimated 300,000 Russians living in Britain, and while they may not all have the pounds 7bn spending power of Mr Abramovich, a substantial proportion still have a lot of cash to flash.
		Such is the influence of the oligarchs that this week the jewellery designer Theo Fennell attributed a rise in profits to its burgeoning Russian client base.
		Richard Gray, marketing manager, said: 'The Russians are to this decade what the Japanese were to the Nineties and the Arabs were to the Eighties.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20051017/ai_n15710613 (928 words)

	The Russian Oligarchs of the 1990's: Boris Berezovsky, Mikhail Friedman, Vladimir Gusinsky, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, ...
		He was appointed as an economic adviser to the prime minister of the Russian Federation in 1990, in the days before the collapse of the Soviet Union.
		The Russian Government was extremely short of funds at the time and welcomed the plan.
		By the time of the financial debacle of Russian in August of 1998 Inkombank had become the second largest private bank in Russia in terms of private deposits and third largest in terms of assets.
	www2.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/oligarchs.htm (3920 words)

	Pravda.RU Russian Oligarchs Panic Over Oil
		Russian media outlets report that the authority of the ministry is going down in the army very fast.
		Russian military men were hoping that Sergey Ivanov would be able to change the hard condition of the Russian Armed Forces More details...
		During the conference, representatives of the Russian government, the State Duma, the Federation Council, authorities of the Russian regions where projects in the network of the agreement on production division are realized, and Russian and foreign businessmen discussed methods of improving the legislative basis so that it is convenient for all parties.
	newsfromrussia.com /main/2002/11/21/39793.html (3376 words)

	Russian Jewish Oligarchs Under Siege
		According to the Russian press, Nevzlin took control of Khodorkovsky's stake in Bank Menatep under a shareholder agreement foreseeing a transfer of ownership if Yukos were stripped of substantial assets.
		Economists say that if the fall of Yukos was an anomaly, then the Russian economy need not be overly concerned, but if it is part of a grander political plan, then trouble lies ahead.
		He was also very active in Russian education, and was rector of the Russian State University for Humanities in Moscow.
	www.rense.com /general68/rise.htm (1225 words)

	Russian Oligarchs To Be Liquidated - Pravda.Ru
		According to the Russian law, the ministry has a right to withdraw natural wealth development licences from any company, if licensing terms are violated.
		Indeed, Russian media have been paying a lot of attention to "barbaric extraction methods" that both domestic and foreign companies use chasing lower costs and higher profits.
		One may not doubt that Russian oligarchs will never be as powerful and influential as they were before.
	english.pravda.ru /main/18/89/355/11222_oligarchs.html (1455 words)

	ANTI-SEMITISM AND THE RUSSIAN OLIGARCHS - Eurasia Daily Monitor
		The rise of the oligarchs caused some anxiety in the Jewish community, because their public visibility might trigger popular resentment, causing all the ills of the capitalist transition to be heaped on the heads of the Jews.
		The political neutralization of the oligarchs, together with the economic and political stabilization ushered in by Putin, should pre-empt moves by radical nationalists to use popular antipathy towards the oligarchs as the basis for an anti-Semitic campaign.
		Figures such as Berel Lazar, chief rabbi for the Federation of Russian Jews, and Yevgeny Satanovsky, president of the Russian Jewish Congress, have defended Putin's handling of the situation (though it should be noted that in contemporary Russia it is unwise for anyone to criticize the president).
	www.jamestown.org /edm/article.php?article_id=2369187 (1023 words)

	ThothWeb - Russian Oligarchs want immortality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Its members are the cream of the country's financial elite and, not surprisingly, they would like to prolong the benefits of the post-communism era into eternity.
		Russian society, a third of which lives below the poverty line, is divided on the need for immortal oligarchs.
		The patients of the Russian Dr. Faust have a somewhat primitive notion of immortality.
	www.thothweb.com /article178.html (1285 words)

	The Russian oligarchs are coming ... but how did they make their Independent, The (London) - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The oligarchs have largely shed their thuggish image and started to run their businesses in a much more westernised way.
		A Russian think tank, the Council for National Strategy, has warned that the country is "on the verge of a creeping oligarchic coup".
		The oligarchs made their fortunes in the mid-1990s under President Boris Yeltsin through a series of highly controversial privatisation deals in which the Russian state sold off its prize assets to favoured businessmen on the cheap.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_200307/ai_n12705280 (923 words)

	FRONTLINE/WORLD . Moscow - Rich in Russia . How to Make a Billion Dollars - The Oligarchs \| PBS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		For the majority of Russians, the transition to a market system was painful, chaotic and anything but democratic.
		In just a few short years, Russia's crown jewels became the private possessions of a small group of men who have come to be known as the Russian oligarchs.
		Some were factory managers who during Russia's transition forced their employees to sell them their shares in the once-state-owned enterprises; others were senior government officials while yet others were underground businessmen on the margins of society.
	www.pbs.org /frontlineworld/stories/moscow/billionaires.html (384 words)

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