Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878

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Topic: Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878

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	Ottoman Empire Russia War 1876-1878
		Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878), diplomatic meeting of the major European powers at which the Treaty of Berlin replaced the Treaty of San Stefano, which had been signed by Russia and Turkey (March 3, 1878) at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78.
		The last Russo-Turkish War (1877-78) was also the most important one.
		In 1877 Russia and its ally Serbia came to the aid of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria in their rebellions against Turkish rule.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/romeo/russoturk1876.htm (380 words)

	Fury in the Balkans
		My information came from two sources: The Russo-Turkish War 1877 by Drury and Ruggeri (part of the Osprey series) and Russian Campaigns in Turkey 1877-1878 by Greene (this is the official document about the war and is a reprint of the 1878 edition).
		This was mostly a war of dug-in Turkish infantry being assaulted by Russian infantry.
		These were not used in the war and were left behind by both armies; restricted to fortress garrisoning.
	www.freewargamesrules.co.uk /Rules/19th_Century/balkanfury.htm (1174 words)

	HISTORY
		After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, Albanian nationalist leaders convened a meeting on June 10, 1878 in Prizren in Kosovo, attended by 300 delegates, mostly from Kosovo and Western Macedonia, and Muslim leaders from Bosnia-Hercegovina and the Sandzak.
		Turkish commander Dervish Pasha re-occupied the areas seized by the Albanian insurgents and destroyed the League, arresting its leaders.
		In 1877 in Istanbul (Constantinople), Turkey sponsored the Central Committee for Defending Albanian Rights, which was established seeking the creation of an autonomous Albanian vilayet or province within the Ottoman Empire made up of the Janjevo, Scutari, Kosovo, and Bitolj or Bitola in southern Macedonia, and the Salonika vilayets.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~yghristo/116/HISTORY.html (1302 words)

	Disraeli, Benjamin, 1st earl of Beaconsfield. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The government’s purchase (1875) of the controlling share of Suez Canal stock from the bankrupt khedive of Egypt strengthened British Mediterranean interests, which were jealously guarded in the diplomacy during and after the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78).
		The annexation of the Fiji islands (1874) and of the Transvaal (1877), the war against the Afghans (1878–79), and the Zulu War of 1879 proclaimed England a world imperial power more clearly than before.
		During the war Disraeli supported Turkey diplomatically and by threat of intervention in order to combat Russian influence in the eastern Mediterranean, and he induced Turkey to cede Cyprus to Great Britain.
	www.bartleby.com /65/di/Disraeli.html (547 words)

	Pleven, Bulgaria, Pictures
		Pleven was the site of a major battle of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
		It was defended by the Ottoman Turks against Russian and Romanian troops, but in 1877 it fell to the Russians after four months of fighting.
		The fall of Pleven caused the Turks to seek an armistice early in 1878.
	www.greatestcities.com /Europe/Bulgaria/Pleven_Plevna_city.html (125 words)

	Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in the Russian goal of gaining access to the Mediterranean Sea and liberating the Slav peoples of the Balkan Peninsula in south-eastern Europe from the Turkish-ruled Ottoman Empire.
		- The Romanian Army of the Russo-Turkish War 1877-78
		A strong Finnish contingent, a Romanian corps and volunteer brigades from the local Bulgarian population fought in the war on the side of the Russians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1877-78 (1357 words)

	Osman Nuri Pasha
		In the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 he gallantly defended Pleven in Bulgaria but was ultimately forced to surrender to the Russians.
		He served almost continuously as war minister from 1878 to 1885.
		He fought in the Crimean War of 1854–56 and in Lebanon, Crete, and Arabia in the 1860s and 70s.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0836992.html (90 words)

	Battle of Shipka Pass IV
		The Battle of Shipka Pass from January 5-9 was the final battle for Shipka Pass and a crushing Russian victory during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878.
		On January 9, Mirskii suffered a Turkish counterattack, but Skobelev was able to move forward in support and defeat the Turks.
		In December, 1877 the fortress of Pleven surrendered to the Russian Army, freeing up a significant amount of Russian reinforcements.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Battle_of_Shipka_Pass_IV.htm (258 words)

	Mavi Boncuk: Congress of Berlin 1878
		Bosnia and Hercegovina, original cause of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, were assigned to Austria-Hungary for administration and military occupation.
		The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 shook the alliance (see Berlin, Congress of).
		Congress of Berlin 1878, called by the signers of the Treaty of Paris of 1856 (see Paris, Congress of) to reconsider the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano, which Russia had forced on the Ottoman Empire earlier in 1878.
	maviboncuk.blogspot.com /2004/05/congress-of-berlin-1878.html (478 words)

	AllRefer.com - Romania - War of Independence, 1877-78 Romanian Information Resource
		They made a decisive contribution to Russian victory in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, thereby underpinning Romania's claim to national independence and sovereignty, which was officially recognized by the Congress of Berlin in 1878.
		During the summer of 1877, Romanian soldiers guarded the 650- kilometer Danube River boundary and engaged in artillery duels with Ottoman gunners until Russian armies could arrive and cross the river to confront Ottoman forces.
		Development of the Romanian Armed Forces after World War II
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/romania/romania194.html (291 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Battle of Shipka Pass IV
		Battle of Shipka Pass IV The Battle of Shipka Pass from January 5-9 was the finaly battle for Shipka Pas and a crushing Russian victory during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878.
		On January 9, Mirski suffered a Turkish counterattack but Skobelev was able to move forward in support and defeat the Turks.
		In December, 1877 the fortress of Pleven surrendered to the Russian Army now freeing up a significant amount of Russian reinforcements.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Battle_of_Shipka_Pass_IV (253 words)

	ArtRoots.com - For the Love of Fine Art
		At the outbreak of the Russo-Japancse War Vereshchagin was busy on several paintings, all of which he dropped and rushed off to the Far East intending to take part in the battles and tell about them in his works.
		The pictures of the Balkans series reproduce scenes from the war with unexampled realism—the Russian army's difficult marches in the mountains, field hospitals, and Turkish atrocities.
		The reverse side of war is also shown: the artist demonstrates the careerism and the criminal nature of the tsarist commanders who doomed Russian soldiers to a senseless death.
	artroots.com /ra/bio/vershchagin/vasilyvershchaginbio.html (2148 words)

	Macedonian Uprisings in the 19th and 20th C.
		The second uprising (the Kresna Uprising) took place in October 1878 in an utterly new situation; it was a reaction to the decisions of the Congress of Berlin and was greatly influenced by Russian victories in the' war to liberate Bulgaria (1877-78), in which hundreds of Macedonians took part as volunteers.
		Their commander was Goce Delchev from Kukush, an inspired organizer and ideologist of the movement (Delchev was killed in a battle with a Turkish regiment in May 1903).
		The fiercest battles were fought in the Bitola region of western Macedonia.
	www.macedon.org /makedonika/supporting_docs/macednian_uprisings.htm (1214 words)

	Forbes, Archibald: The Afghan Wars 1839-42 and 1878-80
		Czar and Sultan: The Adventures of a British Lad in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78
		Forbes, Archibald: The Afghan Wars 1839-42 and 1878-80
		In order to perform regular system maintenance, we must shut this system down today, December 24th.
	www.forbesbookclub.com /BookPage.asp?prod_cd=IRYTL (79 words)

	History of the Kurds
		Until the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29 there had been little hostile feeling between the Kurds and the Armenians, and as late as 1877 - 1878 the mountaineers of both races had co-existed fairly well together.
		Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 was followed by the attempt of Sheikh Obaidullah in 1880 - 1881 to found an independent Kurd principality under the protection of Turkey.
		A rising under Bedr Khan Bey in 1843 was firmly repressed, and after the Crimean War the Turks strengthened their hold on the country.
	www.geocities.com /koyeus/ku.html (968 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Russo-Turkish Wars
		Russia fought nine wars with the Ottoman Empire between 1672 and 1878, either singly or with allies, in 1677-1681, 1695-1696, 1711, 1735-1739, 1768-1774, 1787-1792, 1806-1812, 1828-1829, and 1877-1878.
		Under the leadership of talented commanders such as Burkhard von Münnich, Nikolay Rumyantsev, Grigory Potemkin, and Aleksandr Suvorov, Russia solved the logistical problems of campaigning in thinly populated territories and developed a unique style of war based upon aimed musket fire, skillful exploitation of the artillery, mobile infantry squares, and shock attacks.
		In addition, Turkey took part in the anti-Russian coalition during the Crimean War 1854-1856) and entered World War I against Russia in November 1914.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_045600_russoturkish.htm (341 words)

	Kossovo.html
		Serbia: From Indepenence to World War I. The Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878 which totally revised the map of the Balkans actually began with a revolt in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
		In the wake of the Turkish collapse in the First Balkan War, Albania declared independence, while Kossovo was occupied by the Serbs.
		Serbia declared war in 1876 and rebellion spread to Bulgarians.
	cla.calpoly.edu /~bmori/syll/315syll/Kossovo.html (1623 words)

	Standard - Single News / Стандaрт - Единична новина
		During the Russo-Turkish War (1828- 1829), the Crimean War (1853-1856) and the Liberation War (1877-1878) the Bulgarian dealers suppied both enemy armies with foodstuffs, raw materials, etc.
		As early as the beginning of the war, people who profited from those affairs built blocks of flats and big houses in Sofia.
		However, Stamboliiski did not manage to pass a law allowing confiscation of the property acquired during the war by the suppliers themselves.
	www.standartnews.com /archive/2000/10/11/english/society/interv.htm (593 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Russo-Turkish Wars
		Russia fought nine wars with the Ottoman Empire between 1672 and 1878, either singly or with allies, in 1677-1681, 1695-1696, 1711, 1735-1739, 1768-1774, 1787-1792, 1806-1812, 1828-1829, and 1877-1878.
		Under the leadership of talented commanders such as Burkhard von Münnich, Nikolay Rumyantsev, Grigory Potemkin, and Aleksandr Suvorov, Russia solved the logistical problems of campaigning in thinly populated territories and developed a unique style of war based upon aimed musket fire, skillful exploitation of the artillery, mobile infantry squares, and shock attacks.
		In addition, Turkey took part in the anti-Russian coalition during the Crimean War 1854-1856) and entered World War I against Russia in November 1914.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_045600_russoturkish.htm (341 words)

	Articles - Balkan Wars
		Serbians had gained substantial territory during the Russo-Turkish Wars of 1877-78, while Greece acquired Thessaly in 1881 (although she lost a small area to Turkey in 1897) and Bulgaria (an autonomous principality since 1878) incorporated the formerly distinct province of Eastern Rumelia (1885).
		The background to the wars lies in the incomplete emergence of nation-states on the fringes of the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century.
		The wars were an important precursor to World War I, to the extent that Austria-Hungary took alarm at the great increase in Serbia's territory and regional status.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Balkan_Wars?mySession=be69e4876469a590610c20c5215a4557 (580 words)

	Wars
		Serbia had gained substantial territory during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78 of 1877-78, while Greece acquired Thessaly in 1881 (although she lost a small area to Turkey in 1897) and Bulgaria (an autonomous principality since 1878) incorporated the formerly distinct province of Eastern Rumelia (1885).
		The background to the wars lies in the incomplete emergence of nation-states on the fringes of the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century.
		The wars were an important precursor to World War I, to the extent that Austria-Hungary took alarm at the great increase in Serbias territory and regional status.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Wars (580 words)

	IVAN KATARDZHIEV: The Macedonian Uprising in Kresna 1878
		The struggle of the Balkan peoples for freedom from centuries of Ottoman domination was reflected in the Ottoman Empire's strained international relations: the Serbo-Turkish conflict of 1876; and the Russo-Turkish wars of 1877 through 1878.
		of October, 1878* Macedonian rebels attacked the Turkish garrison of 119 soldiers in the village of Kresna.
		The war experiences of other peoples taught the lesson that without one's own efforts, without one's own self-sacrifice, freedom could not be gained.
	www.macedon.org /kresna (666 words)

	AIM25: School of Slavonic and East European Studies: Russo-Turkish War Album Collection
		Administrative/Biographical history: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 came as a result of the anti-Ottoman uprising (1875) in Bosnia and Hercegovina.
		Scope and content/abstract: Album of illustrations from the "Illustrated London News" entitled "Russo-Turkish War, 1876"
		AIM25: School of Slavonic and East European Studies: Russo-Turkish War Album Collection
	www.aim25.ac.uk /cats/58/7039.htm (257 words)

	Ottoman Empire Russia War 1876-1878
		Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878), diplomatic meeting of the major European powers at which the Treaty of Berlin replaced the Treaty of San Stefano, which had been signed by Russia and Turkey (March 3, 1878) at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78.
		Britain and Austria-Hungary, alarmed by the Russian gains contained in the treaty, compelled Russia to accept the Treaty of Berlin (July 1878), whereby Russia's military-political gains from the war were severely restricted.
		In 1877 Russia and its ally Serbia came to the aid of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria in their rebellions against Turkish rule.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/romeo/russoturk1876.htm (511 words)

	Romanian Army 1877
		The Romanian Army of the Russo-Turkish War 1877-78
		Armies of the Russo-Turkish War 1877-78 MW 20and21
		The Romanian army was engaged in capturing the Turkish garrisons on the Danube and particularly distinguished itself at the Battle of Vidin 12/13 Jan. 1878.
	members.aol.com /balkandave/romanian.htm (852 words)

	Balkan Wars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Serbians had gained substantial territory during the Russo-Turkish Wars of 1877-78, while Greece acquired Thessaly in 1881 (although she lost a small area to Turkey in 1897) and Bulgaria (an autonomous principality since 1878) incorporated the formerly distinct province of Eastern Rumelia (1885).
		The background to the wars lies in the incomplete emergence of nation-states on the fringes of the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century.
		The wars were an important precursor to World War I, to the extent that Austria-Hungary took alarm at the great increase in Serbia's territory and regional status.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Balkan_Wars (624 words)

	Wars
		Serbia had gained substantial territory during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78 of 1877-78, while Greece acquired Thessaly in 1881 (although she lost a small area to Turkey in 1897) and Bulgaria (an autonomous principality since 1878) incorporated the formerly distinct province of Eastern Rumelia (1885).
		The background to the wars lies in the incomplete emergence of nation-states on the fringes of the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century.
		The wars were an important precursor to World War I, to the extent that Austria-Hungary took alarm at the great increase in Serbias territory and regional status.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Wars (624 words)

	Talk:Romanian War of Independence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The article should be merged with Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78, as both article treat the same events, albeit from nationalistic points of view.
		Field Marshal Osman Pasha was interned comfortably in Russia for the duration of the war, which the Turks eventually lost in 1878.
		The Third Battle of Plevna is usually recorded as having ended the night of Sept. 11, 1877, by which time the Russians had lost another 300 officers and 12,500 men, and their Romanian allies had lost 56 officers and 2,500 men.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Romanian_War_of_Independence (4836 words)

	AIM25: School of Slavonic and East European Studies: Russo-Turkish Wars glass plates Collection
		Related material: SSEES Library also holds material on the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878 (Ref RUO)
		Scope and content/abstract: Glass plate negatives of maps relating to the Russo-Turkish Wars of 1736-1739, 1768-1774 and 1787-1792, including plans of the towns of Azov, 1736, Otzakov, 1737-1740 and Hockzin, 1739
		Researchers wishing to consult the archives or seeking further information should contact The Library, School of Slavonic and Eastern European Studies, University College London, Senate House Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HU.
	www.aim25.ac.uk /cats/58/7044.htm (199 words)

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