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Topic: Ruthenium

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	It's Elemental - The Element Ruthenium
		Ruthenium was discovered by Karl Karlovich Klaus, a Russian chemist, in 1844 while analyzing the residue of a sample of platinum ore obtained from the Ural mountains.
		Ruthenium tends to occur along with deposits of platinum and is primarily obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining platinum.
		Ruthenium is also obtained as a byproduct of the nickel mining operation in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada.
	education.jlab.org /itselemental/ele044.html (151 words)

	Ruthenium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ruthenium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ru and atomic number 44.
		Ruthenium dissolves in fused alkalis, is not attacked by acids but is attacked by halogens at high temperatures.
		Ruthenium compounds are often similar in properties to those of osmium and exhibit at least eight oxidation states, but the +2, +3, and +4 states are the most common.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ruthenium (1079 words)

	Ruthenium (Ru) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects
		Ruthenium demand is rising: the metal find use in the electronic industry (50%) and the chemical industry (40%), with smaller amounts being used in alloying.
		Ruthenium is found as the free metal, sometimes associated with platinum, osmium and iridium, in North and South America, and in South Africa.
		Ruthenium is also associated with nickel and deposits (from which it is recovered commercially).
	www.lenntech.com /Periodic-chart-elements/Ru-en.htm (509 words)

	ruthenium
		Ruthenium is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal with a close-packed hexagonal crystalline structure.
		Ruthenium is found in nature with other metals of the so-called platinum group in river sands, in minerals such as laurite (the sulfide) and osmiridium, and in association with certain ores containing platinum, copper, and nickel.
		Ruthenium was discovered in 1827 in an impure form by G. Osann in residues of crude platinum ores from the Ural Mts.
	www.infoplease.com /encyclopedia/ruthenium (412 words)

	Ruthenium Information Center - ruthenium oxide plating
		Ruthenium is also a versatile catalyst: Hydrogen sulfide can be split need info on electrons in ruthenium ruthenium red ammoniated by light by using an aqueous suspension of CdS particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide.
		Ruthenium produced in such a way contains radioactive isotopes with half-lives of ruthenium abundance up to 373.59 days number of protons in ruthenium and is therefore stored at least 30 years in a secured area, before it can be sold.
		An ruthenium oxide, gan organometallic compound similar ruthenium compounds to ruthenocene, bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium, is readily synthesized in near quantitative yields and has applications in vapor-phase deposition ruthenium photolysis of metallic ruthenium, as well as ruthenium blue in catalysis, including Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of transportation fuels.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Chemistry_Topics_Pr_-_R/Ruthenium.html (1000 words)

	BookRags: Ruthenium Summary
		Ruthenium belongs to the platinum group of metals found in the middle of Rows 5 and 6 of the periodic table.
		Ruthenium is a hard, silvery white metal with a shiny surface and a melting point of 4,172-4,442°F (2,300-2,450°C), a boiling point of about 7,052-7,500°F (3,900-4,150°C), and a density of 12.41 grams per cubic centimeter.
		Ruthenium is one of the rarest elements on Earth with an abundance estimated at about 0.4 parts per billion.
	www.bookrags.com /research/ruthenium-woc (370 words)

	Chemistry : Periodic Table : ruthenium : key information
		The industrial extraction of ruthenium is complex as the metal occurs in ores mixed with other metals such as rhodium, palladium, silver, platinum, and gold.
		Sometimes extraction of the precious metals such as iridium, rhodium, platinum and palladium is the main focus of a partiular industrial operation while in other cases it is a byproduct.
		The extraction is complex because of the other metals present and only worthwhile since ruthenium is useful as a specialist metal and is the basis of some catalysts in industry.
	www.webelements.com /webelements/elements/text/Ru/key.html (380 words)

	Ruthenium
		In 1844, this russian scientist isolated 6 grams of ruthenium from the part of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia.
		Ruthenium is availible commercially for labritory samples, and is sold for $30 per gram.
		Ruthenium is used in the jewelry industry to harden certain valuble metals.
	www.mvschools.org /ms/projects/html/blue/ruthenium.htm (476 words)

	Supplier Data — Ruthenium (Ru) (Goodfellow) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Ruthenium was initially discovered in 1808 by J.A. Sniadecki at the University of Vilno, Poland and then again by G.W. Osnann in 1828 at the University of Tartu, Russia.
		Ruthenium is a rare member of the platinum group of metals (abundance 0.001 ppm in the earth’s crust).
		It is relatively unreactive, and is used as an alloying element with platinum and palladium to produce alloys which have improved wear resistance, and with titanium to improve the material’s corrosion resistance.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=1826 (214 words)

	Ruthenium - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Ruthenium, symbol Ru, chemically unreactive, greyish-white metallic element.
		Ruthenium is one of the transition elements of the periodic table.
		Platinum is the most important of the group of elements called the platinum metals, the other members of which are ruthenium, rhodium, palladium,...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Ruthenium.html (76 words)

	Principal Metals-Ruthenium
		Klaus obtained 6 g of ruthenium from the portion of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia.
		A member of the platinum group, ruthenium occurs native with other members of the group in ores found in the Ural mountains and in North and South America.
		Ruthenium is a hard, white metal and has four crystal modifications.
	www.principalmetals.com /utilities/44.htm (348 words)

	Ruthenium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Ruthenium is a silver-gray metal that is hard and brittle.
		Ruthenium can be found native in ores with other members of the platinum group two locations, the Ural Mountains and in North and South America.
		As a catalyst, ruthenium is used in special alloys for electrical devices, electrical contacts, the petroleum industry, and in electrodeposited coatings.
	home.earthlink.net /~danieldorsey/periodictable/044.htm (356 words)

	www.platinuminfo.net - Platinum group metals - Ruthenium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Pure ruthenium, a cool white metal, is rarely used by itself because it is extremely difficult to work.
		It remains hard and brittle even at temperatures as high as 1500°C. Ruthenium is, however, a useful addition to platinum and palladium to impart hardness in certain jewellery alloys and to improve resistance to abrasion in electrical contact surfaces.
		Ruthenium is also being used in certain catalytic applications in today's gas to liquids technology to generate various sulphur-free, high-quality fuels.
	www.platinuminfo.net /pgm_ru.html (195 words)

	C&EN: IT'S ELEMENTAL: THE PERIODIC TABLE - RUTHENIUM
		ROBERT H. ituated in the middle of the second row of the transition-metal series, ruthenium lies at the heart of the periodic table.
		Ruthenium was discovered by Karl Karlovich Klaus, a Russian chemist, in 1844.
		The special properties of ruthenium have opened up the area of olefin metathesis to synthetic organic and polymer chemists and are finally allowing this powerful reaction to realize its considerable promise.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/80th/print/ruthenium.html (729 words)

	artisan plating.com - electroplating, finishing and restoration
		Ruthenium is an extremely hard shiny gray metal that is used as a premier alloy for palladium and platinum to make them more wear resistant.
		As a member of the platinum family, it is used industry wide in numerous applications as alloy and as a coating to prevent corrosion and to increase mechanical wear when exposed to high temperatures.
		Ruthenium plated surfaces varies from light gray to gray-fl in color.
	www.artisanplating.com /plating/ruthenium.html (362 words)

	The Elements: Ruthenium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		of ruthenium from the portion of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia.
		A member of the platinum group, ruthenium occurs native with other members of the group in ores found in the Ural Mts.
		Ruthenium tetroxide, like osmium tetroxide, is highly toxic.
	www.cmbi.kun.nl /~ott/elements/ruthenium.html (360 words)

	www.platinuminfo.net - Platinum group metals - Ruthenium - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In 1844, Russian professor Karl Karlovich Klaus, obtained a pure sample from this oxide and ruthenium became the last of the platinum group metals (PGMs) to be isolated.
		The Urals are still a source of ruthenium and it is also found in North and South America and South Africa.
		Today, ruthenium is used primarily as a hardener for platinum and palladium and has a remarkable effect on titanium whose corrosion resistance is boosted a hundred times by the addition of just 0.1% of ruthenium.
	www.platinuminfo.net /pgm_ru_histo.html (190 words)

	SPI-Chem Ruthenium Tetroxide Kit - SPI Supplies
		Ruthenium, because of its high atomic number, enhances image contrast just as is the case for osmium when examining certain rubber modified polymer systems as well as certain life science specimens.
		Because of the higher reactivity of ruthenium relative to osmium tetroxide, there actually are a number of systems that won't stain hardly or at all with osmium tetroxide but will stain quite readily with ruthenium tetroxide.
		We are not certain that is especially applicable to users of the SPI-Chem ruthenium tetroxide kit, where the active species is generated "on the spot" and the staining is essentially done from the vapor state, on sections.
	www.2spi.com /catalog/chem/chem1c.shtml (593 words)

	ruthenium - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		RUTHENIUM [ruthenium], metallic chemical element; symbol Ru; at.
		It is found directly above osmium in Group 8 of the periodic table.
		Cobalt and, especially, ruthenium are more active than iron as catalysts in the ammonia synthesis reaction, but there are practical and economic disadvantages.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/r/rutheniu.asp (438 words)

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	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for ruthenium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		ruthenium RUTHENIUM [ruthenium], metallic chemical element; symbol Ru; at.
		Periodic Table of the Elements: Ruthenium PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS: RUTHENIUM [Periodic Table of the Elements: Ruthenium] Periodic Table of the Elements: Ruthenium
		Ru RU [Ru] symbol for the element ruthenium.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/11260.html (400 words)

	Ruthenium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Ruthenium, Ru, is a hard white transition metal element, found in Group VIII of the periodic table.
		Ruthenium occurs with the other members of the platinum group in their ores.
		Ruthenium is used as a hardener for Platinum, Pt.
	www.ucc.ie /ucc/depts/chem/dolchem/html/elem/elem044.html (77 words)

	44 Ruthenium
		In 1844 he showed that Osann's Ruthenium oxide was very impure and that it contained a new metal.
		Klaus decided to give the name Ruthenium appropriate for new element, since Russia was the major producer of these metals and in recognition of Osann's work.
		He sent samples to Berzelius in 1845 resulting in Berzelius's announcement that Ruthenium is indeed a new element.
	www.vanderkrogt.net /elements/elem/ru.html (721 words)

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