Russo Turkish War, 1877 78

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	Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in the Russian goal of gaining access to the Mediterranean Sea and liberating the Slav peoples of the Balkan Peninsula in south-eastern Europe from the Turkish-ruled Ottoman Empire.
		- The Romanian Army of the Russo-Turkish War 1877-78
		A strong Finnish contingent, a Romanian corps and volunteer brigades from the local Bulgarian population fought in the war on the side of the Russians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1877-78 (1357 words)

	Franco-Prussian War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The war began over the possible ascension of a candidate from Prussia's Hohenzollern royal family to the Spanish throne, which was opposed by France.
		Germans generally agreed that the outcome of the war was certain and that France could not reverse the military situation in her favor.
		It was hoped that a war with Prussia would unite the French nation behind Napoleon III, quash any republican or revolutionary sentiment behind reactionary nationalism, re-establish France as the paramount power in Europe, and gain France the Rhineland and later Luxembourg and Belgium.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Franco-Prussian_War (6894 words)

	KARS (TOWN) - LoveToKnow Article on KARS (TOWN)
		After the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, when this region was transferred to Russia by the treaty of Berlin, some 82,750 Turks emigrated to Asia Minor, their places being taken by nearly 22,000 Armenians, Greeks and Russians.
		The fortress was again stormed by the Russians in the war of 1877-78, and on its conclusion was transferred to Russia.
		During the Crimean War the Turkish garrison, guided by General Williams (Sir W. Fenwick Williams of Kars) and other foreign officers, kept the Russians at bay during a protracted siege; but, after the garrison had been devastated by cholera^ and food had utterly failed, nothing was left but to capitulate (Nov. 1855).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /K/KA/KARS_TOWN_.htm (451 words)

	Siege of Pleven
		The Siege of Pleven, or Plevna, was a major battle between the joint army of Russia and Romania and the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78.
		Categories: Battles of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78
		The Turkish high command sent an army to reinforce the city of Nikopol under the command of Osman Pasha.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Siege_of_Pleven.htm (767 words)

	Russo-Turkish War
		This officially ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78.
		This would be the last in a series of wars known as the Russo-Turkish Wars.
		After this was decided Alexander II declared war on the Ottoman’s in 1877.
	www.cusd.chico.k12.ca.us /~bsilva/projects/russia/Alex_II/russo_turkish_war.htm (1167 words)

	Osman Nuri Pasa -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Ottoman pasa and musir (field marshal) who became a national hero for his determined resistance at Plevna (modern Pleven, Bulg.) during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.
		(July 20–Dec. 10, 1877), in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, the Russian siege of the Turkish-held Bulgarian town of Pleven (Russian: Plevna).
		The Turkish family of Osman eventually gained a foothold in Anatolia, the peninsula of land that today constitutes the Asian portion of Turkey and was at one time called Asia Minor.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9057554 (806 words)

	Battle of Shipka Pass IV
		The Battle of Shipka Pass from January 5-9 was the final battle for Shipka Pass and a crushing Russian victory during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878.
		On January 9, Mirskii suffered a Turkish counterattack, but Skobelev was able to move forward in support and defeat the Turks.
		In December, 1877 the fortress of Pleven surrendered to the Russian Army, freeing up a significant amount of Russian reinforcements.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Battle_of_Shipka_Pass_IV.htm (258 words)

	Balkan Military History
		The Romanian Army of the Russo-Turkish War 1877-78
		Shipka Pass battles in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78
		Onwards to Mesolongi a PoW scenario for the Greek War of Independence.
	hometown.aol.com /balkandave/frmcon.htm (351 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Grand Duke Nikolai
		He served thereafter in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 and was inspector general of the cavalry for ten years from 1895, during which time he introduced a series of notable reforms in their training.
		Appointed to command of the army with the onset of war in August 1914 - the Tsar having abandoned the notion of personally leading his forces - the Grand Duke (coincidentally the Tsar's uncle) found himself handicapped by the Russian army's appalling system of communications.
		Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich (1856-1929) was Commander in Chief of the Russian army during the first year of the First World War and, for the briefest moment, at the end of Tsar Nicholas II's reign.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/nikolai.htm (436 words)

	SHIPKA PASS - LoveToKnow Article on SHIPKA PASS
		It was originally held by a Turkish force of about 4000 men with 12 guns, prepared to resist the Russian advance.
		Not only were the Turkish attacks on the Shipka unsuccessful, but they were made without object.
		to the west and east of the Turkish position, attacked their reserves on the far side, about Shipka and Shenova, where Vessil Pasha (who had succeeded Suleiman in command) had formed an entrenched camp.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SH/SHIPKA_PASS.htm (735 words)

	Alexander Samsonov - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After the Russo-Japanese War Samsonov was made Chief-of-Staff of Warsaw Military District and later as military leader in Turkestan.
		With the start of World War I, Samsonov was given command of the Russian Second Army for the invasion of East Prussia.
		After the war Samsonov attended the Nikolaevsky Military Academy in St.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Aleksander_Samsonov (367 words)

	Mavi Boncuk: Congress of Berlin 1878
		Bosnia and Hercegovina, original cause of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, were assigned to Austria-Hungary for administration and military occupation.
		The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 shook the alliance (see Berlin, Congress of).
		Congress of Berlin 1878, called by the signers of the Treaty of Paris of 1856 (see Paris, Congress of) to reconsider the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano, which Russia had forced on the Ottoman Empire earlier in 1878.
	maviboncuk.blogspot.com /2004/05/congress-of-berlin-1878.html (478 words)

	Ottoman Empire Russia War 1876-1878
		The last Russo-Turkish War (1877-78) was also the most important one.
		Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878), diplomatic meeting of the major European powers at which the Treaty of Berlin replaced the Treaty of San Stefano, which had been signed by Russia and Turkey (March 3, 1878) at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78.
		In 1877 Russia and its ally Serbia came to the aid of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria in their rebellions against Turkish rule.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/romeo/russoturk1876.htm (380 words)

	The Dawn of Modern War.
		The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 was the first war in which the infantry was uniformly equipped with modern repeating rifles and the artillery with breech-loading rifled cannon.
		Near the end of the war the first primitive recoil mechanisms further increased the rate of fire and accuracy of the rifled field artillery cannon.
		The economic structures of the state were required to produce the sinews of war on command, its weapons and manpower, even to the detriment of other aspects of economic and social activity if necessary.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/gabrmetz/gabr001b.htm (3114 words)

	Warhorse Simulations: Book Reviews: Patterns of War II review
		The Patterns of War From the Eighteenth Century is an introductory study of military and naval history from the eighteenth century up to the present (the Falklands War is the last subject touched on).
		The Patterns of War does attempt to acknowledge the world outside Europe and the United States, especially as it moves into the twentieth century.
		War in European History are assumed to already know.
	www.warhorsesim.com /papers/reviews/addington.patternsII.htm (309 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Alexei Polivanov
		The following year, 1906, Polivanov was appointed Sukhomlinov's deputy as Minister of War in the wake of the disastrous army performance in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05.
		Playing no further significant role for the remainder of the war Polivanov subsequently offered his services to the Red Army in February 1920, serving at the Soviet-Polish peace talks in Riga that year, where he died of typhus on 25 September at the age of 65.
		Alexei Andreevich Polivanov (1855-1920) served as Russia's competent Minister of War from June 1915 until March 1916 when the Tsarina Alexandra conspired to bring about his removal from office.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/polivanov.htm (328 words)

	ايجي فيلم - \'Gambit\' Pays Off at Russian Box Office
		"Turkish Gambit," a rollicking costume drama set during the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78, stars some of Russia's top actors and was produced by state television channel Channel One.
		"Turkish Gambit," which stars leading local names such as Gosha Kutsenko and international talent such as Polish actor Daniel Olbrychski, proves that Russian audiences now embrace local films, according to Anatoly Maksimov, another of the film's producers.
		A period drama about an obscure 19th-century Balkans war has broken all records at the Russian box office, taking in nearly $19 million within its first six weeks of release, its producers said Thursday.
	www.egyfilm.com /EngNewsDetail.php?ItemID=2149 (394 words)

	Mavi Boncuk Archives: HOBART PASHA, AUGUSTUS CHARLES H0BART-HAMPDEN
		His achievements as a blockade-runner, his blockade of Crete, and his handling of the Turkish fleet against the torpedo-lined coasts of Russia, showed him to be a daring, resourceful, and skilful commander, worthy to be ranked among the illustrious names of British naval heroes.
		In command of the Turkish squadron he completely dominated the Black Sea, blockading the ports of South Russia and the mouths of the Danube, and paralysing the action of the Russian fleet.
		(1822-1886), English naval,captain and Turkish admiral, wa born in Leicestershire on the 1st of April 1822, being the third son of the 6th Earl of Buckinghamshire.
	mbarchives.blogspot.com /2004/11/hobart-pasha-augustus-charles-h0bart.html (435 words)

	war and social upheaval: the effect on boys' fashions -- the Russian-Turkish War, 1877-78
		War and Social Upheaval: The Russian-Turkish War, 1877-78
		Tsarist Russia in 1877 came to the aid of its fellow Christian Orthodox ally Serbia as well as Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria in local rebellions against Ottoman rule.
		After the Austro-Prussian War and Franco-Prussian War, Germany had become the dominant continental power.
	histclo.hispeed.com /essay/war/war-rt78.html (1041 words)

	History of Bulgaria
		Following the Russo-Turkish War (1877-78) and the Treaty of Berlin (1885), Bulgaria gained some autonomy under the Ottoman Empire, but complete independence was not recognized until 1908.
		The history of the following period shows a succession of struggles with the Greeks, the Servians, and the Hungarians, of internal wars for the possession of the throne, and of religious disturbances, as, for instance, those consequent on the spread of the Bogomili and the Hesychasts, all of which weakened the State.
		Following the defeat of the Axis Powers in World War II, communism emerged as the dominant political force within Bulgaria.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/bulgaria.html (1058 words)

	Russo-Turkish War
		The Russian Empire and the Turkish-ruled Ottoman Empire fought eight wars in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and were again in conflict during World War I.
	www.ukpedia.com /r/russo-turkish-war.html (45 words)

	war and social upheaval : Greco-Turkish War 1919-22
		The Crimea War (1854-56) was fought to prevent Russian advances toward thec Dardanalles.) After the Russo-Turkish War (1877-78), Germany and the Ottomans developed increasingly close economic and military cooperation.
		Following the War, Ottoman general Mustafa Kemal (Kemal Atatürk) with other Young Turks in Ankara formed a new Turkish nationalist government and repudiated the Treaty of Sèvres.
		There was a substantial Turkish opulation in western Thrace, but Ataturk wanted to establish a homogenous Turkish state and western Thrace had a majority Greek population.
	histclo.hispeed.com /essay/war/w1c/gtw1919.html (1732 words)

	war and social upheaval: mass killings Turkish genocide against the Armenians
		The Russo-Turkish War (1877-78) was one of continuing Russian actions which succeeding in destabiling the European power balance, contributing to the eventual outbreak of World War I. Early Ottoman Actions
		Turkish autorities claim that were limited deaths because of deportations and collateral deaths because of civil war.
		The Crimean War was one of many efforts to prevent the Russians from giing too much from its assaults on the Ottomans.
	www.histclo.hispeed.com /essay/war/swc/20/gen-arm.html (2080 words)

	The Young Turks: Who were they?
		As a result of the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78, the Ottoman Empire lost extensive territory mainly in the Balkans where the "autonomous" states of Bulgaria, Bosnia, and Herzegovina passed into the de facto administrative sphere of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
		Thessaly and the prefecture of Artas were ceded to Greece, and in Asia, Russia annexed the territories of Kars and Ardachan in Turkish Armenia.
		The Donmè ("convert" in Turkish), was a Hebrew heresy whose followers converted [?] to Islam in the 18th century.
	www.grecoreport.com /the_young_turks_who_were_they.htm (1266 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Nikolai Ruzsky
		A Russian General, Ruzsky's military career prior to the outbreak of war in August 1914 took him to both the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 and the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, where he was Chief of Staff to the Second Manchurian Army.
		His key achievement of the war was his part in the defence of Lodz in November 1914.
		Despite his reputation for caution and indecision Ruzsky was handed command of the Northwest Front in September 1914; less surprising perhaps given his firm support for War Minister Vladimir Sukhomlinov.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/ruzsky.htm (286 words)

	Shipka Pass 1877
		The Russo Turkish War of 1877-78 began on
		However, as the Russian army was facing effective Turkish resistance on the Lom and later at Plevna the main force did not arrive as planned.
		Turkish troops were moving around the Russian positions cutting them off.
	members.aol.com /balkandave/shipka.htm (1466 words)

	HISTORY
		After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, Albanian nationalist leaders convened a meeting on June 10, 1878 in Prizren in Kosovo, attended by 300 delegates, mostly from Kosovo and Western Macedonia, and Muslim leaders from Bosnia-Hercegovina and the Sandzak.
		Turkish commander Dervish Pasha re-occupied the areas seized by the Albanian insurgents and destroyed the League, arresting its leaders.
		In 1877 in Istanbul (Constantinople), Turkey sponsored the Central Committee for Defending Albanian Rights, which was established seeking the creation of an autonomous Albanian vilayet or province within the Ottoman Empire made up of the Janjevo, Scutari, Kosovo, and Bitolj or Bitola in southern Macedonia, and the Salonika vilayets.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~yghristo/116/HISTORY.html (1302 words)

	Pleven
		The historic accent of Pleven Panorama is the episode in the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78.
		For the Bulgarians it was a war of liberation from the 500 years long Turkish rule over the Bulgarian lands.
		The chief of the Turkish garrison, Osman Pasha, an experienced and well-trained military officer, succeeded to repel all Russian attacks until at the end he had to surrender voluntarily facing hanger and starvation in the surrounded fortress.
	ultimate-bulgaria.com /pleven.htm (1038 words)

	Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		- The Romanian Army of the Russo-Turkish War 1877-78
		The Turkish offensive against Shipka Pass is considered one of the major mistakes of the war, as other passes were virtually unguarded.
		A strong Finnish contingent, a Romanian corps and volunteer brigades from the local Bulgarian population fought in the war on the side of the Russians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1877-78 (1376 words)

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