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Topic: Ryukyuan Kingdom

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	Ryukyuan history - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ryukyuan languages may all be grouped together to form one of the main branches of the Japonic language family; the other main branch is comprised of the various Japanese dialects.
		The kingdom's policy was to not participate in the military efforts of foreign nations, and they certainly did not wish to ruin their Korean trade.
		The Kingdom was formally annexed to Japan in 1879, and the monarchy in Shuri was violently abolished.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ryukyuan_history (2070 words)

	Introduction to Ryukyuan Dance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Several centuries ago the kingdom of Ryukyu attained a measure of wealth and prosperity as the agent of entrepot trade between China, Southeast Asia and Japan.
		This traditional Ryukyuan style of textile-dyeing is noted for its use of highly vivid coloration.
		The methods employed in the production of Ryukyuan textiles were introduced from the distant lands with which Ryukyu maintained relations during the heyday of the nation's overseas trading activities during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
	www.okinawa.com /dance1.html (1672 words)

	Gusuku - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The legendary Ryukyuan commander, Gosamaru, built the fortress in the early 15th century to defend against attacks from the east by Lord Amawari of Katsuren.
		For 450 years from the beginning of the 15th century, this was the royal court and administrative center of the Ryukyuan Kingdom.
		Tamaudun, mausoleum for generations of the Ryukyuan royals, was built in 1501 by King Sho Shin, the third King of the second Sho dynasty.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Gusuku (592 words)

	Ryukyuan history - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Ryukyuan history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Evidence suggests the island was never part of formal Japanese territory until annexation in 1872, although the Kingdom of the Ryūkyūs had been subjugated by the Shimazu clan, lords of southern Kyūshū, as early as 1609, and the Okinawans also paid tribute to the Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty of China.
		Permission to invade the kingdom was granted by the rulers in Edo.
		The Kingdom was formally annexed to Japan in 1879, the monarchy in Shuri Castle abolished.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Ryukyuan-history.html (2132 words)

	Ryukyuan languages -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		With Ryukyuan languages, the distinction is not quite as clear as it is for former "dialects" such as Korean and Palauan.
		Other Ryukyuan languages such as Miyako, Yaeyama, and Yonaguni are even further from (The capital and largest city of Japan; the economic and cultural center of Japan) Tokyo Japanese.
		Nowadays, there are a little over 1 million native speakers of Ryukyuan languages, but many of them are elderly (a significant percentage are even (Someone who is at least 100 years old) centenarians).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ry/ryukyuan_languages.htm (624 words)

	Ryukyuan language as a Heritage language of Okinawan people: Education and language maintenance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It was used in the Ryukyu kingdom as the official language until the kingdom became one of the prefectures of Japan.
		There is a myth that Ryukyuan is just a dialect of Japanese so that people had not been paid attention to it as a language.According to Hattori (1959) the Ryukyuan language separates from the Japanese language sometime between the beginning of the sixth century and the middle of the twelfth century.
		This paper investigates what the Ryukyuan language is and the history of itfs disappearance how the Okinawan people are trying to preserve Ryukyuan as their heritage language and how education can relate the Ryukuan language to Okinawan history avoiding todayfs situation the lose of the heritage language.
	02.members.goo.ne.jp /~member/task.cgi?id=shinakosan@goo (4736 words)

	Ryukyu Kingdom Okinawan Okinawa Qing Korea Champa Java Satsuma Edo Chinese Empire Kyushu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Ryukyu Kingdom (Okinawan: ryuucuunu kuni) was an independent kingdom which ruled the Ryukyu Islands from the 14th century to the 19th century.
		The Kings of Ryukyu (Okinawan usyuganasiinumee) unified Okinawa Island and extended the kingdom to the Amami Islands in modern Kagoshima Prefecture, and the Yaeyama Islands near Taiwan.
		The Kingdom of Ryukyu was established with the capital at Shuri.
	en.powerwissen.com /ezooaEDS3QEWM9IBy04TAQ%3D%3D_Ryukyu_Kingdom.html (432 words)

	Politics of Uchinaa
		The geographical location, cultural and political background of Ryukyuan Islands with respect to other Japanese islands is the root of the derogatory view of Ryukyu Islands.
		In 1879 the Ryukyu Kingdom was abolished and Okinawan Prefecture was established.
		Ryukyuan hoped that reversion to Japan would alleviate their economic ills have been seen to be false with Okinawa still footing the table as poorest prefecture in Japan.
	home.att.net /~jf-barnes/political.html (918 words)

	Ryukyuan languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Ryukyuan languages (琉球語) are a subgroup of the Japonic family, spoken in the Ryukyu Islands off Japan.
		Since Amami Archipelago, Miyako Archipelago, Yaeyama Archipelago, and Yonaguni Island are less developed than Okinawa Archipelago, their languages are not declining as quickly as that of Okinawa, and children continue to be brought up in these languages.
		There are still some children learning Ryukyuan as a native language, but this is fairly rare and usually only happens when they live with their grandparents.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/ryukyuan_languages (525 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Ryukyuan_languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Since the beginning of WWII, most Mainland Japanese and even many Ryukyuans have regarded the Ryukyuan languages as a dialect or group of dialects of Japanese.
		It might also be noted that during WWII, Korean, Palauan, and other various languages were considered dialects of Japanese, which they are most certainly not by any modern consideration.
		Even the southernmost Japanese dialect (Kagoshima dialect) is only 72% lexically similar to the northernmost Ryukyuan language (Amami).
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Ryukyuan_languages (460 words)

	Gusuku - Freepedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		④ Nakagusuku Ruins The legendary Ryukyuan commander, Gosamaru, built the fortress in the early 15th century to defend against attacks from the east by Lord Amawari of Katsuren.
		⑤　Shuri Castle For 450 years from the beginning of the 15th century, this was the royal court and administrative center of the Ryukyuan Kingdom.
		⑦ Tamaudun Tamaudun, mausoleum for generations of the Ryukyuan royals, was built in 1501 by King Sho Shin, the third King of the second Sho dynasty.
	en.freepedia.org /Gusuku.html (622 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Ryukyu Kingdom was once an independent kingdom occupying the island chain, from Yonaguni Island in the southwest to Amami Oshima in the north.
		The claims of the indigenous Ryukyuans to the land were ignored.
		Some natives of the Ryukyus claim that the central government is discriminating against the islanders by allowing so many American soldiers to be stationed on bases in Okinawa with a minimal presence on the mainland.
	www.homestayfinder.ca /Dictionary.aspx?q=Ryukyu_Islands (479 words)

	Shuri Castle - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Shuri Castle (Okinawan: sui ugusiku, Japanese: 首里城) is a gusuku (Ryukyuan castle) in Shuri, Okinawa.
		It was the palace of the Ryukyu Kingdom.
		When King Sho Hashi unified the three sections of Okinawa and established the Ryukyu Kingdom, he used Shuri Castle as a residence.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Shuri_Castle (348 words)

	Karate and Isshinryu History - Harper Woods Karate Club
		Indeed, with the cooperation and support of China, the Ryukyuan kingdom came to predominate on these trade routes, providing the people with a new outlet for their energies, and providing the kings with unprecedented economic power.
		By the time Sho Shin disarmed the Ryukyuan kingdom and forced its nobility to live at Shuri (1477), local experts were available for training in the alternatives to fighting with weapons of war.
		Consequently, although the Ryukyuan leaders occasionally petitioned Satsuma for the betterment of their situation, there is no documentary record of any concerted, high-level rebellious movement on Okinawa.
	www.harperwoodskarateclub.org /history.html (4317 words)

	OKS Extended History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This is called the Era of the Three Mountains: The Hokuzan Kingdom (north mountain) based in Nakajin Castle; The Chuzan Kingdom (mountain of the middle) based in Urasoe Castle; and the Nanzan Kingdom (south mountain) based in Shimajiri Ozato Castle.
		He consolidated the Ryukyuan Kingdom to an even greater degree and implemented a wide range of engineering projects in the areas surrounding Shurijo Castle.
		The Satsuma Kingdom of Southern Kyushu (Japan) invaded the Ryukyuan Kingdom in 1609 and the Okinawan rulers were forced to vow allegiance to them.
	www.okinawankarateschool.com /extendedhistory.htm (5417 words)

	The Islands of Yaeyama [ HIRATA Tourism Company ] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		However, the Meiji Restoration and incorporation of the Ryukyu kingdom into Japan as a Okinawa prefecture robbed the nobility of their security and they began to earn a living in the theatre.
		It was very important in the period of the Ryukyuan Kingdom for male nobility to be able to play the sanshin, and the instrument was as important for the Ryukyuan culture as the katana (samurai sword) was for the Japanese culture.
		The Shuri dialect was standardized under the Ryukyuan Kingdom central administration established by King Sho Shin (1477-1526).
	www.hirata-group.co.jp /english/about/history/index.html (828 words)

	Japan Focus Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The United Kingdom and the Netherlands both recognized roughly 10% of their populations, Belgium 12.5%, Poland 14%, and Sweden as much as 34.8% (Mogi, 1992, p.440).
		Although Ainu and Ryukyuans were culturally completely different from each other, and had a somewhat different standing in relation to the political center in Edo, both represented a potentially dangerous outside which, when incorporated into the tribute trade system, functioned to symbolically legitimate the center.
		The Ryukyu Kingdom was formally annexed by Japan in 1872, when an Imperial edict proclaimed the creation of the Domain of Ryukyu, and in 1879, it became the prefecture of Okinawa (Smits, 1999, p.145).
	japanfocus.org /article.asp?id=250 (8738 words)

	Encyclopedia: Ryukyuans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Japonic languages are a language family believed to descend from a common language known as Proto-Japonic.
		Kamekoubaka, Traditional Ryukyuan Tomb I took this photograph and contribute it to the public domain.
		Jump to: navigation, search This article deals with the characteristic ethnic issues in Japan that affect Ainu people, Ryukyuan people and immigrant workers (particularly workers from Korea, China, and other Asian countries) and are caused by the socio-cultural history of the country.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ryukyuans (683 words)

	National Theatre Okinawa
		Classical music is the general term used for the music that was mainly performed in the Ryukyuan royal government during the times of the Ryukyu Kingdom.
		Okinawan Plays resulted from the fusion of stage arts from the times of the Ryukyuan Kingdom and the nature of the common people’s spirits, and it is said that its general styles were completed in the 40’s of the Meiji era.
		It grasped the sentiment of the people of the islands who were cornered in their lives by the status policies, poverty and adversities, and many of the pieces describe the people’s temperament and sentiment where they comforted each other and valiantly lived on even if they couldn’t change their sorrowful destiny.
	www.nt-okinawa.or.jp /en/tradition.html (530 words)

	GLOCOM Platform - Opinions
		In identifying the special and historic nature of arts and crafts in the culture of the Ryukyuan Kingdom, the best symbolic example is Ryukyuan architecture It is basically Japanese architecture that has been influenced by Ming- and Qing-China and developed into an original Okinawan architecture.
		Ryukyuan culture is in fact complex, subject to influences from the north, south and west.
		The culture of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, which lasted from the 15th to the 19th century, reveals complex influences from different foreign cultures that eventually developed into an original culture defined by its subtropical island country.
	www.glocom.org /opinions/essays/200007_hokama_ryukyu_cul (498 words)

	Untitled Document
		The cannibalism of course is a myth, but as to fighting, the Ryukyuans were able to turn back a Mongol invasion of 6,000 soldiers in 1291, when the main island's population was estimated to be around 20,000-30,000.
		Of the three kingdoms, the Chuzan was the strongest with 12 castles or guskus, the largest spanning 150 metres and the smallest just 22 metres.
		The next strongest kingdom was Nanzan with ten castles or guskus, the largest at 183 metres and the smallest at 49 metres in length.
	www.adam.com.au /psandcd/golden.htm (945 words)

	Kobudo History
		Soon power was divided among three small kingdoms in 1326, which led to a lot of internal and continuous warfare until 1429.
		During the 14th to 16th centuries, a period known as the "Golden Age of Trade", the Kingdom flourished as a trade center for China and other nations.
		Varied distinct styles emerged during the heyday of the Ryukyuan kingdom: Shuri-ti forms were centered in the Ryukuan capital of Shuri, Naha-ti in the commercial center of Naha, and Tomari-ti in the Tomari district located between the first two.
	www.angelfire.com /ak4/tw/Kobudo_History.html (939 words)

	Languages
		Languages in Star Wars The fictional universe of Star Wars is a multilingual one, in which it is common to have either a...
		Languages in the United Kingdom The English is the main language and the de facto official language, spoken monolinguall...
		Ryukyuan languages The Ryukyuan languages (琉球語) are a subgroup of the Japanese dialects, although t...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/languages.html (2994 words)

	Early History of The Ryukyu Kingdom and its Relationship with China and Japan
		In many ways, the history of the Ryukyu Kingdom previous to the Meiji Restoration provides a depiction of an island kingdom that maintained a high degree of national sovereignty that was eventually shattered by colonial domination by the Satsuma-han in the 17th century.
		From the 14th century on, the Ryukyu Kingdom developed a tributary relationship with China, which while symbolically signifying the Ryukyu Kingdom's status under China (as demonstrated in a pledge of loyalty made by the Ryukyuan King to the Chinese Emperor) basically maintained the Ryukyu Kingdom's independent status as a nation.
		In no way did China seek to interfere in Ryukyuan domestic affairs, but merely sought to maintain cordial relations with the kingdom (which by the 16th century had consolidated all of the islands in the archipelago under centralized monarchical rule, with it's capitol at Shuri castle on the island of Okinawa).
	www.uchinanchu.org /uchinanchu/history_early.htm (1195 words)

	Music—East Asia, Ryukyuan History Summary
		Some of the plots of formal Ryukyuan drama are influenced by Noh, a traditional form of Japanese dance-drama.
		Over the centuries, Ryukyuan folk song and dance have been adapted to different circumstances and evolved into a variety of styles—religious rituals, secular entertainment, love songs, lullabies, epic poem-songs, and the like—which do not necessarily incorporate the sanshin.
		Ryukyuan classical music is still listened to and performed by a large number of people in Okinawa.
	www.bookrags.com /history/worldhistory/musiceast-asia-ryukyuan-ema-04 (388 words)

	Ryukyuans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Their languages make up the Ryukyuanlanguage family, one of the two branches of the Japonic languagefamily, the other one being Japanese and its dialects.
		The Ryukyuan islands were unified by the Ryukyuan Kingdom in the12th century.
		After World WarII, the Ryukyus were occupied by the U.S. In 1972, the Ryukyus were returned to Japan.In modern times, the Ryukyuans are experiencing a rise in nationalism, despite over a century of Japanese efforts to fullyintegrate the islands into the society of the mainland.
	www.therfcc.org /ryukyuans-144847.html (175 words)

	JPRI Occasional Paper No. 8
		In 1429, when a single Ryukyuan Kingdom was unified under Chuzan, the continuing tributary relationship with China turned out to be non-threatening as well as enriching, culturally and economically.
		The Kingdom of Ryukyu, called Liu-ch'iu in Chinese, was required to send envoys to the Ming Court, but China did not interfere in its politics and trade, as Japan did with increasing frequency starting in the early seventeenth century.
		The Meiji government had already used a massacre of Ryukyuan sailors by Taiwanese aborigines in 1871 as a diplomatic pretext to claim that Ryukyuans were "subjects of Japan" in need of protection, and it organized a punitive "expedition" to Formosa in 1873.
	www.jpri.org /publications/occasionalpapers/op8.html (5107 words)

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