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	Overview of Russian Philosophy
		Russian philosophy elaborated, with attention to the smallest details, the utopian project of Marxist thought, systematized it as "dialectical and historical materialism," and convincingly demonstrated both the advantages and perils of its practical applications.
		Russian philosophy laid a foundation for the criticism of rationalism, objectification, and "essentialism" - the metaphysics of general laws which was indifferent to individuality.
		Two opposing tendencies are peculiar to Russian philosophy: one asserts the primacy of generalization and unification as tools for religious and historical transformation of reality and leads to ideocracy and totalitarianism; another defends the unsurpassable value of individuality and reveals the relativity and futility of all general ideological constructs.
	www.emory.edu /INTELNET/rus_thought_overview.html (2291 words)

	"Symposion" and Russian Filosofia
		Russian philosophy spilled vast rivers of ink and blood "pro" and "contra" those crucial sections of Plato's "Laws" and "The Republic" in which the nature of the ideal state, which is to be based on a philosophical idea and constructed in its name, is discussed.
		Philosophy, in this tradition, is not an exact science, not a form of general knowledge; it is neither a study of the possibilities and limits of knowledge, nor of the semantics of this or that concept or term...
		This is perhaps philosophy's greatest mystery, and it is at the center of Russian thought, which aspires to the personification of "Sophia," conceiving of wisdom as a person in order more fully to reveal the "loving," "seductive" foundation of philosophy, its potential and even necessity of becoming an activity of loving understanding and action.
	www.emory.edu /INTELNET/sympo_sympo_filosofia.html (1439 words)

	Russian philosophy : Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online
		Russian thought remained dominated by the Greek patristic tradition until the eighteenth century, when the Kievan thinker Skovoroda (sometimes described as Russia’s first philosopher) developed a religious vision based on a synthesis of ancient and patristic thought.
		They thereby laid the foundations of a distinctively Russian tradition of cultural and religious messianism which includes Dostoevskii’s political writings, the Pan-Slavist and Eurasian movements (see Dostoevskii, F.M. Pan-Slavism and Eurasian movement), and the apocalyptic vision of Berdiaev, whose philosophy was highly popular among the Soviet underground.
		The most original and subversive Russian thinker, he was the first of a significant minority who directed the iconoclastic thrust of Russian philosophy against all forms, without exception, of messianic faith.
	www.rep.routledge.com /article/E042 (1316 words)

	20th WCP: Main Trends of Contemporary Russian Thought
		Cosmism is a philosophy of active evolutionism, presupposing the possibility and necessity for the human mind to regulate and transform the laws of nature.
		Russian philosophy, which during the 1950s-80s had resisted the stranglehold of Soviet ideocracy, may now be preparing the foundation for a new type of ideocracy, potentially based on the ideas of Cosmism, universal theocracy, radical traditionalism, Eurasianism or eschatological communism.
		Russian intellectual history is a history of thought that fights desperately to escape the prison of an ideocratic system created by the strenuous and sacrificial efforts of thought itself.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Cont/ContEpst.htm (5175 words)

	FICTION'S OVERCOAT
		Russian philosophy developed in the context of an ongoing conversation with literature, radical social writing, and theology.
		She steers away from the notion of literature as a mere replacement or reflection of philosophy; instead, she endeavors to show that Russian philosophy grew from the tissue of literature and preserved these birth marks all along, thus assuming an identity of its own, different from mainstream western philosophy but no less valuable for that.
		Russian philosophy has been considered impure because of the admixture in it of subjective, artistic elements, and Edith Clowes draws on the insights of postmodernist philosophy to defend effectively its seeming lack of rigor.
	www.cornellpress.cornell.edu /cup_detail.taf?ti_id=4084 (1058 words)

	Philosophy in the Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Following the 1917 October Revolution, Soviet philosophy divided itself between "dialecticians" (Deborin) and "mechanists" (Bukharin, who would detail Stalin's thesis upheld in 1924 concerning "socialism in one country"), was not a "mechanist," per se, but was seen as an ally of them.
		Russian formalism was an influential school of literary criticism from the 1910s to the 1930s, who revolutionised literary criticism by establishing the specificity and autonomy of poetic language and literature.
		Russian formalism was a diverse movement, producing no unified doctrine, and no consensus amongst its proponents on a central aim to their endeavours.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Soviet_Union (1225 words)

	SergeevHomePage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Modern Russian sophiology born in the 19th century Russia and developed in the 20th century in and outside its motherland represents a complex and multidimensional phenomenon.
		Russian sophiology, to be sure, especially in the domain of religious philosophy and art, had its deepest roots in the Christian cultural history.
		Thus, in all of its manifestations 20th century Russian sophiology was always preoccupied with the questions of the integration between the Divine and human principles and the existence of evil.
	www.uarts.edu /faculty/msergeev/webpage/berdiaev.htm (3960 words)

	Gustav Shpet [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Whereas the former sought to construct a presuppositionless philosophy, a "science" of consciousness and cognition, Shpet saw philosophy as ultimately a study of being, of which cognizing is but one form among many.
		The subject-matter of phenomenology, as Shpet conceived it, is the study of cognition, qua a mode of being.
		Noticeably, however, Shpet never mentions phenomenology as such; instead he uses the locution "philosophy as pure knowledge" and even "philosophy as knowledge." In a precise manner, Parmenides established the proper object of philosophy and showed the path along which philosophy is directed to solve the problem posed by that object.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/s/shpet.htm (2425 words)

	PostSoviet Russian Philosophy
		The growing concern of Russians with environmental issues is reflected in the theory of "messianic ecologism" advanced by one writer as a way of accommodating the corporatist and messianic tendencies in the Russian national character.
		In his survey of the Russian philosophical tradition, Evgenii Barabanov contends that its image of the West is the product of a "neurosis of distinctiveness", arising from the need to compensate for the lack of a sense of self-sufficiency in the present by dreams of future national grandeur.
		At an international conference on Russian philosophy held in Moscow in 1993, two of the foremost Western authorities on the subject, Andrzej Walicki and James Scanlan, spoke of the danger that new ideological biases could impede an objective reappraisal of the Russian philosophical tradition.
	www.csudh.edu /dearhabermas/philruss01.htm (1791 words)

	New Statesman - The good men of Russia. Philosophy in Russia is a moral calling, more likely to be pursued by ...
		Philosophy in Russia is a moral calling, more likely to be pursued by journalists and monks than university professors.
		Equally absent are the mathematical and logical preoccupations central to modern analytical philosophy.
		All Russian philosophy is explicitly or implicitly existential; it points back to the person of the philosopher, not forward to some abstract "system".
	www.newstatesman.com /200408160029 (1327 words)

	Russian Philosophy [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Others, particularly ethnic Russians, alarmed by what they took to be Masaryk's implicit denigration of their intellectual character have denied that Russian philosophy suffered from a veritable absence of epistemological inquiry.
		The teaching of philosophy at this time was not eliminated from the ecclesiastic academies, the separate institutions of higher education parallel to the secular universities for those from a clerical background.
		While a professor of philosophy at the Kiev Ecclesiastic Academy, Jurkevich in 1861 caught the attention of a well-connected publisher with a long essay in the obscure house organ of the Academy attacking Chernyshevsky's materialism and anthropologism, which at the time were all the rage among Russia's youth.
	www.iep.utm.edu /r/russian.htm (10378 words)

	The Russian Idea (Library of Russian Philosophy)
		Russians are accustomed to referring to Russia as the East, although, as one thinker said, "our spiritual, political, and cultural centers are not in the East.
		As Russia entered the modern age in the nineteenth century, many Russian intellectuals combined the study of Western philosophy with a return to their own traditions, culminating in the novels of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky and the religious philosophy of their famous contemporary, Vladimir Soloviev.
		Exploration of the central issues of modern Russian religious thought by studying the work of Soloviev and other religious philosophers who developed his ideas in the early twentieth century as Florensky, and S. Bulgakov, generally placed in the contexts of both Western philosophy and Eastern Orthodoxy, presents a substantially new perspective on Russian religious thought.
	www.xmlwriter.net /books/viewbook/The_Russian_Idea_(Library_of_Russian_Philosophy)-0940262495.html (1249 words)

	The Rand Transcript
		This dialectical orientation was central to the Russian Silver Age, the period of Rand's youth--from its neo-Idealists to its Nietzschean Symbolist poets to its Marxists.
		A representative of the conservative-monarchist tendency in Russian historiography, Platonov was a renowned professor at St. Petersburg from 1899.
		As I argue in Russian Radical, it is entirely possible that Rand studied progressive pedagogy closely; this early exposure to Dewey's educational theories may have left an impression, since she remained deeply critical of the progressive approach.
	www.nyu.edu /projects/sciabarra/essays/randt2.htm (9055 words)

	Philosophy Now
		Overall Hegel came to occupy in Russian philosophy the position of ‘rational’ figurehead and as such became the butt of ethical objections to a culture of reason.
		Russian mystical thought of the early twentieth century often seems to recall Heidegger, and I have suggested that Rilke, a great Russophile in philosophy, may have acted as a conduit.
		Since certain Russian attitudes were ‘postmodern’ a century or more before their Western time, Western philosophers may be interested in comparing the Russian product with how a world-political moral environment impacted on Continental philosophy cumulatively after two world wars, and with the waning of Marxism, to create Derrida’s poststructuralism.
	www.philosophynow.org /issue54/54chamberlain.htm (1746 words)

	FICTION'S OVERCOAT
		Russian philosophy developed in the context of an ongoing conversation with literature, radical social writing, and theology.
		She steers away from the notion of literature as a mere replacement or reflection of philosophy; instead, she endeavors to show that Russian philosophy grew from the tissue of literature and preserved these birth marks all along, thus assuming an identity of its own, different from mainstream western philosophy but no less valuable for that.
		Russian philosophy has been considered impure because of the admixture in it of subjective, artistic elements, and Edith Clowes draws on the insights of postmodernist philosophy to defend effectively its seeming lack of rigor.
	tnt.spidergraphics.com /cup8/cup_detail.taf?ti_id=4084 (1058 words)

	The School of Russian and Asian Studies: News: Gallery of Russian Thinkers - papers wanted
		Russian philosophy was very useful for his ideas, but he was not a Russian philosopher himself.
		The son of Russian émigrés, Wladimir Granoff was born in Strasbourg and had never been to Russia, but he used Russian language for analysis, lectures and writings.
		Russian language was an inalienable part of his life and works, although he speaks also French, German, and English.
	www.sras.org /news2.phtml?m=495 (1086 words)

	Russian Special Editorial
		Philosophy, according to the Greek base, is not a wisdom, but a "love to a wisdom": Philosophers should not be wise, Socrates believed, but through a dialogue with other philosophers assist in the birth of truth.
		Russian philosophy also borrowed from Dostoevsky a criticism of Western rationalism, and its habit of searching for general laws of being, indifferent to the person, creating alienation in objectification, research and work.
		Ultimately, because Russian philosophy has never been academic discipline, it is difficult to separate Russian philosophers from the other thinkers: psychologists like Vygotsky, philologists, linguists, economists, and lawyers.
	atschool.eduweb.co.uk /cite/staff/philosopher/russian-special.htm (686 words)

	PostSoviet Russian Philosophy
		The growing concern of Russians with environmental issues is reflected in the theory of "messianic ecologism" advanced by one writer as a way of accommodating the corporatist and messianic tendencies in the Russian national character.
		In his survey of the Russian philosophical tradition, Evgenii Barabanov contends that its image of the West is the product of a "neurosis of distinctiveness", arising from the need to compensate for the lack of a sense of self-sufficiency in the present by dreams of future national grandeur.
		At an international conference on Russian philosophy held in Moscow in 1993, two of the foremost Western authorities on the subject, Andrzej Walicki and James Scanlan, spoke of the danger that new ideological biases could impede an objective reappraisal of the Russian philosophical tradition.
	oldweb.uwp.edu /academic/criminal.justice/philruss01.htm (1791 words)

	Bakhtin Circle [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		The most significant work on the philosophy of language was published in the period 1926-1930 by Voloshinov: a series of articles and a book entitled Marksizm i filosofia iazyka (Marxism and the Philosophy of Language) (1929).
		While subjecting the Russian Formalists to intense criticism on the basis of their partisan alliance with the Futurist movement and their sharing its tendency towards a nihilistic destruction of meaning, Medvedev particularly praised Western 'formalist art scholarship' such as the work of Hildebrand, Wölfflin and Worringer.
		While this aspect of Bakhtin's theory of the novel is most likely based on the philosophy of Cassirer, who developed his work as a defence of liberal values in the context of an increasingly chauvinistic atmosphere in Weimar Germany, a different political slant becomes markedly more apparent in Bakhtin's work of the 1930s.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/b/bakhtin.htm (8222 words)

	The Eternal in Russian Philosophy
		There is a point of view, rather conventional, among modern Russian religious thinkers, according to which Boris Petrovich Vysheslavtsev (1877 – 1954) in some way closes a trend in Russian religious philosophy descending from the Word about the Law and Grace by Metropolitan Ilarion (XI century).
		In Western Europe he became a leading figure in the Russian émigré philosophical community, lecturing and writing on questions of metaphysics, ethics, philosophical psychology, and social philosophy.
		Vysheslavtsev insisted that the quest for the Absolute is the core of the religious attitude, and his peculiar form of this quest was called “philosophy of the heart” (Ch.10) – a direction descending from P.J.Chaadaev, the Bishop Ignatiï Brianchaninov and P.D.Jurkevich (to mention only immediate precursors, i.e., of the XIX century).
	www.philosophy.ru /lebedev/texts/eternal.html (1200 words)

	Russia Science & Philosophy - Russian Visa Service
		Its homegrown philosophies - in particular the political philosophies of the 20th century - have also had a profound effect not only on the nation, but the world.
		(Russians often say, with a sigh, ` Russia 's lands have everything in Mendeleyev's Table and yet we live so poorly!') Yet visitors may be surprised to hear from locals about Russia 's invention of the telephone and radio (didn't you know'?).
		Russian scientists have also been known to be distracted by the enthusiastic pursuit of less than realistic, even mystical goals.
	www.visaexpress.net /russia/science.htm (371 words)

	Russian Philosophy
		The Eternal in Russian Philosophy by Boris P. Vysheslavtsev, translated by Penelope V. Burt (Eerdsmans) Much of Russian philosophy has been unavailable to or unexplored by Western thinkers, which is a tragedy because the uniqueness of the Russian vision has much to contribute to Western dialogue.
		The Eternal in Russian Philosophy helps fill this intellectual lacuna by offering a genuinely philosophical introduction to the themes of Russian religious thought—freedom, the nature and centrality of the person, the nature of grace and law, the role of the irrational in human nature and its sublimation, and conscious credos versus unconscious cultural assumptions.
		Melding religious and existential concerns, this is both a book about Russian philosophy and an excellent exemplar of not only a spiritually informed philosophy but of a important voice for the contemplative perspective on religious experience.
	www.wordtrade.com /philosophy/russianphilosophy.htm (251 words)

	Russian Philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Beginning at about 1820, this course will introduce the main concepts and ideas of Modern Russian philosophy, setting them in context and comparing and contrasting similarities between Russian and Western philosophy, including interactions between politics, culture and philosophy.
		Idea of uniqueness of Russian philosophy and the role of cultural and political context for the activity of philosophising
		Russian Philosophy : volume 3 / edited by James M. Edie, James P. Scanlan, Mary-Barbara Zeldin ; with the collaboration of George L. Kline.
	www.cf.ac.uk /learn/philos/russian_philos.php (680 words)

	Russian Philosophy Forum
		The organization sponsoring both Russian Philosophy Forum and The Transnational Vladimir Solovyov Society is The Transnational Institute.
		James Scanlan, Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, Ohio State University; editor of the quarterly translation journal Russian Studies in Philosophy; coeditor of the three-volume anthology Russian Philosophy.
		Russian Philosophy Forum was begun on October 18, 1995 and will be continuously updated.
	www.valley.net /~transnat/russphil.html (733 words)

	Faculty of Philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The best traditions of Russian Philosophy are being preserved by professors and associate professors of the Faculty and became the basis of tuition of philosophers nowadays.
		The branch of the Marxist Philosophy that suppressed all other philosophical theories during the soviet period went into the past.
		To ensure close connections with advanced scientific thoughts all opportunities are used to draw the best scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences to work with the Faculty.
	www.ied.msu.ru /faculties/philos.html (331 words)

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