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Topic: Russian serfdom

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	Serfdom - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In Russia serfdom was a system under which the peasants were theoretically free tenants, but were actually in a state of servitude to, and dependent on, the landowners.
		Russian serfs were rigorously exploited by the lords, who demanded ever-larger shares of the crops and thus created a steadily mounting debt on the part of the serfs.
		In eastern Europe, however, and particularly in Russia, the system persisted until the middle of the 19th century; serfdom was finally abolished by Tsar Alexander II in 1861.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761567780___4/Serfdom.html (164 words)

	Serfdom
		Under the Polish system of serfdom the peasants were bound by law to their plots of land, which were owned by the lord.
		The Russian system of serfdom, which was established in most Ukrainian territories under Russian rule at the end of the 18th century, was based on the principle that the lord owned the peasant under his control.
		Ukraine, serfdom was difficult to impose: because of the proximity of the
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/S/E/Serfdom.htm (1851 words)

	Russian serfdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The origins of serfdom in Russia are traced to Kievan Rus in the 11th century.
		The Russians persistently battled against the successor states of the Golden Horde, chiefly the Khanate of Crimea.
		The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russian_serfdom (1087 words)

	The Avalon Project : Modern Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia - Lecture VI
		Although Catherine II was willing to be advised by the Encyclopedists as to the way in which serfdom might be abolished, she took effectual means to prevent the expression of Russian public opinion on the same subject.
		Serfdom was rapidly becoming a burden on the manorial lords themselves, as many of them began to be conscious.
		A Russian magazine of great renown, the Contemporary, was at the same time on the point of being suppressed on account of an article written by Professor Kavelin, expressing his views as to the opportuneness of redeeming the lands actually possessed by the peasants, and that, too, with the direct help of the State.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/econ/koval6.htm (7705 words)

	1617. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Russian pioneers reached the coast of the Pacific, after a phenomenally rapid advance over the whole of Siberia.
		The great Ulozhenie (law code) summarized all previous provisions about serfdom, imposed new restrictions, and abolished the time limit for the return of runaway serfs to their masters.
		No basic distinction existed between Russian serfdom and chattel slavery as the latter was practiced in the Western Hemisphere.
	www.bartleby.com /67/631.html (443 words)

	long_stearns_wc_4\|Student Resources\|The Rise of Russia\|Outline
		Russian expansion eliminated the free peoples of Asia, from whom the various nomadic invaders of earlier civilizations had sprung.
		After the expulsion of the Mongols, the Russian nobles, with the consent and assistance of the central government, gained almost exclusive ownership of the land.
		The Russian economy was sufficiently expansive to support military conquest, a substantial nobility, and population growth.
	wps.ablongman.com /long_stearns_wc_4/0,8725,1125754-,00.html (1531 words)

	Russian boys clothes: serf boys
		Serfdom, the Russian form of feudalism, played a major role in Russian life through the 19th century when it was abolished.
		Serfdom was more humane than American race-based chattel slavery, but serfdom as also a brutal system which tied millions of Russians to the land.
		Serfdom was the fundamental institution of feudal Russia.
	histclo.com /country/rus/cr-serf.html (2245 words)

	Russian Serfs
		Serfdom was not the original status of the Russian peasant.
		It was one of the consequences of the Tartar devastation during the 13th century when peasants became homeless and settled on the land of wealthy Russians.
		By the end of the 16th century the Russian peasant came under the complete control of the landowner and during the middle of the 17th century serfdom became hereditary.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSserfs.htm (569 words)

	Pravda.RU:Farewell to Alaska
		The document was then singed by the Russian Tsar Alexander II in May. In June the sides exchanged ratification certificates, and the Russian flag was officially lowered in Alaska in November.
		The roots of Russians' attitude to the Russian America (this is what Alaska used to be called) can be found not in geography or economy, but in the science of culture.
		It is the symbol of the Russian extremity, it is also an expression of Russian ideas that opposed each other both in the past and in present.
	newsfromrussia.com /main/2003/03/14/44416_.html (1156 words)

	Russian boys clothes: Aleksandr Nikitenko (1804-24)
		Although Aleksandr's experiebce was not typical, Up from Serfdom provides a unique portrait of Ruissian serfdom in the 19th and a personal accvount of what such bondage meant to the Russian people and the nation.
		Serfdom is a great burden for the Nikitenko family because Aleksandr's father is educated.
		suffers from the oppressiveness of serfdom precisely because no cultural divide separates the father, and later the son, from their social betters.
	histclo.com /country/rus/co-rus1804.html (1596 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		But for the purpose now in view, that of bringing before your notice the general conclusion to which Russian historians and legists have come as to the social development of their country, perhaps a single lecture will suffice.
		By so doing I hope to render the natural evolution of Russian serfdom the more easily understood.
		The barons of the Baltic shore were the first to understand the advantage which the liberation of the serf, followed by a resumption of the ground he owned, would have on their class interests.
	socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca /~econ/ugcm/3ll3/kovalevsky/modcus6 (7538 words)

	Biographies of known Russian musicians Pazovsky, Popov, Prokina, Prokofiev (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Great Russian composer of modern times, creator of new and original formulas of rhythmic, melodic, and harmonic combinations that became the recognized style of his music; b.
		Moscow, March 5, 1953- His mother was born a serf in 1859, 2 years before the cmanicipation of Russian serfdom, and she assumed (as was the custom) the name of the estate where she was born, Sontsov.
		He was 11 years old when he met the great Russian master, Taneyev, who arranged for him to take systematic private lessons with Gliere, who became his tutor at Sontsovka during the summers of 1903 and 1904 and by correspondence during the intervening winter.
	russianmusicians.org /html/russian-musicians-p.html (1880 words)

	Russian 220 (Bowdoin)
		Russian realism of the 19th century was very much rooted in its society: every author we read felt compelled to comment on events and attitudes in this society, no matter how "universal" his (or, rarely at this point in history, her) artistic goals were.
		Russian literature is Russia's relationship to the rest of the world.
		Virtually every work debates the merits of the intelligentsia being more "European" than Russian, and explores the significance of having an essentially foreign high culture grafted onto a more "primitive" nativist one.
	academic.bowdoin.edu /academics/reqs/req4/russian_220.shtml (346 words)

	2e. The Russian Empire under Alexander II [Beyond Books - Modern European History]
		Serfdom ended largely due to the efforts of Russian abolitionists and of Alexander, the "Tsar liberator." According to the Russian novelist L
		The influence of the Russian nobility was weakened, and the reforms freed great numbers of peasants for work when Russia began its belated industrialization.
		Russian intellectuals sharpened their Slavic identities on the iron and steel of Alexander's modernization.
	www.beyondbooks.com /eur12/2e.asp (998 words)

	Liberating Russian Serfs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Although serfdom, which bound agricultural workers to particular landlords all their lives, is associated with medieval feudalism, it continued in Eastern Europe until the 19th century.
		The matter of the liberation of the serfs, which has been submitted for the consideration of the State Council, I consider to be a vital question for Russia, upon which will depend the development of her strength and power.
		You are acquainted with the origin of serfdom.
	www.libertystory.net /LSDOCLIBERATINGRUSSIANSERFS.htm (450 words)

	Russian History Blog
		Ryazan, a half-million city about 196km southeast of Moscow, is mostly known for its military bases (perhaps 3-4% of the population is employed by the military).
		Given its military bases, its perhaps not surprising that a paratrooper general from the nationalist Rodina (motherland) party just won a gubernatorial election in the province (though the communist party is still strong in Ryazan (pic)).
		In the 19th century, Ivanovo was once known as "the Russian Manchester", however, as this a research paper (abstract) asserts, the similarities end where Russian serfdom's influence is felt (most often by hindering captital accumulation).
	russian-history-blog.blogspot.com (1351 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour-Georgia
		In 1864-71, the Russian authorities abolished serfdom, and Jewish former serfs moved to towns and villages where free Jews were already settled.
		In the beginning of the 19th century, Ashkenazi Russian Jews were forced to move to Georgia by the Russian government.
		Induced by Tsarist officials and the Russian Orthodox Church, anti-Semitism was supplemented by the end of serfdom and the urbanization of the Jewish population.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/Georgia.html (2351 words)

	History of Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, the fact that the Soviet regime was dominated by Russians did not mean that the Russian SFSR necessarily benefited from this arrangement.
		A Russian nationalist backlash against the Union came with many Russians arguing that Russia had long been subsidizing other republics, which tended to be poorer, with cheap oil, for instance.
		Most big enterprises were acquired by their old managers, engendering a new rich (Russian oligarchs) in league with criminal mafias or Western investors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russian_history (11083 words)

	65301. Woodward, C. Vann. The Columbia World of Quotations. 1996
		As survivals from an archaic order, serfdom and slavery had common conflicts with a modern world of nineteenth century capitalism and simultaneously faced crises that ended with abolition of the two systems.
		By mid-century slavery was flourishing as never before, and serfdom was staggering toward bankruptcy.
		The aggressive vitality of the planter aristocrats in defense of their society and their spirited commitment to slavery as a way of life contrasted sharply with the submissiveness and withering support of serfdom on the part of the Russian nobility.
	www.bartleby.com /66/1/65301.html (185 words)

	Obshchina and Political Culture
		Much of the exaggeration of Russian "native socialism" may be attributed to the demands Herzen felt as an émigré from a backward, agrarian nation in the world's most advanced industrialized city, London.
		The Russian narod does not need the tsar and his people to decide these matters; that's like asking the wolf to teach the narod how to care for sheep.
		If Russian political culture idealized anything, it was not peasant communism or even rural civic life, but rather it was the progressive leadership of the educated minority.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~kimball/oxo.60s.htm (9066 words)

	Setting New Paths
		In a move to put an end to Russian serfdom, he issued an Emancipation Manifesto in 1861 that proposed legislation to abolish serfdom and allow all peasants to buy and own their own farmland.
		Alexandrovich Romanov ascended the Russian throne as Tsar Alexander III.
		Standing 6 feet 4 inches tall, Alexander III was a giant of a man and proud of his physical strength, but the thirty-six-year-old held no illusions that he risked the same fate as his father.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C26/E2601.htm (4144 words)

	The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis: Archive Entry From Brad DeLong's Webjournal
		Polish serfdom, according ot him, had been established already in the fourteenth century, and Lithuanian, in the fifteenth century.(20) On the other hand, Grekov asserts that according to the Polish constitution of 1493, each peasant could still leave the land, having settled accounts with his landlord.
		Serfdom could not be restored unless the landowners were reasonably united in their pressure on the government, and unless the latter were willing and able to do their bidding.
		The erosion of serfdom appears as the outcome of an interplay between many factors, including population pressures upon land, living standards achievable through cultivation, declining trends in land fertility pending land improvements and innovation in farming methods, enclosures and the prices of wheat and wool.
	www.j-bradford-delong.net /movable_type/2003_archives/001447.html (17214 words)

	The European March of Byronism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The socially unsettled and peasant-filled Russian countryside of 1862 was far from the politics of Victorian England at the height of its Empire and the literary and philosophical realism of European writers of the same period.
		Turgenev's first critically acclaimed work was written a short seven or eight years after the death of the last of the Russian Romantics, Mikhail Lermontov.
		With the Emancipation Act of 1861, Czar Alexander II officially freed the serfs (on paper) and ushered in a tumultuous period of redefining Russian society without officially-sanctioned serfdom as the societys structural foundation.
	www.richmond.edu /~dhocutt/bazarov/march.htm (704 words)

	Russian Serfdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Serfdom mainly began after the downfall of Rome, when a centralized government ceased and “lords” began a battle for land (1).
		Peasant, who had no means of protection, would serve under a lord in return for safety and income.
		It will also outline the types of serfs that existed and the series of events leading to the end of Russian serfdom.
	www.bol.ucla.edu /~stphnkm (143 words)

	Workers World June 12, 2003: Why Bush didn't visit the battleship Aurora
		The shots fired from this Russian vessel by sailors on Nov. 7, 1917, guaranteed the victory of the workers' insurrection that was taking over St. Petersburg, then known as Petrograd.
		It wasn't accidental that Russian serfdom was abolished in 1861 at the beginning of the U.S. Civil War.
		Abolishing serfdom led to the growth of a working class that was forced to sell its labor power to wealthy capitalists.
	www.workers.org /ww/2003/petrograd0612.php (859 words)

	Slavic Languages and Literatures
		He or she must have completed at least fifteen term courses in Russian literature and linguistics, chosen in consultation with the director of graduate studies.
		As well as acquainting students with nineteenth-century Russian lyric poetry, the course aims at evolving a meaningful approach to poetry in general.
		Special attention is paid to the relation between bondage and national, cultural, and personal identity; the role of bondage in definitions of “aesthetic experience” in the pre- and post-emancipation periods; the relation between literacy and the literary; literature of protest in the two countries; and connections between geographical and subjective space within cultures of enslavement.
	www.yale.edu /bulletin/html2003/grad/slav.html (1111 words)

	Alexander Radishchev--Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow
		Radishchev's journey marks the first open condemnation of serfdom in Russian public life, and his overwrought emotional portrayals, drawing heavily on the style and motifs of pre-romantic sentimentalism, quickly drew the attention of Russian readers and the wrath of Catherine the Great.
		Alarmed by the radicalism of the French Revolution, Catherine saw in Radishchev's audacity a threat to the state and pronounced him "a rebel worse than Pugachev." Radishchev was arrested, tried and condemned to death, a sentence which Catherine commuted to 10 years exile in Siberia.
		Twice every week all of the Russian Empire is informed that N. or B. is unable or unwilling to pay what he has borrowed, taken or what is demanded from him.
	artsci.shu.edu /reesp/documents/radishchev.htm (1349 words)

	SAC 1796-1854
		<>1814:1825de14; Russian activists, many of them ex-officers in Alexander's armies that occupied Paris, took inspiration from the role of "liberator" that Russia had just played and, on the other side of the ledger, grew increasingly alarmed as Alexander I and his government lost its reforming zeal.
		He was a dashing and wealthy gentry landowner who served as an officer in the Russian army of liberation and was preparing to devote his life to public service.
		Such ideas about Russian rural life had been discussed in Russia before Haxthausen, and they grew from the same anxiety about how modern market economics and post-French Revolutionary politics were undermining traditional values and social relations.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~kimball/sac.1796.1854.htm (14542 words)

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