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Topic: Ruthenes

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	rfmcdpei: [BLOG-LIKE POSTING] Who are the Rusyns?
		As Chris Togneri and Tom Philpott write in the article "The Ruthene Minority and its Wooden Churches", the million-odd Rusyns persisted as a distinct group because they found themselves in a neutral middle ground.
		The problems facing the Ruthene minority, with regard to the educational sector, have primarily to do with the small size of the community.
		Bearing also in mind that the Ruthenes are not among the wealthier groups in the province, many Ruthene parents assess their children’s chances of better employment and economic opportunities as higher which an adequate command of the Serbian language.
	rfmcdpei.livejournal.com /941953.html (1362 words)

	Rusyns - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Rusyns, also called Ruthenians, Ruthenes, Rusins, Rysins, Carpatho-Rusins, and Russniaks, are a modern group of ethnic groups that speak the Rusyn language and are descended from the Ruthenians that did not become Ukrainians in the 19th century.
		Before the 18th century, the inhabitants of wider Ruthenian region (present day Ukraine) were named "Ruthenians" or "Ruthenes" (Rusini or Rusiny) in Poland, and "Little Ruthenians" (Malorusiny or "Little Russians", Maloross in Russia, and their language was known as Ruthenian (Malorossian), and it was closest to the modern Ukrainian language.
		The Ruthenes in the former Yugoslavia are organized in the Eparchy of Krizevci.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Rusyns (698 words)

	ruthenes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Ruthenians or Ruthenes- group of Slavic tribes living in Eastern Europe between the Black Sea (south) and the White Sea (north).
		Main groups of Ruthene Higlanders in the former Galician Carpathians are called (from west to east) Lemko (Poland), Bojko (Ukraine), Hucul(Ukraine).
		Untill 18th century all Ukrainian speaking peoples (however this name have not appeared in national sense till beginning of 19th century) were named as Ruthenians (Ruthenes) (in Poland) and Little Ruthenians or Little Russians, Maloross (in Russia) and their language was known as Ruthenian (Malorossian).
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Ruthenes.html (643 words)

	Ruthenians - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ruthenians is a name that has been applied to different ethnic groups at different times; for an explanation of the reasons for this, see Ruthenia.
		Generally, in old documents, the terms "Ruthenians", "Ruthenes" and "Russians" mostly have the same meaning.
		Sometimes, especially in Poland, "Ruthenes" refers to all people speaking East Slavic languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ruthenes (131 words)

	General der Kavallerie Karl Georg Graf von Huyn
		In truth, the Ruthenes who withstood the constantly moving armies of both sides were aloof to their politics, and stood aside while the shifting administrators proclaimed what was good for them.
		The Poles and Ruthenes broke out into violence, and Huyn beat a hasty retreat to Vienna with the rest of the Austrian forces passing out of the Ukraine and Roumania at wars' end.
		Not that the scheme was entirely feasible, for there was (and still is) friction between the Uniate Catholics of Eastern Galicia and the Eastern Orthodox of the rest of the Ukraine.
	www.geocities.com /veldes1/huyn.html (1072 words)

	DEMOCRACY IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA - 1941
		No education above the fourth grade was provided in their own language for 1,694,000 Slovaks, 433,000 Ruthenes and 260,900 Germans in the two provinces, according to Hungarian statistics (2,044,300 Slovaks, 464,000 Ruthenes, 156,600 Germans and 155,100 Jews, according to the Czechoslovak census of 1921).
		All provincial and county presidents were Slovaks and Ruthenes from the beginning.
		There were complaints about the number of Czechs in appointive offices and as teachers, but the number was reduced rapidly as Slovaks and Ruthenes received an education in their own languages.
	www.iarelative.com /1941slov.htm (1455 words)

	[No title]
		It was the object of the Austrian Government to exploit these petty differences among Yugoslavs so as to prevent them from realising that they form one and the same nation entitled to independence.
		On November 15, the parliament was summoned to Kremsier, in which the Czechs, Ruthenes, Yugoslavs and some Poles formed a Slav _bloc_ of 120 members.
		On December 2, Francis Joseph ascended the throne, and a constitution was proposed by a parliamentary committee of which Rieger was a member.
	library.beau.org /gutenberg/etext06/7iboh10.txt (18100 words)

	National Minorities... - Poland and Rumania
		The Ruthenes, who were incorporated into Poland through first the collapse of tsarist authority and then the failure of an independent Ukraine, remained antagonistic to Polish rule from start to finish.
		Although relatively backward in their nationalism, the Ruthenes had their morale raised by the close proximity of the Ruthene-Ukrainian majority just across the Soviet border.
		Encouraged by rumours of the considerable cultural freedom enjoyed by Ukrainians within the Soviet Union, the Ruthene minority resisted the enforced assimilation projected by the Polish authorities.
	www.kroraina.com /knigi/en/rp/rp_3.html (3151 words)

	Feldgrau.net :: View topic - Rusyns in Hungarian army
		No matter and#8211; Ruthenes, Czechs, Slovaks, Polish, Jews or others, all were arested for illegal cross of USSR borders and some of them also for espionage against USSR.
		The inter-war years inside Czechoslovakia were generally a period of material and educational progress in Ruthenia, whose Ruthene inhabitants were significantly better off than they had previously been under Hungarian rule, or their fellow Ruthenes were in Polish Galicia or Romanian Norther Bucovina.
		Ruthene resistance, such as it was, was concentrated in the Sich Guard, which 12th Division had suppressed in Khost only the day before!
	www.feldgrau.net /phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=14067&view=next&sid=ef3a8138565123521e97acfdb856dd... (7575 words)

	H. A. Guerber — Myths of Northern Lands — Chapter 16
		Looking up, the king beheld a middle-aged man wrapped in a wide cloak, with a broad-brimmed hat drawn down over his forehead to conceal the fact that he had but one eye.
		The stranger courteously inquired the cause of his evident depression, and as soon as he had learned it volunteered to command the army of the Ruthenes.
		His services being joyfully accepted, Odin — for it was he — soon won a signal victory for the aged king, and, returning in triumph, asked permission to woo his daughter Rinda to be his wife.
	www.vaidilute.com /books/guerber/guerber-16.html (940 words)

	Daedalus: Ukraine: From an imperial periphery to a sovereign state (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The new Polish identity was open to these "Ruthenes," to "Greek Catholics," to all who were leaving the peasant stratum-- or to those sons of the clergy who did not wish to pursue their father's station in society and hoped to be doctors, engineers, or teachers instead.
		In the early nineteenth century, the Ruthenes lacked a secular ideology; they did not use their own living language in print, education, or civic affairs.
		Second, by joining Ukraine the Galicians were becoming members of a nation larger than Poland; not by accident did they call it Velyka Ukraina, "Greater Ukraine." Without an affiliation with Ukraine, the Galician community was roughly the size of the Slovak or Lithuanian nationalities.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3671/is_199707/ai_n8780540/pg_7 (1339 words)

	Footnotes to History- C
		The Ruthenes consider themselves a separate people, with ethnic ties to the Ukrainians.
		When Czechoslovakia was partitioned in 1939, the Ruthenes seceded again on March 2.
		While it was part of the United Provinces of New Granada, it was the first of the provinces to declare absolute independence from Spain, in November of 1811.
	www.buckyogi.com /footnotes/natc.htm (6093 words)

	Erzherzog Wilhelm von Österreich-Teschen und Toskana
		Apparently, Archduke Wilhelm ended his studies at the Maria Theresa Military Academy to become an officer in the Ulanenregiment Nr.
		Toward the end of WWI, he commanded a brigade of the "Ukrainische Legion" which consisted of Ruthenes from Galicia, by mid-1918, its name was changed to the "Ukrainian Sich Rifles" as an historic link to the proud Sich cossacks of the hetman days before the Russian suppression 150 years earlier.
		During this period, he became known as Vasily Vyshyvaniy (Vasyl Vyshyvany, Vyshyvannyi, Wyschiwanni, and other spellings), "Basil the Embroidered," to his friends and supporters, and he spoke fluent Ukrainian and had intimate knowledge of the Ruthenes' culture.
	www.geocities.com /veldes1/wilhelm.html (1375 words)

	Prima-News
		According to the authors, during the last census officials did all they could so that the population would enter Ukrainian, not Ruthenian, under the nationality question.
		The Ruthenians are represented in the census as an “ethnic branch” of the Ukrainian people: this “contradicting scientific research presented in the Russian encyclopedia Peoples & Religions of the World, in which Ruthenes are defined as a separate people.”
		They had “scientifically” proven the certainty of the Ruthenes being a separate ethnic entity from the Ukrainian, with therefore the right to establish autonomy in Subcarpathia.
	www.prima-news.ru /eng/news/news/2004/7/9/28969.html (212 words)

	[No title]
		It was the first national state the Slovaks had ever had and it appealed to their pride, a quite normal sin in the age of nationalism.
		The Ruthene remains of Czechoslovakia, after two days of "independence" proclaimed by the local autonomists, were occupied by Hungary with Hitler giving only reluctant approval inasmuch as he would have preferred to keep them under direct German control.
		Meanwhile the Hungarian government pledged autonomy to the Ruthenes, boasting of giving them the rights they had never secured from the Czechs; but the "autonomy." granted by Budapest was a disappointment even to those Ruthenes who were Hungarophiles.
	www.hungarian-history.hu /lib/newce/10newce.htm (3213 words)

	Post War Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Polish population of the old eastern provinces, including Lwow, moved west as their territories were absorbed by the USSR; the German population was largely removed to the German Democratic Republic (later to become known as East Germany).
		This new Poland corresponded very closely to the Poland of 1138, and now contained very few of the minorities (such as the Lithuanians, Ruthenes and Jews) which had given the Commonwealth such variety.
		In the January elections of 1947 the main non communist politicians were defeated (by use of fraud and violence) and emigrated.
	www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk /www/PostWar.html (819 words)

	NpM Prgue - František Řehoř (english)
		Apart from the language, which he readily learned, he was interested in the spiritual and material culture of the inhabitants of eastern Galicia, above all of the Ukrainians, who were then referred to as Ruthenes.
		He travelled extensively in the regions of Lvov, Kolomyje, Pokutie and Podolie, studying the life of the autochthonous Ukrainian ethnic groups - Hutsuls, Bojkas, Lemkas and Ruthenes - as well as of the local Jews.
		The fact that Rehor spent almost 15 years of his life in Galicia enabled him not only to become assimilated with the local population, but also to obtain a thorough knowledge of every aspect of their life.
	www.aconet.cz /npm/extras/bibl_rehor/eindex.html (1395 words)

	Who Are the Rusyns?: This Eastern European ethnic group is also called Carpatho-Rusyns, Ruthenes, Ruthenians, and ...
		Who Are the Rusyns?: This Eastern European ethnic group is also called Carpatho-Rusyns, Ruthenes, Ruthenians, and Rusnaks and they live in Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary and the Ukraine.
		Rusyns are a distinct ethnic group in Eastern Europe with controversial origins and a fierce commitment to their culture.
		They are known also as Carpatho-Rusyns, Ruthenes, Ruthenians, and Rusnaks, as well as by various transliterations of these words.
	eeuropeanhistory.suite101.com /article.cfm/whoarerusyns (481 words)

	The Nation, 02/25/1939 - "Greater Ukrainia" by Wiskemann, Elizabeth
		The Russian Ukraine, which contains about one-fifth of the total population of the Soviet Union is famous not only for its rich soil and its grain production; it also contains the Donetz coal mines and supplies of iron ore rich in manganese; its salt deposits are extensive, and it grows fruit on a large scale.
		...The pre-war Russian government oppressed the Poles and the Ukrainians alike, but the prewar Austrian authorities gave their Polish subjects a fairly free hand to harass the Ukrainians, or Ruthenes, of eastern Galicia...
		...Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia, where Ukrainians, or Ruthenes, have long been settled southwest of the great Carpathian mountain barrier, was perhaps the most mixed of all predominantly Ukrainian districts...
	www.archive.thenation.com /Summaries/v148i0009_07.htm (2189 words)

	HUNMAGYAR.ORG - KÁRPÁTALJA - SUBCARPATHIA
		In 895 AD, the Magyars moved into the Carpathian Basin and founded the Hungarian state.
		In the 13th c., a few small Slavic tribes crossed the Carpathians from the East and settled in Subcarpathia to seek refuge from the Mongols, and they became known as the Ruthenes.
		They had lived peacefully with the Hungarians during centuries when the Kingdom of Hungary was dismembered by the Western Allied Powers at the Treaty of Trianon, on June 4th, 1920.
	www.hunmagyar.org /taj/karpatalja (766 words)

	Podbiel
		It is possible to say that the name Podbiel was definitely fixed by the 18th century.
		The herdsmen shepherds, of whom Katarina Zrinka, widow of Francis Thurzo, wrote "Ruthenes are herdsmen", had settled the town that is today's Podbiel between the years 1556 and 1564, probably about 1560.
		In the charter document of Ferdinand I from January 18, 1550, the herdsmen's towns that are mentioned are only Knazia, Medzibrod, Ustie nad Oravou, and Bziny.
	www.felix-game.ca /html_files/podbiel.html (3947 words)

	First World War.com - Feature Articles - The Minor Powers During World War One - Austria-Hungary
		The Austro-Hungarian empire encompassed many peoples, and so did its army.
		Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes, Bosnians, Italians, Ruthenes and Jews fought in the army alongside the Austrians and Hungarians, and under Austrian and Hungarian officers.
		Appealing to nationalistic aspirations, the Austrians formed the Polish Legion, led by Pilsudski.
	www.firstworldwar.com /features/minorpowers_ah.htm (539 words)

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