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Topic: Rwandan Genocide

Related Topics

Peculiarities of the genocide of the Tutsis in regards to other genocides

Rwanda Genocide

Consequences of the Rwandan Genocide

Tutsi

Interahamwe

Paul Kagame

Second Congo War

History of Rwanda

Role of the international community in the Rwandan Genocide

Rwandan Massacre

Initial events of the Rwandan Genocide

Analysis of the causes of the Rwandan Genocide

Players of the Rwandan Genocide

	Rwanda: Accountability for War Crimes and Genocide: Special Reports: U.S. Institute of Peace
		Rwandan courts should not impose harsher penalties—including the death penalty—in their trials of second- or third-tier defendants than the penalties the international tribunal will impose on the organizers of the genocide.
		Rwandan law permits use of the death penalty in cases of genocide, and Rwandan authorities have repeatedly stated their intention to impose it.
		Rwandan officials and foreign observers have warned that in the absence of justice being administered by the courts—international or domestic—victims will be more likely to take the law into their own hands.
	www.usip.org /oc/sr/rwanda1.html (8236 words)

	Crimes Of War Project > The Book
		The planning of this genocide, which was important legally because it established the clear intent of its architects to commit the crime, had become known to the United Nations well before it took place.
		The Rwandan government's effort in 1993 to carry out a census in which all Rwandans had to state their tribe had been followed by a slaughter of Tutsis in the northern part of the country.
		According to the provisions of the Genocide Convention, the government was guilty on all counts of the Convention's Article 3: genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct and public incitement to commit genocide, and complicity in genocide.
	www.crimesofwar.org /thebook/rwanda-the-genocide.html (1257 words)

	The 1994 Rwandan Genocide and U.S. Policy
		We learned about the genocide first hand as we carefully lifted each of 450 victims from the grave: the skull cleaved in two by a machete blow, the baby tied to his dead mother's back, the children with achilles tendons cut so that they couldn't run, the priest in his clerical garb.
		President Clinton should announce that prevention and suppression of genocide is a vital U.S. interest, and that it is the policy of the United States to act on an urgent basis to comply with its obligations under the Genocide Convention.
		Rwandan Hutu civilians who do not necessarily support the genocidaires, are forced to give them food, and, all too often, are targets of reprisals by Rwandan government forces.
	www.phrusa.org /research/warcrimes/wargenocide.html (4447 words)

	Genocide in Rwanda, Rwanda Genocide, Rwanda Massacres
		The Hutu, now without opposition from the world community, engaged in genocidal mania, clubbing and hacking to death defenseless Tutsi families with machetes everywhere they were found.
		The Rwandan state radio, controlled by Hutu extremists, further encouraged the killings by broadcasting non-stop hate propaganda and even pinpointed the locations of Tutsis in hiding.
		The killers were aided by members of the Hutu professional class including journalists, doctors and educators, along with unemployed Hutu youths and peasants who killed Tutsis just to steal their property.
	www.unitedhumanrights.org /Genocide/genocide_in_rwanda.htm (881 words)

	Arms shipments and the Rwandan Genocide - Never Again
		It was generally agreed that this embargo also applied to the ousted Hutu Rwandan regime-in-exile—although the UK government later denied this was the case, in order to avoid prosecuting known arms brokers acting from UK territory for the exiled armed forces and militia.
		On 4 June 1994, Wilhelm Tertius Ehlers (known as Ters Ehlers)—a former senior official in the apartheid government—and Colonel Theoneste Bagosora—a senior official of the Rwandan Ministry of Defence of the Hutu government-in-exile—went to the Seychelles to negotiate the purchase of the arms.
		Rwandan officials of the extremist regime had facilitated payments to Mil-Tec initially from Kigali in mid-April, then from the Cairo embassy and from two Belgian banks in May, and finally from the Paris embassy in mid-July.
	neveragain.epov.org /Arms_shipments_and_the_Rwandan_Genocide (2862 words)

	The U.S. and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994: Evidence of Inaction
		The U.S. and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994
		In naming and calling on four Rwandan military leaders to “end the violence”, it is probably the sole example of high-level attention—however brief—trained on officials involved in the genocide.
		Produced one month into the genocide, this report declares that “Almost immediately after President Habyarimana was killed, in Kigali the Presidential Guard began the systematic execution of prominent Tutsi and moderate Hutu” and that the violence is “directed by high-level officials within the interim government”.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/index.html (2915 words)

	Amazon.com: Origins of Rwandan Genocide: Books: Josias Semujanga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Debris of Ham: Ethnicity, Regionalism, and the 1994 Rwandan Genocide by Aimable Twagilimana
		In this penetrating analysis, Canadian scholar Josias Semujanga, a Rwandan by birth, examines the social mechanisms, the historical factors, and the "discourse of hate" that culminated in this mind-boggling act of genocide.
		For more than three decades, Rwandan political life has been under the monstrous influence of a racist ideology based on the spreading of hatred, the culmination of which was the April 1994 genocide of the Tutsi.
	www.amazon.com /Origins-Rwandan-Genocide-Josias-Semujanga/dp/1591020530 (945 words)

	News: Great Lakes, Rwandan genocide survivors threatened by perpetrators
		The call was made after a genocide survivor had been killed in northern Rwanda by allegedly released genocide perpetrators.
		Genocide survivors are likely to be wiped out if the Rwandan government does not step up security for genocide survivors and brings to justice murderers intent on destroying evidence in genocide trials, Hirondelle quoted Ibuka (Remember) spokesperson Benoit Kaboyi as saying.
		Some genocide survivors denounced the releases arguing that they trivialize genocide, endanger witnesses' safety and traumatize survivors.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/DPAS-6JMCUY?OpenDocument (325 words)

	Rwandan Genocide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Rwandan Genocide (French: Génocide au Rwanda) was the massacre of an estimated 800,000 to 1,071,000 ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus in Rwanda, mostly carried out by two extremist Hutu militia groups, the Interahamwe and the Impuzamugambi, during a period of 100 days from April 6th through mid-July 1994.
		The Rwandan Genocide stands out as significant, not only because of the sheer number of people murdered in such a short period of time, but also because of how inadequately the United Nations (particularly, its Western members such as the United States, France and Britain) responded.
		The genocide ended when a Tutsi-dominated expatriate rebel movement known as the Rwandan Patriotic Front, led by Paul Kagame, overthrew the Hutu government and seized power.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rwandan_Genocide (6875 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Africa \| Rwanda: How the genocide happened
		The genocide was sparked by the death of the Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu, when his plane was shot down above Kigali airport on 6 April 1994.
		On the ground at least, the Rwandans were largely left alone by the international community.
		But although the massacres are over, the legacy of the genocide continues, and the search for justice has been a long and arduous one.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/1288230.stm (961 words)

	Bystanders to Genocide
		So far people have explained the U.S. failure to respond to the Rwandan genocide by claiming that the United States didn't know what was happening, that it knew but didn't care, or that regardless of what it knew there was nothing useful to be done.
		And even as, on average, 8,000 Rwandans were being butchered each day, U.S. officials shunned the term "genocide," for fear of being obliged to act.
		In the first three weeks of the genocide the most influential American policymakers portrayed (and, they insist, perceived) the deaths not as atrocities or the components and symptoms of genocide but as wartime "casualties"—the deaths of combatants or those caught between them in a civil war.
	www.theatlantic.com /doc/200109/power-genocide (1348 words)

	AFROL Rwanda Background - The Cross and the Genocide
		A genocide, that was to kill between 750,000 and one million Tutsis and moderate Hutus, was carefully planned and implemented.
		This did not mean that the church hierarchies were systematically involved in the planning of the genocide, but it indicated that the churches as organisations had not taken the responsibilities they were supposed to, due to their too close links to the government.
		The article, leaning on "anonymous sources", is one in a series of allegations against the present Rwandan President, thus chief of the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) that toppled the government responsible of the genocide in 1994.
	www.afrol.com /Countries/Rwanda/backgr_cross_genocide.htm (2421 words)

	'Indangamuntu 1994: Ten years ago in Rwanda this ID Card cost a woman her life' by Jim Fussell
		Most writers on the 1994 Rwandan genocide note the introduction of group classification on ID cards by the Belgian colonial government in 1933, an action most significant because it introduced a rigid racial concept of group identity where it had not previously existed.
		The Rwandan genocide was systematic and organized and not a indiscriminate or wanton slaughter as it was sometimes later portrayed.
		In addition to facilitating the identification of Tutsi victims, another role of ID cards in the genocide was that of psychologically distancing the killers from their victims and from the nature of their task as killers.
	www.preventgenocide.org /edu/pastgenocides/rwanda/indangamuntu.htm (1363 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| US chose to ignore Rwandan genocide
		President Bill Clinton's administration knew Rwanda was being engulfed by genocide in April 1994 but buried the information to justify its inaction, according to classified documents made available for the first time.
		Senior officials privately used the word genocide within 16 days of the start of the killings, but chose not to do so publicly because the president had already decided not to intervene.
		On a visit to the Rwandan capital, Kigali, in 1998 Mr Clinton apologised for not acting quickly enough or immediately calling the crimes genocide.
	www.guardian.co.uk /rwanda/story/0,14451,1183889,00.html (582 words)

	rwa010 Vatican puzzled by verdict against Rwandan nuns
		Widespread allegations in Rwanda, supported by the government, sustain that the Catholic Church indeed as an organisation is co-responsible of the genocide for its five decades of supporting the radicalisation of those Hutu groups who finally organised the worst genocide on African soil.
		The case of the two nuns convicted in Brussels demonstrates the wide range of support to the genocide in Rwandan society in 1994.
		Sisters Gertrude Mukangango and Julienne Kisito were convicted to 15 and 12 years of imprisonment for their involvement in the slaughter of at least 5,000 civilians that had sought refuge in their monastery at Sovu.
	www.afrol.com /News2001/rwa010_nuns_genocide.htm (899 words)

	GENOCIDE - RWANDA
		It's about a third the size of Belgium, who administered it from 1919 under a League of Nations mandate (by which it ceased to be part of German East Africa) until independence in 1962.
		Most of the Rwandan population belong to the Hutu ethnic group, traditionally crop-growers.
		This thoughtless introduction of class consciousness unsettled the stability of Rwandan society.
	www.ppu.org.uk /genocide/g_rwanda.html (520 words)

	The Rwandan Genocide and Migration Movements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		It was a horrifying genocide that took place in the African country of Rwanda, and is now internationally known as a terrible warning of the evil of ethnic cleansing.
		Click the links below to learn more about the Rwandan genocide and how the mass movement of people into and out of Rwanda prior to and following the genocide helped create this terrible period in history.
		The 1994 Rwandan Genocide and its Effects on the Population
	www.georgetown.edu /users/rel24/rwandan_genocide_and_migration.htm (220 words)

	ASIL Insight: Rwandan Genocide Case
		In a landmark case, four Rwandans are currently on trial in Belgium for alleged human rights violations during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda.
		However, the same conduct that would underlie a charge of genocide or crime against humanity may be subsumed under the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols.
		It is possible that the reference to the Belgian penal code was not intended to indicate a separate charge, but only to highlight that violations of the Geneva Conventions were explicitly part of the penal code prior to 1994.
	www.asil.org /insights/insigh72.htm (1873 words)

	CNN - Rwandan genocide trials proceed at snail's pace - Feb. 7, 1998
		But with the government burdened by the high cost of imprisonment, ministers are now reconsidering ways to speed up the trials.
		Rwandan officials said human rights groups were concerned that radical reforms to speed up the trials might be implemented at the cost of defendants' rights.
		More modest measures may therefore be implemented first -- such as reducing the number of judges present at each trial.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9802/07/rwanda.genocide (438 words)

	AMONHOTEP.COM - Rwandan Genocide: Crisis in Central Africa
		In 1994, during a 100-day period approximately 800,000 Rwandan Tutsis and moderate Hutus were brutally murdered in the Rwandan genocide.
		An independent report on the UN role in the genocide, commissioned by Mr Annan, concluded in 1999 that the organisation and its member states lacked the political will and resources to prevent or stop the genocide.
		According to Le Monde, the six-year investigation led by France's leading anti-terrorism judge concludes that the chief suspect in the fatal attack on the plane is former Tutsi rebel leader turned president, Paul Kagame.
	www.amonhotep.com /2000/rwanda.html (4205 words)

	African Writers Index: Tutsi Genocide@
		Ouvrage polemiste sur le genocide des Tutsis au Rwanda, Le Piege Ethnique est le récit de son voyage au Rwanda pendant le genocide en 1994.
		Indeed, it is its very popularity that makes the Rwandan genocide so unthinkable.
		Rejecting easy explanations of the genocide as a mysterious evil force that was bizarrely unleashed, one of Africa's best-known intellectuals situates the tragedy in its proper context.
	www.geocities.com /africanwriters/Genocide.html (779 words)

	Rwandan genocide trial marks key test for court \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Theoneste Bagosora, former Rwandan defense minister and director of cabinet, faces charges of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes before the United Nations-sponsored tribunal in Arusha, Tanzania.
		Bagosora's line of defense may be to argue that his actions were justified, because at the time the Rwandan government was fighting an ongoing war with the RPF, says a source close to the trial.
		Some 10,000 accused of leading the killings or of systematic rape face the traditional Rwandan courts, where the death penalty is an option.
	www.csmonitor.com /2002/0402/p07s01-woaf.html (902 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Wounds of Rwandan Genocide Reopened in Canada
		At the time when the United Nations was commemorating, this past Apr. 7, the 12th anniversary of the genocide in Rwanda, the mourning of the victims and their families wasn't over.
		Some press for the deportation of Léon Mugesera, a Rwandan settled in Quebec City who is accused of helping incite the genocide, and others refuse to see the president of Rwanda, Paul Kagame, set foot on Canadian soil for a conference at the end of April.
		The GLAC states in a press release that Paul Kagame is not only the main culprit behind the Rwandan genocide in 1994, but—with Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni—also a major architect of the war of occupation, depopulation, and exploitation of the Congo that has already killed more than 5 million people since 1998.
	www.theepochtimes.com /news/6-4-13/40379.html (795 words)

	News: Great Lakes, Hundreds flee Rwandan genocide courts
		Nairobi (dpa) - Hundreds of Rwandan Hutus have fled the country in fear of the recently introduced village courts which try people suspected of involvement in the 1994 genocide, a news report said Wednesday.
		The semi-traditional Gacaca courts were set up when it became clear that formal Rwandan courts would not be able to handle the cases of nearly 100,000 genocide suspects still in Rwandan jails.
		Suspected rapists will continue to be tried in formal courts, while the alleged masterminds of the genocide, when around 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed in a 100 days, are tried by the U.N.-backed war crimes tribunal at Arusha in neighbouring Tanzania.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EVIU-6BMK6Q?OpenDocument (378 words)

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