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	Rusticle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since rusticles are found on wrought iron rather than other ferrous metals, it is supposed that the microbes also use the sulfur and phosphorus impurities found in the metal.
		The outer surface of a rusticle is smooth red in appearance from the iron (III) oxide, while the core is bright orange due to the presence of Goethite (a hydrated iron oxide) crystals.
		Rusticles on the Titanic were the first investigated by Roy Cullimore, based at the University of Regina in Canada in 1996.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rusticle (251 words)

	Biodeterioration of the RMS Titanic : ET Research (2001) by Roy Cullimore & Lori Johnston - 28 January 2001
		The rusticles are dense structures, with a high iron content ranging from 24 to 36% consisting mostly as complex ferric oxides and hydroxides.
		After such a "snow fall", the rusticles become covered with a gentle coating of white slime that presumably, is able to be consumed by the rusticles through the ducts that perforate the outer structural coating.
		Rusticles are forms of living porous concrete and, as such, offer an opportunity to determine to potential role of microbes in the "curing" of concrete.
	www.encyclopedia-titanica.org /item/1478 (5093 words)

	A Rusticle is a little similar to an icicle icicle or...
		A "Rusticle" is a little similar to an icicle icicle or stalactite stalactite in appearance, but occurs under water when wrought iron wrought iron rust rusts.
		The outer surface of a rusticle is smooth red red in appearance from the iron (III) oxide iron (III) oxide, while the core is bright orange orange due to the presence of Goethite Goethite (a hydrated iron oxide) crystals.
		Rusticles on the "Titanic Titanic" were the first investigated by Roy Cullimore Roy Cullimore, based at the University of Regina University of Regina in Canada Canada in 1996 1996.
	www.biodatabase.de /Rusticle (302 words)

	Rust to rust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		But this year's grand plan is to successfully raise the "big piece": the stern section that was brought within a few metres of the surface in 1996 before stormy seas sent it to the bottom again, to rest ten kilometres from where it previously lay.
		What is most intriguing about the rusticle, which ranges from a few centimetres in length to three metres across, is its uncanny resemblance to a living organism.
		For Cullimore, studying rusticles is more than finding out how long the steel plates of the Titanic will last before she becomes an unrecognizable lump on the ocean floor.
	www.exn.ca /titanic/eatingtitanic.cfm (858 words)

	Bioacheology of the R.M.S. Titanic: Diagrams (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		When the rusticle dies (10), iron moves to the seafloor (10) and may be used by the bacterial plates growing there (11).
		These were a filamentous coating of threads which extended out from the rusticle into the water, crystalline structures which extend knob-like out from the surface, resinous exudates which coated large areas of the surface, and ducts which perforated through the surface to the porous layers inside.
		The rusticles therefore become biological records of the events that occurred ate the sinking of the Titanic (the debris) and the subsequent iceberg melts.
	www.dbi.ca /Ocean/Titanic/RUSTPIC.HTML (913 words)

	Rusticle - Gurupedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Since rusticles are found on wrought iron rather than other ferrous metals, it is supposed that the microbes also use the sulphur and
		The outer surface of a rusticle is smooth red in appearance from the iron (III) oxide, while the core is bright orange due to the presence of
		Rusticles on the Titanic were the first investigated by Roy Cullimore, based at the University of Regina in
	www.gurupedia.com /r/ru/rusticle.htm (207 words)

	Learn more about Rusticle in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Learn more about Rusticle in the online encyclopedia.
		The remainder of the structure is actually a complex community of symbiotic or mutualistic microbes including bacteria and fungi that use the rusting metal as a source of food, collectively producing the mineral compounds as waste products and hence forming the rusticle.
		Since rusticles are found on wrought iron rather than other ferrous metals, and the microbes also use the sulphur and phosphorus found in the metal as impurities.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /r/ru/rusticle.html (303 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer: RMS Titanic Expedition 2003: Rusticles
		In 1998, four steel test platforms were placed in various locations near and on the wreck to assess the growth of rusticles on steel in different stages of fatigue.
		From these observations it appears that the stern section of the ship is deteriorating at a faster rate than the bow section, and has been calculated to be about 40 yrs ahead of the forward section.
		This was determined due to the state of the steel at the stern, which was severely embrittled and distorted, providing better "habitat" for rusticle formation.
	oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /explorations/03titanic/rusticles/rusticles.html (461 words)

	Rusticles Thrive on the Titanic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This expedition sent two Mir submersibles to survey the microbes that are infesting the ship and to determine their rate of growth.
		A rusticle hanging from the stern section of the RMS Titanic shows secondary growths during maturation.
		Detached rusticles below the portside anchor indicate that these icicle-like formations pass through a cycle of growth and maturation, then fall away.
	www.titanic-nautical.com /RMS-Titanic-Rusticles.html (438 words)

	Titanic Rusticle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		These rusticles contain a lot of iron, up to 36%, and if this iron comes from the steel of the ship herself, how long will the ship have left before becoming weakened by the activities of these rusticles?.
		This rusticle is a world traveler and has already been exhibited at the Hamburg and the Zurich Titanic exhibitions in 1997 to 1999.
		Rusticles are growing all over the ship, about 560 tons was calculated to on the outside of the ship in 1996 and they are growing!
	www.dbi.ca /Ocean/Titanic.html (1128 words)

	SCIENCE
		An iron oxide sulfate complex, known as green rust was also found (Fe Fe Rusticles that have been recovered from the 1996 Expedition to Titanic have been analyzed by electron diffraction x-ray.
		Softer woods used throughout the ship are vanishing, and sections of the ship appear to be increasingly squeezed by the pressure at such depths.
		The rusticles actually are colonies made up of five species of bacteria that eat the iron out of the ship's steel structures, says Lt. Jeremy Weirich, who works with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and is the expedition's chief archaeologist.
	www.savethetitanic.org /page/page/1830540.htm (5700 words)

	TitanicScience the Great Ship fades away
		Titanic is slowly disappearing under thick layers of biological growths called rusticles.
		The combined bulk of the rusticles are estimated at 650 tons.
		As the rusticle mass continues to multiply and more of the ship's iron is removed, Titanic has begun a gradual process of collapse.
	www.titanicscience.com /TitanicScience2d.htm (133 words)

	<I>Return to Titanic</I> Mission to Document Wreck's Destruction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Eating away at the very structure of the ship herself is a rather benign-sounding formation known as a "rusticle." The concrete-like forms cling to the side of the ruined vessel like rusty icicles.
		Inside a rusticle, a mix of different bacterial communities feed on iron, extracting it from the ship's refined steel structure.
		Rusticles grow in many environments, but Cullimore explains that the Titanic is particularly fertile ground.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2004/04/0423_040423_titanicscience_2.html (1242 words)

	TITANIC - A Voyage of Discovery (rusticle)
		The rusticles have a smooth red outer surface made up of iron oxyhydroxide.
		When a rusticle is broken open the core is a bright orange colour.
		When a biological activity test was performed it was shown that the rusticles grew in the presence of bacteria.
	www.euronet.nl /users/keesree/rusticle.htm (521 words)

	The Internet Book Database of Fiction :: View topic - E-Book Discussion: "In Their Own Words, Titanic" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Looks as if the Consortia [defining the rusticles as something that would, like sponges and corals, belong to the field of zoology, were their tissues not built from bacteria] - the life-form that is eating the Titanic - will soon be classified as a new kingdom: as tissue-layered metazoans built from procaryotic cells.
		They were not rusticle “stalagmites.” They were sheltered in the curl of a completely twisted piece of steel.
		Since we already know that the rusticles are coming from the hydrothermal vents upwind of Titanic, it appears likely that these creatures seeking out niches in the nooks and crannies of the wreck might also arise from those upwind volcanic zones.
	www.ibdof.com /viewtopic.php?t=110936 (3619 words)

	90 Years of Titanic
		As the bacteria munch on the iron, the liquid flows down towards the bottom of the rusticle where the iron is used to make more rusticle.
		He also believed that taking the artifacts away from the site was both unethical and changed the whole context of what it meant, sort of like taking only one piece of a jigsaw puzzle and trying to figure out the picture.
		Sometime in the future, we are not sure just when, Titanic will cease to exist as an iron hull, but will be reduced to the rusticles which are consuming her.
	starryskies.com /articles/dln/5-02/titanic.html (825 words)

	NOW On / Entertainment / Cover Story / Jul 6 - 12, 2000
		Presented by Theatre Rusticle at the Helen Gardiner Phelan Playhouse.
		Allyson McMackon was taught as an actor at the U of T and York to concentrate on text, but as a performer she instinctively thinks with her body.
		That combination of word and movement inspired McMackon to found Theatre Rusticle, a company devoted to interpreting text through the physical.
	www.nowtoronto.com /issues/2000-07-06/cover5.html (512 words)

	The Titanic: from metals to minerals. \| North America > Canada from AllBusiness.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Rusticles are formed of a brittle iron oxy-hydroxide shell approximately 100 to 200 micro~meter~ thick, with a smooth dark red outer surface (toward seawater) and an orange rough inner surface (toward the centre of the rusticle).
		The core of the rusticle and the inner surface of the shell are made of a reticular framework of spherical aggregates.
		A variety of bacteria grew in the culture media and the test indicated a predominance of sulphate reducing species that multiplied particularly rapidly in anaerobic conditions.
	www.allbusiness.com /periodicals/article/401485-1.html (686 words)

	Theatre Rusticle
		We are pleased to announce a new programme to be launched in the fall 2006 called The Rusticle Gym.
		The Rusticle Gym is exactly that ~ a gym, a place to workout, to stretch tired, under-used muscles or find muscles you never knew you had.
		A rusticle exploration of Shakespeare’s Scottish Play, we are collaborating with Hume Baugh, Brooke Johnson, Viv Moore, and Adrian Proszowski.
	www.theatrerusticle.org (271 words)

	New Page 1
		He and Johnston have studied extensively some of the best-known shipwrecks in the world, including those of Titanic and the World War II German battleship Bismarck.
		Since the startling discovery of “rusticles” on the wreck of Titanic in 1986, the interaction between man-made structures and microorganisms in the deep sea has become an emerging area of science.
		Rusticles are produced by tiny microbes that feed on the iron in the steel of the ship’s structure; the fragile, icicle-like rusticles are the waste material produced by the microbes.
	www.pastfoundation.org /DeepWrecks/Microbiology.htm (292 words)

	Toronto Culture :: Theatre Rusticle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Theatre Rusticle is a physically rooted company devoted to the creation of original work sourced in poetic, dramatic and literary traditions.
		We combine text and movement to create vibrant, challenging and imaginative work.
		Spear-headed by director Allyson McMackon, Theatre Rusticle's work has been seen in San Francisco, New York and Toronto and has been hailed as "firmly rooted and exotic gems" and giving "shape and form to the inexpressible".
	www.livewithculture.ca /content/view/full/389 (87 words)

	Wish / Theatre / Events / Shared Content / Root folder - Toronto Arts Online
		Wish is the story of an engagement party gone awry one rainy evening and one woman's fight to discover herself.
		Theatre Rusticle is taking a respectful sledgehammer to the restoration with our new offering Wish.
		It is a physically dynamic piece about all that we wish for: love, sex, joy, the ability to authentically know ourselves and our world.
	www.torontoartsonline.org /content/view/full/5912 (207 words)

	Eye Weekly - On Stage - 11.10.05
		The Way of the World by William Congreve is packed with the kind of sexually powerful young women who draft prenups while dotting their i's with hearts.
		Theatre Rusticle's adaptation of the Restoration piece calls attention to the fleeting nature of this particular power by focusing on Wish, an older, insecure, secondary female character.
		Not only does director Allyson McMackon switch the story's focus, she also adds an emotionally resonant physicality to it.
	www.eye.net /eye/issue/issue_11.10.05/arts/onstage.html (1059 words)

	Erin Gamelin of Scrambled Leggs Productions Presents...
		This summer he will perform as Sherlock Holmes at Showboat Festival Theatre in Port Colborne and in the Fall will direct a revival of Poochwater at the 1000 Islands Playhouse in Gananoque.
		Back in Toronto he will direct More Haunted Masters at Spadina House in time for Hallowe'en and will be acting again in November with Theatre Rusticle in 'Wish'.
		Heather Prinsloo (aka Crozier) was born in Alberta but moved to Toronto a few short months ago for a taste of the big city life.
	www.scrambledleggs.com /crew.html (417 words)

	The National Maritime Center - Treasures Of NOAA'S Ark Activities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		RMS Titanic Bow: A view of the bow of the RMS Titanic from a camera mounted on the outside of the Mir I submersible.
		RMS Titanic Rusticle: Rusticle hanging from the stern section of the RMS Titanic showing secondary growths during maturation.
		USS Monitor: Photomosaic of the USS Monitor's lower hull showing the port armor belt.
	www.thenmc.org /tonaactivities.html (600 words)

	NOW Magazine, NOVEMBER 3 - 9, 2005
		Theatre Rusticle adaptation adds movement to Restoration comedy
		WISH conceived and directed by Allyson McMackon, with Hume Baugh, Patrick Conner, Emily Hurson, Brooke Johnson, Noah Kenneally, Melinda Little, Mike McPhaden and Lucy Rupert.
		Presented by Theatre Rusticle at Dancemakers (Case Goods Building, 55 Mill).
	www.nowtoronto.com /issues/2005-11-03/stage_theatrepreview_p.html (802 words)

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