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	Russification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Russification refers to both official and unofficial policies of Imperial Russia and Soviet Union with respect to their national constituents and to national minorities in Russia proper aimed at Russian domination.
		One of the examples of Russification was replacement of the Polish language by Russian in areas of Poland-Lithuania after the Partitions of Poland.
		Russification is no longer Russia's official policy, but it continues for non-political reasons: in all Russian regions, including those of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, Russian is the language of higher education, trade and business.
	www.bexley.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Russification (595 words)

	Encyclopedia: Finland/History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Worried by the development in Russia, and Finland, the non-Socialist Senate proposed for the parliament to declare Finland's independence, which was agreed on in the parliament on December 6, 1917.
		Thus Finland was under an obligation to ensure the residents of the Åland Islands a right to maintain the Swedish language, as well as their own culture and local traditions.
		In Finland, CSCE was widely considered as a possibility of reducing the tensions of the Cold War, and a personal triumph for president Kekkonen.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Finland/History (5306 words)

	Russification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Russification refers to both official and inofficial policy of Imperial Russia and Soviet Union with respect to their national constituents and to national minorities in Russia propria aimed at the Russian domination.
		Some consider shifts in demographics in favor of Russian population to be a form of Russification as well.
		Michael A. Golub Macros and russification for KEDIT and THE.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Russification.html (456 words)

	Russification of Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The policy of Russification of Finland 1899 – 1917 aimed at the termination of Finland’s autonomy but resulted in fierce Finnish resistance ultimately led to Finland's declaration of independence in 1917.
		The russification was suspended and partially 1905 – 07 and 1914 – 17 in connection with the Russo-Japanese War and the First World War.
		Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855-1914
	www.freeglossary.com /Russification_of_Finland (251 words)

	Finland - The Era of Russification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Russian nationalists considered the autonomous state of Finland an anomaly in an empire that strove to be a unified autocratic state; furthermore, by the 1890s Russian nationalists had several reasons to favor the Russification of Finland.
		The first major measure of Russification was the February Manifesto of 1899, an imperial decree that asserted the right of the tsarist government to rule Finland without consulting either the Finnish Senate or the Diet.
		Those most opposed to Russification were the Constitutionalists, who stressed their adherence to Finland's traditional system of government and their desire to have it respected by the Russian government.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-4575.html (1580 words)

	Russification of Finland - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The policy of Russification of Finland, 1899–1917, aimed at the termination of Finland’s autonomy but resulted in fierce Finnish resistance that ultimately led to Finland's declaration of independence in 1917.
		The russification was suspended and partially reversed 1905–07 and 1914–17 in connection with the Russo-Japanese War and the First World War.
		The russification is for the Finnish public one of the most significant events in history, second only to the Winter War, for a long time determining their understanding of international politics and their relation to international powers and other nations, such as the French, the British, the Scandinavians and, of course, foremost to the Russians.
	www.open-encyclopedia.com /Russification_of_Finland (186 words)

	Introduction to Finnish - Historical Highlights of Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Finland was the first country in Europe (and second in the world, after New Zealand) to grant women an equal right to vote in elections.
		Finland attacks the Soviet Union at the same times as Germany, hoping to regain the lost areas, but eventually has to accept the borders of 1940 and, and also cede Pechenga, lease Porkkala peninsula as a military base for 50 years and pay war reparations.
		Finland remains an independent western European democracy, but at the same time has to be careful not to offend its eastern neighbour.
	www.ddg.com /LIS/InfoDesignF97/paivir/finnish/history.html (351 words)

	Inventing Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Finland’s transition from Swedish to Russian rule ushered in an era of strong autonomy for the Finnish territory.
		Since the political elite of Finland still spoke Swedish and the presence of a Finnish cultural or literary history had yet to appear, any idea of Finnishness at the beginning of autonomy under the Russian Empire was not a reference to a Finnish culture, but the people living in the geographic region of Finland.
		Resistance to Russification remained overwhelmingly peaceful, focusing on passive resistance in the educational and economic sectors of the Finnish territory.
	students.washington.edu /dustind/essay/finland.htm (2547 words)

	Europe-Asia Studies: Imperial Borderland. Bobrikov and the Attempted Russification of Finland, 1898-1904. - book reviews
		As Polvinen stresses, the proximity of Finland to the imperial capital and the military autonomy which the Finns possessed were important in acting as the initial triggers for Bobrikov to begin his programme of russification.
		Bobrikov's programme to bind Finland more tightly to the empire involved both specific measures to bring Finland into line with the empire as a whole, together with an attempt to ensure that Finnish autonomy was limited once and for all.
		Attempts at russification in Finland, as elsewhere in the Russian empire, served as a centrifugal force which pushed the peoples of the empire further apart.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3955/is_n7_v48/ai_19226503 (1002 words)

	Articles - Russification of Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Russification of Finland (1899â€“1917) was a policy of the government of the Russian Empire aimed at the termination of Finlandâ€™s autonomy within the empire.
		The russification campaign resulted in fierce Finnish resistance, starting with petitions and escalating to strikes, passive resistance (including draft resistance) and eventually active resistance culminating in an assassination of the Russian governor-general Nikolai Bobrikov in June 1904.
		In retrospect, Finnish resistance to the policy of russification was one of the main factors that ultimately led to Finland's declaration of independence in 1917.
	www.izeez.com /articles/Russification_of_Finland (461 words)

	Russian coup d'Etat in Finland by Jon Stefansson, 1916 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Bobrikoff was exasperated at the tough passive resistance to his measures for the Russification of Finland, and decided to bully and goad the people into rebellion.
		The contribution of Finland to the military expenses of the Empire, which was ten million mark, was to be raised to twelve million mark in 1911, and to rise by one million mark annually until it reached twenty millions in 1919, which was to be the annual sum thereafter.
		Finland is confident that she can hold out till the Government of Russia has become so liberalized that justice is given her.
	www.histdoc.net /history/stefansson.html (2490 words)

	History of Finland (the s.c.nordic FAQ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		According to the legend, bishop Henry is murdered by the peasant Lalli on the frozen surface of lake Köyliö.
		The dictatorical general governor and active adherent of Russification of Finland, Nikolai Bobrikov, is assassinated by the young clerk Eugen Schauman.
		The Continuation War; Finland attacks the Soviet Union with Germany, hoping to regain the lost areas, but eventually has to accept the borders of 1940 and, and also cede Pechenga, lease Porkkala peninsula as a military base for 50 years (SU returns it already in 1956) and pay war reparations.
	www.lysator.liu.se /nordic/scn/faq43.html (1845 words)

	Russification of Finland -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		For the Finnish public, the russification is one of the most significant events in their history, second only to the (Click link for more info and facts about Winter War) Winter War.
		The Finns saw the successful outcome of their struggle as a proof for the efficiency of appeals to the international community and as a support for a (Click link for more info and facts about legalist) legalist understanding of international relations.
		Public Opinion was, naturally, dominated by the educated classes, and had during the 19th century become used to seeing Finland's problems in terms of: Culture, Language, Education and the Constitution.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ru/russification_of_finland.htm (370 words)

	Celsius Centre for Scandinavian Studies
		Finland and its Grand Duchy status was always in the background of European foreign policy makers.
		While Finland was not the only catspaw of dynastic manoeuvring, the battle for control of the locus of power meant that Russian administration struck with every weapon at hand.
		Finland, as an imperial borderland, was clearly of first rate significance and an often-used bludgeon.
	www.ssn.flinders.edu.au /scanlink/nornotes/vol1/reviews/polvi.html (750 words)

	Jari Sedergren: Political Censorship of films in Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In public, first reactions in Finland were positive and enthusiastic; films were seen with great amusement, they were seen as entertaining and generally acceptable.
		In Finland, the Ministry of Church Affairs and Education nominated the members of the State Film Board, which was in principle independent of the cinema business.
		The SOC did not prevent international film groups from filming in Finland, but it was the HQ, which was responsible of not organizing adequate possibilities to film at the front.
	www.valt.helsinki.fi /staff/sedergre/glasgow.htm (6187 words)

	Emigration from Finland to Canada Before the First World
		The second attempt to recruit immigrants from Finland to Canada seems to have occurred in 1883.
		This was a result of the Russification attempts in Finland, but the Canadian authorities also seem to have been interested in "importing" Finnish immigrants.
		In the emigration of the 1920's the percentage of women may already have been greater, and it is probable that the whole emigration of the 1920's was very different from the early Finnish emigration to Canada.
	www.genealogia.fi /emi/art/article227e.htm (3545 words)

	Nordic FAQ - 4 of 7 - FINLAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Finland shares a common border in the north with Norway, in the east a long border (1,269 km) with Russia, on the south it is bordered by the Gulf of Finland, and on the west by the Gulf of Bothnia and Sweden.
		Most of Finland is made of ancient granite bedrock, which has been shaped and fractured by numerous ice ages, the marks of which can be seen e.g in the complex lake system, the equally complex archipelagos and the huge boulders scattered all over the country.
		SW Finland appears to have been allied with central Sweden already in the Viking age, so it has been hypothesized that the campaign was a punitive expedition against an ally that had become unreliable, perhaps because of the influence of Greek Orthodox missionaries.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/nordic-faq/part4_FINLAND (17049 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| Country profiles \| Timeline: Finland
		1809 - Finland is ceded to Russia by the Swedes.
		Finland at first declares its neutrality, but then declares war on the Soviet Union in the hope of regaining its lost territory.
		Finland concedes more land to the Soviet Union and agrees to pay hundreds of millions of dollars in war reparations.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/europe/newsid_1032000/1032683.stm (590 words)

	Read about Russification of Finland at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Russification of Finland and learn about ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Finland’s autonomy but resulted in fierce Finnish resistance that ultimately led to
		The russification was suspended and partially reversed 1905–;
		For the Finnish public, the russification is one of the most significant events in their history, second only to the
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Russification_of_Finland (193 words)

	Jyrki Paaskoski: Noble Land-Holding and Serfdom in 'Old Finland'. Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Noble land-holding has been examined in detail through the years of russification in Finland, 1899-1905 and 1908-17, especially in the works of J.-R. Danielson-Kalmari, professor of history at the University of Helsinki at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
		Noble land tenure in 'Old Finland' in the eighteenth century was governed principally by Peter I's decree on noble inheritance, which largely equated pomest'e with votchina tenure.
		The most important difference between 'Old Finland' and the heart of Russia was the controlling power of the revenue department and local courts in fixing the terms of taxation.
	www.lib.helsinki.fi /elektra/summary.html (4581 words)

	The Governor-General of Finland Frans Seyn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Seyn carried out and personally contributed to the Russification in Finland during his time as the Governor-General in 1909-1917.
		He had been in Finland many times before, starting his career as a staff officer in the Russian Military District of Finland up to acting as an aide to the Governor-General.
		He was appointed to the office by Prime Minister Stolypin, who especially desired a strong executor to the abolishment of Finland's special status within the Empire.
	www.histdoc.net /history/seyn.html (238 words)

	Finland
		16th17th centuries Finland was a semi-autonomous Swedish duchy with Swedish landowners ruling Finnish peasants; Finland was allowed relative autonomy, becoming a grand duchy in 1581.
		1809 Finland ceded to Russia as grand duchy with Russian tsar as grand duke; Finns retained their own legal system and Lutheran religion and were exempt from Russian military service.
		A former foreign minister, she became the first woman president of Finland.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/countryfacts/finland.html (699 words)

	The Historian: Imperial Borderland: Bobrikov and the Attempted... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Historian; 6/22/1999; King, Richard D. Imperial Borderland: Bobrikov and the Attempted Russification of Finland, 1898-1904.
		Bobrikov's efforts to undermine Finland's autonomy by imposing Russian autocratic institutions on the Grand Duchy only strengthened Finnish national consciousness and culminated in Bobrikov's assassination by a lone gunman in 1904.
		The autocracy may have been tottering in the heartland, but police rule was not effectively challenged in Finland (Bobrikov's assassination was an isolated act) until after the outbreak of the Revolution of 1905.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:56909144&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (576 words)

	Helsingin Sanomat - International Edition - Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Bobrikov was the representative of Czar Nicholas II in Finland, and in practice, the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Finland.
		He personified the Period of Oppression, or the Russification of Finland.
		Finland folded under the pressures of the large EU members
	www.helsinginsanomat.fi /english/article/1076153076611 (794 words)

	Finland shopping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Finland and Russia, 1808-1920 : from autonomy to independence : a selection of documents
		Thaden, Toivo Raun - Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855-1914
		Tuomo Polvinen, Steven Huxley - Imperial Borderland: Bobrikov and the Attempted Russification of Finland, 1898-1904
	www.books-shop.net /15C142-3-Books-History-Europe-Finland.html (269 words)

	Finland - Bibliography
		Finland's Way to the Nordic Family During the 1920s and 1930s, Scandinavian Journal of History [Stockholm], 9, No. 3, 1984, 201-19.
		Finland, Germany, and the Soviet Union, 1940-1941: The Petsamo Dispute.
		A Geography of Norden; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.
	countrystudies.us /finland/143.htm (1929 words)

	AllRefer.com - Finland - The Era of Russification \| Finnish Information Resource
		AllRefer.com - Finland - The Era of Russification
		The Finns accepted the proposal, and the Eduskunta was created.
		Finland suffered from the war in a variety of ways, nevertheless.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/finland/finland22.html (1719 words)

	Russification of Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		World War II would lead to profound disappointment in this respect, but the Finnish debate does still emphasize the literal wording of international treaties more than most other peoples seeing references to changed conditions as proof of low moral standards.
		The background of the Civil War can be traced to political polarization due to a major conflict between Imperial Russia and the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, which commenced in 1889 as an outcome of Russian Pan-Slavism, and was intensified in 1899 with the attempted Russification of Finland.
		The threat from the common enemy Russia veiled the deepening rift between the classes, but when the Russian oppression was mitigated, a frightening conflict surfaced: -->
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/russification_of_finland (539 words)

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