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	Rust - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rust is the substance formed when iron compounds corrode in the presence of water and oxygen.
		Rusting is a common term for corrosion, and usually corrosion of steel.
		The process of rusting can be summarized as three basic stages: The formation of iron(II) ions from the metal; the formation of hydroxide ions; and their reaction together, with the addition of oxygen, to create rust.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rust (553 words)

	Rust Diseases of Several Legumes and Corn in Florida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Rust fungi are also characterized by having complex life cycles, especially in temperate regions of the world (Plate 1).
		Two of the rust fungus stages, the spermatial and aecial, are associated with the portion of the fungus life cycle in which mating types merge and reassociate genetic material.
		Rust symptoms begin as whitish, minute, slightly raised pustules.Later, these pustules become the distinct, circular, reddish-brown spots on the under side of leaves that readily identify the disease (Plate 2).
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /BODY_VH051 (2169 words)

	Hollyhock Rust - Puccinia malvacearum - Colorado State University Cooperative Extension - Tri River Area
		Rusts are known to be especially destructive on grain crops such as wheat, oats and barley with shortages causing famines and ruining the economies of entire countries.
		Sanitation is critical in controlling Hollyhock rust as the fungus overwinters in pustules in basal leaves and in old stems.
		Rusted leaves should be removed as soon as they appear during the growing season and flower stalks should be removed when flowering is over.
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/CoopExt/TRA/PLANTS/holyrust.html (915 words)

	Orange Rust of Brambles, HYG-3010-94
		Orange rust is the most important of several rust diseases that attack brambles.
		Unlike all other fungi that infect brambles, the orange rust fungus grows "systemically" throughout the roots, crown and shoots of an infected plant, and is perennial inside the below ground plant parts.
		Orange rust is caused by two fungi that are almost identical, except for a few differences in their life cycles.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/3000/3010.html (730 words)

	Rust (fungus) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Many of the rusts have two or more hosts (heteroecious) and up to five spore stages.
		Among them are Gymnosporangium, the juniper-apple and juniper-hawthorn rusts.
		The group received its common name from the fact that some species have a reddish spore stage, which resembles the corrosion process known as rust.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rust_(fungus) (105 words)

	G4442 Soybean Rust, MU Extension
		The development of soybean rust is favored by prolonged periods of leaf wetness (6–12 hours) and temperatures of 46 to 82 degrees F. Extended periods of cool, wet weather during the growing season would favor soybean rust epidemics.
		Although the soybean rust fungus may not be able to overwinter in central or northern soybean-production areas of the United States, it may be able to survive the winter months on hosts such as kudzu in the southern United States.
		This scenario of reintroduction of rust pathogens from the southern United States to the central and northern regions of the country each growing season is well documented in wheat for stem rust, leaf rust and stripe rust and in corn for common rust and southern rust.
	muextension.missouri.edu /explore/agguides/crops/g04442.htm (1625 words)

	New rust fungus on ground ivy: images (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Rust damage is seen as small spots on the leaf surface and as flened areas of the leaf.
		Rust lesions on the top side of the leaf are small brown dots.
		Under a hand lens the rust sori appear minutely furry and are slightly raised from the surrounding tissues.
	ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu /CUPpages/rust/closeup.html (253 words)

	ISU Extension News Release
		The rust fungus produces powdery orange spores that are easily transferred from leaf blades to shoes, pant legs or mowers.
		The rust fungus thrives when temperatures are moderate (68 to 85 degrees F) and leaves stay wet for extended periods.
		When rust is severe, lawns may be weak and thin, causing them to be more susceptible to environmental stresses such as winter injury.
	www.extension.iastate.edu /newsrel/2000/aug00/aug0004.html (777 words)

	RPD No. 708 - Orange Rust of Brambles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Orange rust, the most common and serious of the several rust diseases attacking brambles, is caused by the fungus Gymnoconia peckiana (G. interstitialis).
		Orange rust infects most wild flberries and their domesticated cultivars, in cluding the thornless types, all cultivars of fl raspberries, and most purple raspberries and dewberries.
		The rust fungus gradually spreads throughout the canes and runners until the entire plant is infected.
	www.aces.uiuc.edu /ipm/fruits/rpds/708/708.html (620 words)

	Title
		Western gall rust is a disease of hard pines that is caused by a fungus which causes formation of galls on branches and stems.
		A white-spored form of the fungus is present on ponderosa pine in several western states.
		Occurrence and significance of fungi inhabiting galls caused by Peridermium harknessii.
	www.fs.fed.us /r2/fhm/bugcrud/western.htm (1609 words)

	Fungus puts soybeans at risk \| ajc.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Soybean rust, a fungus that could have a devastating impact on the nation's second-largest agricultural crop, has gained its first foothold in the United States — apparently blown into fields in Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana by this year's hurricanes.
		Soybean rust, shown here in a moderately advanced stage, is a pathogen carried by the wind that scientists say may have come to the United States during hurricanes this fall.
		Initial rust infestations are hard to detect because the tan and reddish-brown lesions appear first on the undersides of leaves.
	www.ajc.com /news/content/news/1104/29soybeans.html (1200 words)

	Ag Answers: Airborne soybean fungus could take flight to U.S.
		Soybean rust is especially worrisome to plant researchers because the disease is caused by an airborne pathogen that can move hundreds of miles by wind, can be more devastating than soybean diseases common to the U.S. and is difficult to control, Shaner said.
		If soybean rust becomes established it will infect fields over vast areas and could have a much greater impact, because so many more fields might be affected in a given year.
		Rust spores are thick-walled and pigmented, which protects them from natural controls, such as ultraviolet light.
	www.agriculture.purdue.edu /agcomm/aganswers/story.asp?storyID=3272 (687 words)

	Black Stem Rust Biology and Threat to Wheat Growers
		The stem rust fungus also survives during winters on fall-planted wheat in the southern U.S. near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico where the winters are very mild.
		The average of 2-3 states per year with significant wheat stem rust epidemics in the barberry eradication area from 1928-1967 represents approximately the frequency of years in each decade in which stem rust is able to spread in significant amounts from the Gulf Coast to the north central U.S. in the absence of barberry.
		As an example of what could happen if barberry returned and the wheat stem rust fungus were to change from the current asexual population back to a sexual population, we can consider the current situation with a related rust, oat crown rust.
	www.cdl.umn.edu /posters/2001/KJL/stem_rust.html (3561 words)

	Ash Rust fungus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This fungus appears more threatening than it is because of the noticeably bright color of the pustules.
		In Iowa, controls are rarely needed because the fungus typically does little damage to the tree.
		Cord or marsh grasses are required for the fungus to complete its life cycle, overwinter, and re-infect ash trees.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/hortnews/2004/6-18-2004/ash.html (145 words)

	[No title]
		Leaf Rust (fungus - Puccinia recondita): Leaf rust occurs on either side of the leaf and on the leaf sheath as small, reddish-orange pustules (photos 1 & 2).
		The fungus causing take-all persists in infected wheat stubble.
		The fungus invades the roots in the fall, when soils are cool and wet, carrying the virus particles with it.
	plantpathology.tamu.edu /Texlab/Grains/Wheat/wheat.html (1523 words)

	Ash Leaf Rust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The fungus, Puccinia sparganoides, is a heteroecious rust that requires two different kinds of host plants to complete its life cycle.
		Ash leaf rust is most severe along the New England coast where the fungus reproduces and overwinters on grasses in salt marshes.
		The fungus multiplies and builds up on these grass hosts in late summer, often reaching epidemic levels since rust infections on these hosts are scarcely noticed.
	www.caes.state.ct.us /FactSheetFiles/PlantPathology/fspp002f.htm (430 words)

	Weather Conditions That Determine Infection By The Stem Rust Fungus In Grasses
		Stem rust is not equally severe in all years, and fewer fungicide applications undoubtedly are warranted in some years.
		For rust fungi and many others, temperature and moisture are typically the weather factors most closely correlated with infection likelihood.
		For stem rust, infection occurs during the night and early morning, so the weather between sunset and mid-morning of the following day is the key influence on daily infection.
	cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu /seed-ext/Pub/2001/78.html (1104 words)

	Wheat Leaf Rust
		The leaf rust spores are carried by wind currents, and the disease advances progressively northward across the Great Plains as the wheat crops develop (Figure 2).
		However, in North Dakota, this long duration of severe rust is unlikely, because leaf rust generally does not become severe until the crop reaches the boot stage (flag leaf fully developed) or later.
		Second, the natural population of the leaf rust fungus is genetically diverse and dynamic.
	ndsuext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/smgrains/pp589w.htm (2047 words)

	A Daylily Rust FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Daylily rust is a fungus with a complex life cycle.
		When enough growth has been achieved inside the leaf, and environmental conditions are right, the rust fungus produces pustules that burst through the surface of the leaf to release a new generation of cloned spores.
		Like most diseases, rust contributes to the general debilitation of the plant; both directly by consuming plant nutrients that could be used for plant growth and indirectly by damaging the plant causing less photosynthesis and increased water loss.
	world.std.com /~mhuben/rust.html (5691 words)

	Plumeria Rust Fungus
		Rust Diseases or Rust Fungus occurs on a wide variety of plants, including Plumeria.
		With such forms, the fungus may infect two entirely different plants living part of the year on one host and the remainder of the year on the other.
		(which in the case with plumerias) The presence of a rust disease can always be determined be the appearance of yellow, orange or reddish-brown powdery pustules on the leaves, stems, or buds of the infected plant.
	www.plumeria101.com /problems/rust.html (209 words)

	Daylilies Under Attack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is a type of rust fungus—a group so named because of the rusty-colored spots, ranging from yellow to orange to dark-brown to fl, that form on infected plants.
		Because rust fungi can usually be identified by the shape of their spores, SBML researchers tried to identify the American fungus by comparing samples taken from U.S. and Costa Rican daylilies with samples taken from daylilies grown across the Pacific.
		The differences seen between Asian and American rust specimens may be due to the fungus' apparent lack of sexual recombination in the United States and Costa Rica.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/nov02/lilies1102.htm (911 words)

	UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Rust on Almond
		The development of rust is favored by humid conditions, and the disease becomes worse when rain occurs in late spring and summer.
		The rust fungus survives from one season to the next in infected leaves and possibly also in infected twigs.
		To prevent the rust inoculum from increasing in late fall, apply zinc sulfate (20-40 lb/acre) in late October to early November to hasten leaf fall.
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/r3100711.html (493 words)

	NebGuide Title, NF01-450 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Daylily rust distribution in Asia ranges from tropical to temperate climates so it is conceivable that it could also survive in a wide range of climates in the United States.
		The daylily rust fungus is a heteroecious rust requiring two distinct host plants to complete its life cycle, similar to cedar-apple rust.
		The daylily rust fungus produces viable and infective spores on daylily and does not require Patrinia for infection of daylily.
	ianrpubs.unl.edu /horticulture/nf450.htm (910 words)

	Rust Fungus Unleashed to Fight Exotic Thistle / August 5, 2004 / News from the USDA Agricultural Research Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In one corner is a biocontrol rust fungus; in the other, the invasive weed yellow starthistle (YST).
		The rust fungus is appealing because it's self-spreading, host-specific and unrelenting once it becomes established on YST populations, according to Bruckart, at the ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit at Frederick, Md.
		The rust's unaided spread beyond the spray zone is also of interest.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/pr/2004/040805.htm (352 words)

	Rust Doctor: Paint over rust with non-toxic latex rust paint. Safe, easy to use rust repair. Water based, non flammable.
		Rust Doctor is a water based latex paint that allows you to paint over rusty metal and then topcoat with any kind of paint without the need to sand or grind to bare metal.
		Rust Doctor is a very flexible product, which can be used in a wide variety of applications.
		Rust Doctor is a one step process and does not require any chemical preparation of the rusty metal or rinsing after it is applied.
	www.theRustDoctor.com (669 words)

	Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae, cause of cedar-apple rust, Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for May 1999
		This fungus is an obligate plant pathogen, which means (essentially) that the fungus cannot be grown in culture in the absences of its hosts.
		This rust can be commonly seen in the spring when you're hunting for morels.
		Rusts are pretty interesting and common parasites of many different species of vascular plants.
	botit.botany.wisc.edu /toms_fungi/may99.html (1029 words)

	Common Corn Rust, AC-0031-01
		The rust fungus overwinters as uredospores on corn or as other spore forms on wood sorrel in subtropical and tropical regions.
		Rust development and spread is favored by prolonged cool temperatures ranging from 60° to 74°F and high relative humidity.
		In seasons where considerable rust is present on the lower leaves prior to silking and the weather forecast is for unseasonably cool, wet weather, chemical control may be necessary.
	ohioline.osu.edu /ac-fact/0031.html (506 words)

	Rust (fungus) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Rusts are (The taxonomic kingdom of lower plants) fungi of the order Uredinales.
		Many of these species are plant (An animal or plant that lives in or on a host (another animal or plant); the parasite obtains nourishment from the host without benefiting or killing the host) parasites.
		Many of the rusts have two or more hosts ((Click link for more info and facts about heteroecious) heteroecious) and up to five spore stages.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ru/rust_(fungus).htm (277 words)

	Rust Bullet - Rust inhibitor coating beats POR 15, Rust oleum and other market leaders in independent laboratory ...
		Rust Bullet rust inhibitor coating and its patented new technology beats POR 15, Rustoleum and other market leaders in independent laboratory testing.
		Rust Bullet is guaranteed to stop rust and provide rust prevention for 10 years.
		To separate Rust Bullet® from these 319 companies, we decided to test, scientifically, against the six main ingredients that these products contain, using the market leaders, and not the specific brands or names that are subject to manipulation.
	www.RustBullet.com (447 words)

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