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Topic: Rwanda Patriotic Front

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	Sub-Saharan Africa :: Countries :: Rwanda :: Background
		Rwanda's economy is based on agriculture, which employs the majority of the active population and accounted for 42% of the GDP in 2002.
		Rwanda's landlocked geography is a distinguishing characteristic of its economy.
		Rwanda is also one of the member countries of the International Conference on the Great Lakes, which aims to conclude a far-reaching agreement on peace, security and regional development by the year 2005.
	www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca /africa/rwanda_background-en.asp (1956 words)

	THE BLANKET * Index: Current Articles
		Thanks to the intervention of the military forces of the Rwanda Patriotic Front (Front Patriotique Rwandais, FPR), the dictatorial Hutu regime of Habyarimana was ousted from power and Paul Kagame, the leader of the FPR, became the country's new leader.
		Rwanda is one of the poorest countries in Africa, and the ruling clique used three strategies to accumulate power and wealth.
		In March 1999, he was forced to flee Rwanda for his critique of the new elite, and in exile wrote an open letter to Kagame.
	lark.phoblacht.net /rwanda.html (874 words)

	Rwanda Introduction
		To the east of the mountains, Rwanda's central region is hilly with elevations ranging from 3,300 to 6,600 feet.
		Rwanda's eastern region consists of grassy savannas that stretch toward the swamps and marshlands of the Kagera River which borders Tanzania.
		Rwanda has two rainy seasons: October through December, and March through May. The heaviest rain falls in the western regions bordering Zaire, with less rainfall in the central plateaus and eastern grasslands.
	www.usariem.army.mil /rwanda/intro.htm (926 words)

	Politics of Rwanda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Politics of Rwanda takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Rwanda is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system.
		Rwanda is a one party dominant state with the Rwanda Patriotic Front in power.
		Rwanda · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Somalia · South Africa · Sudan · Swaziland · Tanzania · Togo · Tunisia · Uganda · Western Sahara (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) · Zambia · Zimbabwe
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_Rwanda (691 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Assessment for Tutsis in Rwanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		To date, Rwanda has attempted to deal with this judicial backlog, and in 1996, the National Assembly passed the Organic Genocide Law, a portion of which is designed to encourage confessions in exchange for reduced sentences for the vast majority of those involved in the genocide.
		As aforementioned, the country’s government is currently in the hands of the RPF, under the leadership of Major General Paul Kagame, and the RPF represents the only open Tutsi party.
		While the RPF has officially adopted the provisions of the 1993 Arusha peace accord, the July 1994 Declaration by the Rwanda Patriotic Front, and the November 1994 multiparty protocol of understanding as Rwanda’s Fundamental Law, in practice it has not followed these agreements completely.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=51701 (1043 words)

	1990-1994: The genocide and war in Rwanda \| libcom.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1994 the Rwandan regime was rapidly crumbling before a rebel army – the Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) - which, as it advanced, was putting a stop to the genocide in one region of the country after another.
		There are remarkable parallels between the atrocities in Rwanda and East Timor: in the genocides themselves, planned at governmental level and carried out by an army and government-organised militias, and in the role played by USA and other western powers in arming these murderous regimes.
		The battle with the RPF was used as a pretext to arrest up to 8,000 people in the capital Kigali, mostly Tutsis, and to launch pogroms in the countryside.
	libcom.org /history/1990-1994-the-genocide-and-war-in-rwanda (3190 words)

	The Monitor :::: A counrty Profile ::: Rwanda - East of Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) launched an attack from Uganda and this resulted into the signing of a series of agreements between the RPF and the government of Rwanda with the backing of the international community.
		By mid-July the RPF had won control of most of the country and announced the establishment of a broad based government of national unity.
		RPF was a political party launched in 1990 by Rwandans in exile who had ….due to political reasons.
	www.monitor.co.ug /specialincludes/mplsups/rwandagen/gen1.php (1200 words)

	Rwanda - An action toolkit from EARTHACTION
		The genocide halted when the government was defeated by the rebel forces of the mainly Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front, and fled to refugee camps across the border.
		As with Rwanda, development projects need to be designed to bring Hutus and Tutsis together in common efforts and to heal their wounds.
		Rwanda and Burundi face many challenges, and there is much to be done to prevent further disaster.
	www.earthaction.org /en/archive/96-05-rwanda/background.html (1140 words)

	Genocide in Rwanda : Backgrounder
		At the Memorial Conference on the Rwanda Genocide, organized by the Governments of Canada and Rwanda at the United Nations in New York on 26 March 2004, the Secretary-General stated that "'Such a minute of silence has the potential to unite the world, however fleetingly, around the idea of global solidarity.
		The United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda (UNAMIR), the main component of the United Nations presence in that country, was a traditional, consensual peacekeeping operation, which did not have the capacity within its mandate to prevent the genocide.
		The overriding failure in the response of the UN before and during the genocide in Rwanda was summarized by the report as "a lack of resources and a lack of will to take on the commitment which would have been necessary to prevent or stop the genocide".
	www.un.org /events/rwanda/backgrounder.html (2287 words)

	Rwanda - Background
		Rwanda, formerly part of the Belgian trusteeship territory of Ruanda-Urundi, gained its independence in July 1962.
		Rwanda and its northern neighbour Burundi are considered to be twin states because of the similarities in size, historical heritage, cultural and demographic features.
		The average population density of over 253 persons per square kilometre in Rwanda is among the highest in Africa, but the level of urbanisation is less than 10%.
	www.uneca.org /aisi/nici/country_profiles/rwanda/rwanab.htm (323 words)

	African Insights - Ezine Newsletter May 2004 -Rwanda - 10 years later
		Rwanda is growing again, even the former Hutu Rebels are returning and being re-educated as to how to live in the new Rwanda.
		Uganda was supportive of the Rwanda Patriotic Front that under the leadership of Paul Kagame brought an end to the carnage.
		Rwanda was not a spontaneous tribal conflict, but a systematic plan to eliminate a people.
	kabiza.com /OutofAfrica-Ezine-May2004-Rwanda-10years-later.htm (1431 words)

	Rwandan Patriotic Front - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Rwandan Patriotic Front (also translated as: Rwandese Patriotic Front; or referred to as: Patriotic Front of Rwanda) abbreviated as RPF (also often referred to as FPR from French: Front patriotique rwandais) is the current ruling political party of Rwanda, led by President Paul Kagame.
		The RPF troops within the CND building, having dug strong defences during the previous months, in case they were caught in the capital with their supply lines cut and under attack, were engaged by the Rwanda army in the nearby army camp at Kanombe, near the airport.
		After its conquest of Rwanda, the RPF was split into a political division which retained the RPF name, and a military one, called the Rwandan Patriotic Army (now the Rwandan Defence Forces).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front (1728 words)

	Rwanda: Page-2
		This recurring ethnic strife, as well as a Government policy prohibiting the return of exiles, culminated in a large-scale armed invasion of Rwanda in October 1990 by the Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF), composed mainly of exiled Tutsis.
		The RPF sought political reforms and the rights of all exiles to return to Rwanda; its army fought the Government’s mainly Hutu army to a stalemate.
		The RPF responded by ousting the government and its army, and about 2 million Hutus fled Rwanda into refugee camps in neighboring countries.
	us-africa.tripod.com /rwanda2.html (553 words)

	Rwanda Ten Years after the Genocide
		Almost all official bodies remained neutral as between the genocidaires and the Rwandan Patriotic Front, the mostly Tutsi rebels in the civil war that was being fought at the same time as the genocide.
		The Roman Catholic Church in Rwanda was the largest and most influential denomination in the country, with intimate ties to the government at all levels.
		The new Rwanda Patriotic Front government inherited a debt of close to $1 billion, some of it incurred by the previous government in genocide preparations---expanding its army and militias and buying arms.
	www.nathanielturner.com /rwandatenyearsafter.htm (1731 words)

	Who initiated the Rwandan massacres? - identifying Tutsi instigation under Ugandan sponsorship, helped by U.S. training ...
		The RPF was to have its members serving as vice premier and ministers of health, internal affairs (meaning the police), youth, telecommunications and popular mobilization.
		The presidents of Rwanda and Burundi were returning from a conference to resolve the impediments to the agreement when their airplane was shot down last month.
		Government forces, the RPF group in Kigali or even the Belgian detachment in Rwanda could have fired the lethal rockets that destroyed the plane, but in any case, the cause and effect is clear.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1571/is_n25_v10/ai_15504752 (970 words)

	Rwanda page
		In Rwanda there was a king, the Mwami, who was a Tutsi, one of the tall aristocrats.
		The Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) is mainly Tutsi in membership but may show some signs of wanting to prevent random killings and massacres.
		Some observers believe the victory of the RPF might result in a democratic government and that the war is really a conflict between democratic forces and a dictatorship supported by France.
	www.angelfire.com /mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/africa/rwanda.html (1239 words)

	Rwanda - Paul Kagame and the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)
		Although Kagame is technically Rwanda's vice president, he is the most powerful man in the Tutsi homelands of Rwanda and Burundi and probably the most powerful man that either of those two precarious states have known since they both became independent in 1962.
		At last, late in 1993, Rwanda's hard-line president agreed in priniciple to terms that called for a moderate Hutu to be installed as president and another as prime minister.
		The hard-line president signed a formal cease-fire, Rwanda's even harder-line military was enraged, and a large question began to loom as to whether Rwanda's government would or could fulfill the terms to which it had agreed.
	www.comebackalive.com /df/dplaces/rwanda/player4.htm (610 words)

	Rwanda
		1990 The government was attacked by the Rwanda Patriotic Front (FPR), a Tutsi refugee military-political organization based in Uganda, which controlled parts of northern Rwanda.
		1996—97 Rwanda and Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo) were on the brink of war after Tutsi killings of Hutu in Zaire.
		Rwanda promised to withdraw its troops from the east of the country if the Congolese government disarmed or expelled the Hutu militias who had been hiding there since the early 1990s.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/countryfacts/rwanda.html (935 words)

	Genocide in Rwanda
		According to Alain Destexhe, former secretary general of Doctors Without Borders, the events in Rwanda rank with the extermination of Jews and Gypsies by the Nazis as one of the most terrible examples of genocide in the 20th century.
		IT’S IMPOSSIBLE not to be stunned by the ferocity and the extent of the carnage in Rwanda.
		THE ROOTS of the Rwanda genocide lie in the country’s colonial legacy, the workings of the world market, massive poverty, class divisions within Rwandan society, and the cynical indifference of Western ruling classes.
	www.socialistworker.org /2004-1/498/498_08_Rwanda.shtml (1322 words)

	Peacekeepers in Rwanda
		The peacekeepers who were sent to Rwanda were unable to intervene effectively despite the requests from Canadian general Roméo Dallaire for reinforcements from the United Nations (UN).
		After German colonization in 1898 and Belgian colonization in 1923, relations deteriorated between the Tutsis and the Hutus of Rwanda.
		They eventually returned under the supervision of the UN with the approval of the Rwanda Patriotic Front but then food shortages reached crisis levels with one third of the population suffering from malnutrition.
	www.histori.ca /peace/page.do?pageID=339 (622 words)

	CBC News Indepth: Rwanda
		Rwanda's Hutu-dominated government and RPF agree to peace deal in Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania.
		RPF declares unilateral ceasefire and establishes own government, naming Pasteur Bizimungu as president and Faustin Twagiramungu as prime minister.
		A Tutsi, Kagame was an RPF commander throughout the genocide.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/rwanda/timeline.html (391 words)

	The world reflects on Rwanda genocide
		The Rwanda genocide began on 7 April 1994, a day after a plane carrying the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi was shot down as it prepared to land in Kigali, the Rwandan capital.
		A peacekeeping operation -- the UN Assistance Mission in Rwanda (UNAMIR) -- was on the ground, with about 2,000 troops, originally sent to monitor implementation of an August 1993 peace agreement between the government and rebel forces of the Uganda-based Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF).
		In Rwanda itself, the 10th anniversary will be an occasion to reflect on the genocide and the process of political and economic recovery over the past decade.
	www.un.org /ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/newrels/rwanda.htm (1009 words)

	CNN.com - Rwandan president resigns - March 23, 2000
		But observers say he had clashed with colleagues in the ruling Rwanda Patriotic Front over the makeup of a new Cabinet, which was announced on Sunday.
		The RPF formed a government of national reconciliation that sought to embrace both ethnic groups after the genocide, but several Hutus had quit the government, and last month Pierre Celestin Rwigema, another Hutu, resigned as prime minister after parliament accused him of corruption.
		RPF secretary-general Charles Muligande said the party would meet Friday to name two candidates for president before a joint session of the 18-member Cabinet and the 70-member National Assembly.
	edition.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/africa/03/23/rwanda.presidentresig.02 (569 words)

	CNN - Rwanda tribunal slowed - Feb. 29, 1996
		Rwanda's new leaders, armed with their own list of hundreds of suspects, including former government and party officials, say they're disappointed with the tribunal's pace.
		From there, investigators travel to towns and villages across Rwanda, collecting eyewitness statements and other evidence, building their cases against a growing number of suspects.
		Meanwhile, on Wednesday, Rwanda denied that its government has engaged in systematic killings of Hutu civilians to avenge the genocide of Tutsis.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9602/rwanda_tribunal (554 words)

	Rwanda war page
		Rwanda is in the Great Lakes area of East Africa.
		France is involved because as part of French Francophone policy (France did not want Rwanda to become Anglophone, as the Tutsi invaders had learned English in Uganda) French troops had trained and supported the previous Hutu administrations.
		Within Rwanda itself there are now only sporadic attacks after a RPF government was formed but the war in the Congo continues with Hutu militia or armed groups terrorising eastern Congo, and Rwandan and Ugandan troops operating more or less unobserved.
	www.angelfire.com /mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/wars/rwanda.html (629 words)

	THIS REPORT IS BEING DISTRIBUTED TO MEMBERS OF
		Rwanda, for all the discussion about a return to democracy and constitutional rule, remains ruled by a single party and an Army which is an integral part of the party, the Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF).
		Now the RPF is planning to expel the President of Parliament, Hon.Sebarenzi Joseph, who is popular and appreciated by the population, because he opposed RPF decisions.
		The RPF in April instigated a major re-shuffle of its cabinet portfolios and ambassadorial assignment as a prelude to its proposed cleansweep of the political system to eliminate all opposition.
	www.rdrwanda.org /Rwanda/infos/Mugabe29051999.html (2890 words)

	Annan asks probe of UN response to Rwanda genocide
		The killings began the day after a plane carrying the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi was shot out of the sky on April 6 by a missile as it prepared to land in Kigali, the Rwandan capital.
		He was refused permission to disarm the forces preparing the genocide but was authorized to pass on his information to the United States, French and Belgian ambassadors in the Rwandan capital.
		As the scale of the killings became apparent, the Security Council in mid-May authorized the dispatch to Rwanda of some 5,500 U.N. troops, but few arrived before the massacres ended when the Uganda-based Tutsi-dominated Rwanda Patriotic Front took control of the country.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/rwanda7.htm (599 words)

	CULTURE: Rwanda 'Turning' Its Back on French Language
		In July 1994, Rwanda, whose official language had been French since independence in 1962, decreed that all laws be published in both French and English and that daily transactions take place in either.
		The government of Rwanda has accused France of training and arming the Interhamwe and, between June and July 1994, of launching a humanitarian mission known as ‘’Operation Turquoise’’, which instead protected the genocidal army as they retreated from advancing RPF troops.
		Rwanda’s creation of the commission of inquiry seemed to have opened a new episode in the long line of mistrust between Paris and Kigali.
	ipsnews.net /africa/interna.asp?idnews=25536 (898 words)

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