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Topic: Russian orthography

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Reforms of Russian orthography

Russian phonetics

Russian language

Russian grammar

Russian alphabet

Lists of English words of international origin

Ligature (typography)

Yat

Russian proverbs

Cyrillic alphabet

Writing

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Transliteration of Russian into English

List of English words of Russian origin

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	Reforms of Russian orthography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With the strength of the historic tradition diminishing, Russian spelling in the eighteenth century became rather inconsistent, both in practice and in theory, as Lomonosov advocated a morphological orthography, and Trediakovsky, a phonetical one.
		Orthography thus became an issue of politics, and the letter yat, a primary symbol.
		An urban legend holds that the yat was dropped because it somewhat resembles a church with belltower or spire, or an orb and cross (globus cruciger), signifying the tsar's role as defender of the Orthodox Christian faith.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography (1469 words)

	Russian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Russian belongs to the group of Indo-European languages and is therefore related to Sanskrit Greek Latin as well as the modern Germanic Romance and Celtic languages including English French and Gaelic.
		Russian is the official language of Russia and an official language of Belarus Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
		Modern Russian is considered to have begun in the century with the autobiography of Avvakum and a corpus of chronique scandaleuse short stories from Moscow.
	www.freeglossary.com /Russian_language (5333 words)

	Russian_language information. LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		Russian is also spoken in Israel by at least 750,000 ethnic Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union (1999 census).
		Russian is the official language of Russia, and an official language of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the unrecognized Transnistria, South Ossetia and Abkhazia.
		Russenorsk is an extinct pidgin language with mostly Russian vocabulary and mostly Norwegian grammar, used for communication between Russians and Norwegian traders in the Pomor trade in Finnmark and the Kola Peninsula.
	www.school-explorer.com /Russian (3427 words)

	Russian Information Center - russian girls
		Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages, and is therefore related to Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, as well as the modern Germanic, Romance, russian erected boys and Celtic languages, including English, French, and Irish, respectively.
		Russian russian ladies is a Slavic language in the Indo-European family.
		Russian is the official language of Russia, and an official language of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine) and unrecognized Moldavian Republic of Transdniestria.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_P_-_S/Russian.html (2816 words)

	OHCHR: Russian Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Russian was the lingua franca of the Russian Empire and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); it is still used as a second language in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union.
		The Russian language uses the Cyrillic alphabet, which originated from the first translation of the Christian Bible into a Slavic language (Paleoslav, or ancient Bulgarian, spoken in what is modern Macedonia, from which all Slavic languages descended), by Saint Methodius and Saint Cyril of Constantinople, in the 9th century.
		In Russian grammar verbs generally have two aspects, each represented by a separate infinitive: the "imperfective" to indicate a continuing action, and the "perfective" to indicate an action already completed or to be completed.
	www.rider.edu /~model_un/UDHR/russian/UDHR2rus.htm (235 words)

	ipedia.com: Russian language Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Russian is primarily spoken in Russia and the other countries that were once constituent republics of the USSR.
		Modern Russian literature is considered to have begun in the seventeenth century, with the autobiography of Avvakum and a corpus of chronique scandaleuse short stories from Moscow.
		Modern Russian is sometimes said to begin with Pushkin, in the sense that the old "high style" Church Slavonic and vernacular Russian are so closely fused that it is difficult to identify whether any given word or phrase stems from the one or the other.
	www.ipedia.com /russian_language.html (6343 words)

	Simplified Spelling Society : Slavonic language spelling. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In general, Russian is not affected at all by case 3, it has one instance, <щ>, of case 4, and it is affected by case 1 only in a positional sense.
		Russian opts for the second, the morphemic principle, but also betrays some allegiance to the phonemic approach; it does, admittedly, have some asymmetries of a historical and traditional kind, but they do not burden the system as whole to any great extent.
		Russian has its own history of spelling reforms, the most illustrious being immediately after the October Revolution, when the hard sign was removed from the alphabet, along with a number of other letters.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j8/slavonic.php (4630 words)

	S.D. Nevejina. "Some problems of the russian spelling"
		Orthography is known to be: 1) the historically established system of uniform spellings used in a written language; 2) the rules providing for spelling uniformity in the cases variants are possible.
		It allows us to conclude that the orthography of the foreign words from the "Kuranty" demonstrates the general tendency which is peculiar to the spelling of the XVII century on the whole.
		Having considered the orthography of foreign words given in the business written language monument of the XVII century from the point of view of their correlation with the Russian orthographical system of that time I would like to remark the spelling of the borrowings from "Vesty-Kuranty.
	www.omsu.omskreg.ru /vestnik/articles/y1999-i1/a084/article.html (2296 words)

	Resources for Russian Linguistics
		Compiled by the famous Russian linguist I. Sreznevskii, this dictionary is an important resource for the study of the history of Russian.
		Russian, Ukrainian and Belorussian linguists from the 16th through the 20th centuries are the subject of this biographical dictionary.
		This portal on the Russian language is sponsored by the Russian Press Ministry and the Obshchestvo liubitelei rossiiskoi slovesnosti and includes a number of members of the Russian Academy of Sciences as its editors.
	www.library.uiuc.edu /spx/class/SubjectResources/SubSourRus/lingru.htm (6569 words)

	Kira Gor, University of Maryland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It demonstrated that absence of reduction of the unstressed orthographic "o" and "e" in the pronunciation of American learners of Russian both in reading and spontaneous speech is spelling induced, and depends on the phonetic position and phonetic context.
		Similarly, the orthographic "e" in ochen', a high-frequency stem, was the least of all the stems to be influenced by the spelling.
		Thus, Russian orthography and inflectional morphology influence the pattern of vowel reduction as features of the input to the formal learner.Vowel reduction in native speakers is part of backgrounding processes (Dressler, Moosmuller 1991) that reflect the universal tendency to economy of effort and lead to a decrease in the redundancy of the message.
	aatseel.org /program/aatseel/1998/abstracts/Kira_Gor.html (589 words)

	Basic Spelling Rules of Russian
		Russian kids learn them by the end of first grade; if you are past this stage, you should pick them up with no difficulty.
		Russian has a system of 'soft' or 'palatalized' consonants which parallels that of the regular consonants.
		You must remember that, after applying all the other rules of Russian, especially when adding noun, verb, and adjectives endings, you must be sure to convert any 'hard consonant' vowel to its 'soft' alternate, if the suffix begins with a vowel and is added to a stem ending on a consonant.
	www.alphadictionary.com /rusgrammar/spelling.html (650 words)

	Introduction
		This paper looks at the lexis (vocabulary) of Russian and English and finds that there is enough similarity between the two languages that Russian-speaking students would find it useful for learning English if these connections were brought to their attention.
		An adult Russian ESL student generally perceives that there is a great distance from Russian to English, but a realization of how many words there are in common between current Russian and English can offer a learner a "bridge" to the new language.
		Russians are taught in their schools that their language has a large number of internationalisms, but there is an even larger "bridge" between Russian and English than many learners realize.
	eleaston.com /rel/rel1.html (1994 words)

	Ems Ukase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A secret decree issued on 30 May 1876 by the Russian tsar
		It represented a continuation of the repressive anti-Ukrainian policy introduced by the circular of the Russian minister of internal affairs,
		Ukase was never examined by the State Council or the Council of Ministers, nor was it ever formally revoked, despite pressure from Ukrainian and progressive Russian circles.
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/E/M/EmsUkase.htm (249 words)

	Perspectives on Computer Programming for the Humanities
		The pronunciation of Russian vowels depends on their position with respect to stress; an identical vowel letter in stressed, pretonic, and other positions may be pronounced variously.
		Because rules of Russian pronunciation and rhyme vary with both time and individual, we adopted a compromise definition of rhyme based on modern standard pronunciation.[3] A later extension of the program might allow the user to specify different rules for conversion from orthography to pronunciation.
		Russian vowel reduction is sometimes conditioned by morphological information that cannot be inferred from an electronic text without the aid of either morphological tagging or lexical parsing and lookup.
	www.pitt.edu /~djbpitt/rhyme/ach.html (4868 words)

	languagehat.com: ORTHOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLES.
		He responded with three long and closely reasoned analyses of the Russian writing system, based not on the simplistic "write as you pronounce" principle but on the phonemic principle, which in this case forced him, precisely, to write the word as he pronounced it.
		What struck me is how hopeless it would be to reproduce the argument in English, where writing is so far from pronunciation (though not as far as many think) that to introduce even the minor correctives he argues for would be to risk letting the sea wash away the dikes and flood the land.
		Russian is, as it were, above sea level; it can afford to get a little wet.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/000502.php (226 words)

	JRL Research & Analytical Supplement - POLITICS: Developments in radical nationalism ~ ECONOMY: Oil and growth ~ Oil ...
		In a 1924 article, the church historian A. Kartashev wrote that Russian religiosity saw in Christianity a revelation of the coming replacement of this sinful, unclean world by a holy yet earthly and material "city-cathedral" (2) of divine grace and light.
		One of them was the Greek theta (Russian doesn't have the sound "th"), turning "orthografiya" (orthography) into "orfografiya." Use of the hard sign was abolished at the end of words, but retained in the middle of words where required to indicate that a consonant is hard not soft.
		The author discusses two main developments in Russian orthography in the post-Soviet period: a limited revival of elements abolished in the reform of 1917 and the infiltration into Russian usage of letters from the Latin alphabet.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/2006-59.cfm (7624 words)

	Russian and Eurasian Security - RES Research
		The Russian Analytical Digest is a monthly email publication which is jointly produced by the Research Centre for East European Studies (University of Bremen) and the Center for Security Studies (ETH Zurich).
		This issue of the Russian Analytical Digest discusses Russia's chairmanship of the Council of Europe (CoE) during 2006.
		The content of the journal is provided by a wide range of Russian and foreign officials, experts and journalists.
	www.res.ethz.ch /analysis/index.cfm (400 words)

	International Education Centre
		Besides, special attention is paid on the Russian phonological system that helps students to understand many phonetic, graphical and grammatical phenomena (for example, the system of opposition of hard and soft consonants helps to learn the Russian orthography and to understand parallel endings of nouns and adjectives like: -ам/-ям; -ых/-их; and others).
		The state system of testing of Russian as a foreign language is totally coordinated with the main European national systems of testing united into the Association of linguistic testers of Europe.
		Is held according to the Federal law of May 31, 2002 #62-FL `On the citizenship of the Russian Federation`, to the Statute on order of considering the issues of citizenship of the Russian Federation, confirmed by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 14, 2002 #1325.
	v4.udsu.ru /english/education_center (1019 words)

	Russian Language
		Russian Dialects: Three main dialects: the Nordic group (from Saint Petersburg to Siberia), the Southern group (most of Central and Southern Russia) and the central group (the area between the two groups above).
		Russian Orthography: Old Church Slavonic has stayed as written language in Russia until mid 18th century.
		Russian language is included in the Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (SAMPA) which is a computer-readable phonetic script using 7-bit printable ASCII characters based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
	www.online-languagetranslators.com /russian_language.htm (223 words)

	Kira Ogorodnikova (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This experimental study of the acquisition of Russian vowel reduction by American adult learners examines the influence of Russian orthography on the reduction pattern.
		In addition to L2 orthography, the pattern of non-target reduction in IL was influenced by L1 transfer of the reduction rules, the rates of the neutral schwa being in complementary distribution to the spelling induced productions.
		For phonographic languages with no one-to-one relation between the letter and the sound the L2 orthography should be added to the list of factors shaping IL phonology, along with L1 transfer and the universal constraints.
	aatseel.org /dissertations/langteach/ogorodnikovak.html (321 words)

	RUS Russian Courses
		General improvement in the student’s language skills through aural/oral training in Russian phonology and an analysis of Russian orthography.
		Development of Russian poetry from its beginnings to the present, including both native and émigré poets.
		Interplay of artistic, social, and political forces in the development of Russian culture from the Kievan period to the present.
	www.asu.edu /aad/catalogs/spring_2000/rus.html (477 words)

	Speak Russian! Learn Russian! Russian as a foreign language. \| For Beginners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Here you can follow the short history of the Russian language having started around 500 AD, when Slav tribes migrated toward the west to the river Elbe and to the south and into Balkan up to the present day when Russian has become the dominate language in Russia.
		Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters divided into 11 vowels, 20 consonants and 2 letters which do not designate any sounds.
		Here Russian pronunciation guide and basic facts about Russian language where all aspects of Russian pronunciation to be considered.
	speakrussian.report.ru /_5FolderID_220_.html (315 words)

	[No title]
		Because many samples in CHILDES use common orthography, the data was selected from Russian where the correspondence between the written and spoken form is much more regular than in English.
		In addition, Russian orthography does not reflect final devoicing, eliminating this potentially important cue from the analysis.
		Modeling starts with determining which single letters are strongly associated with the utterance boundary and which strongly avoid it based on the proportion of occurrences of each letter at the boundary out of all occurrences in the corpus.
	www.indiana.edu /~sls2006/Abstracts/MuzinichSLS.doc (397 words)

	Russian Documents from Steinberg, Voices of Revolution, 1917
		Instruction (nakaz) to the delegates to the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets from the Congress of Soldiers' Representatives, 6th Army Corps, 18 October 1917.
		Letter to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets from the peasant Ivan Pastukhov, Vologda Province, received 7 July 1917.
		Instruction from the soldiers' committee of the 22nd Infantry Division at the front to their delegate to the All-Russian Congress of Peasant Deputies, 2 January 1918.
	www.yale.edu /annals/Steinberg/Steinberg_title_page.htm (2730 words)

	Paul Goldschmidt's Dictionary of Russian Names - Grammar
		In modern Russian, names consist of a GIVEN NAME (imia), a PATRONYMIC (otchestvo), and a SURNAME (familiia), but as Tumanova notes quite well: "Russian naming conventions for early period are first name (baptismal name, usually that of a Biblical saint), followed by the everyday or common first name, patronymic, and rarely a surname.
		Russian naming conventions for mid to late period are first name, patronymic, and surname" (1989: 4).
		Russian names, as should be apparent, underwent a large number of transformations.
	www.sca.org /heraldry/paul/zgrammar.html (5347 words)

	RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY
		The commission has already started distributing 10,000 copies of booklets explaining the new rules, and a special publication of the new orthography is now being prepared for schools and higher educational institutions.
		The new rules contain provisions for writing words adopted from foreign languages -- including Russian -- as they are actually pronounced, instead of retaining the spelling of the lending language.
		During the Soviet period, speakers of the Kyrgyz language spelled borrowed Russian words in accordance with the rules of Russian orthography, but other foreign words according to Kyrgyz orthographic rules.
	www.rferl.org /features/2003/01/08012003164715.asp (1027 words)

	languagehat.com: Comment on THE LANGUAGE OF PUTIN.
		Most of the time, though, Putin speaks a boringly pale, proper, correct variety of official Russian, replete with subordinate clauses (something most of his predecessors were unable of).
		Okay, the elementary textbooks on Russian all say that the sound represented by ш is always hard.
		the older generation of scholars assumed that in Early russian we have a dialectal difference, where -sh' is the original Russian ending, while -shi appears in MSS due to Church Slavic influence.
	www.languagehat.com /mt/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=1345 (1044 words)

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