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Topic: Ryukyus

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	Ryukyu Islands - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ryukyu Kingdom was once an independent kingdom occupying the island chain, from Yonaguni Island in the southwest to Amami Oshima in the north.
		Some natives of the Ryukyus claim that the central government is discriminating against the islanders by allowing so many American soldiers to be stationed on bases in Okinawa with a minimal presence on the mainland.
		The Ryukyu Islands are recognized by ecologists as a distinct subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ryukyu_Islands (512 words)

	MSU short-term exchange with University of the Ryukyus (Okinawa, Japan) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A study in the Ryukyus, far from the Japanese metropolitan center, enables students to experience the diversity and cultural richness of a society and people that are often assumed to be uniformly monocultural.
		The Ryukyus, long a meeting point of economic and political interaction between China and Japan, provides a setting ideal for understanding the interaction of regional Asian cultures, past and present.
		(3) A settling-in allowance of ¥ 25,000 upon arrival at the university of the Ryukyus.
	www.isp.msu.edu /asianstudies/studyabroad/ryudai.html (512 words)

	Operation Iceberg: Campaigning in the Ryukyus - Storming Media
		Abstract: Operation ICEBERG, the campaign for the Ryukyus and the Keramas, was the largest naval campaign conducted in the Pacific theater during World War II.
		Guadalcanal (8- 9 August 1942), Tarawa (20 November 1943), Leyte Gulf (24 October 1944), and Iwo Jima (19 February 1945), as precursors to the Ryukyus Campaign, are remembered as the major milestones enroute to final victory.
		Operation ICEBERG, the campaign for the Ryukyus and the Keramas, was the largest naval campaign conducted in the Pacific theater during World War II.
	www.stormingmedia.us /36/3688/A368843.html (505 words)

	AllRefer.com - Ryukyu Islands, Japan (Japanese Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		The Ryukyus are composed of three principal groups: they are, from north to south, the Amami Islands (part of Kagoshima prefecture), the Okinawa Islands, and the Sakishima Islands (both part of Okinawa prefecture).
		During World War II the Ryukyus were the scene of fierce fighting between U.S. and Japanese forces, with the United States winning control of the islands in 1945.
		The Ryukyus became a key salient of the U.S. Pacific defense perimeter, and major military bases were established on Okinawa.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/R/RyukyuIs.html (586 words)

	Origins of Karate-Do
		A direct frontal assault on the port of Naha, the gateway to Okinawa, failed, and it was only after a detached force of the Shimazu army circled the island and made a surprise attack on the unguarded port of Unten that the invaders were finally able to gain a foothold.
		Since the Ryukyus were a tributary state of China, there had been periods of frequent contact between them and Fukien on the mainland.
		With weapons banned, the practice of weaponless combat methods was soon shrouded in secrecy, for the Ryukyus were understandably reluctant to have it known that such things even existed.
	www.myhreweb.com /karatedo/history.html (1605 words)

	All About Okinawa-Wind of the Ryukyus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Ryukyu Wind, a re-creation of parts of Okinawa from the 14th-16th centuries, opened in October of 1992.
		The park was used as the set for a Japanese movie, "Wind of the Ryukyus," which aired on Japanese television station NHK in the first part of 1993.
		The road is made of Ryukyu limestone and coral, as it would have looked when it was first laid in the ground.
	www.jahitchcock.com /wind.html (492 words)

	Distribution of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. in the North Pacific (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Glycine tabacina occurs in Taiwan, the islands of Quemoy and Amoy just-off the coast of Fujian Province, China, opposite Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands in the North Pacific.
		The narrow-leaved forms from Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands vary in leaf type from almost digitate to distinctly pinnate, where the rachis subtending the terminal leaflet may be several millimeters in length.
		- KYO), Ishigaki Jima (Furuse 2011 - URO), Kurima Jima (Ikeda 4222, Shimabuku 2545 - URO), and Miyako Jima (Furuse 4634 - URO; Hatusima 24072 - NA; Kawakami s.n., Miyagi, Higa and Hatusima 38562, Miyagi, Nakada and Hatusima 36920, 37036 - URO) in the Ryukyus.
	www.ag.uiuc.edu /~stratsoy/ispob_db/lor_html/16.html (2036 words)

	Early History of The Ryukyu Kingdom and its Relationship with China and Japan
		In many ways, the history of the Ryukyu Kingdom previous to the Meiji Restoration provides a depiction of an island kingdom that maintained a high degree of national sovereignty that was eventually shattered by colonial domination by the Satsuma-han in the 17th century.
		From the 14th century on, the Ryukyu Kingdom developed a tributary relationship with China, which while symbolically signifying the Ryukyu Kingdom's status under China (as demonstrated in a pledge of loyalty made by the Ryukyuan King to the Chinese Emperor) basically maintained the Ryukyu Kingdom's independent status as a nation.
		To that end, the Ryukyus proved indispensable, since by practicing the deception that the Ryukyus were still an independent nation free from Japanese control, Satsuma was able to use the Ryukyus as a means in which to trade Japanese goods with China.
	www.shitokai.com /ryukyu.php (1233 words)

	Chapter II: Invasion Of The Ryukyus
		Okinawa was not assaulted again until 1945, when carrier planes raided the Ryukyu and Sakashima Islands on 3 and 4 January during a heavy attack on Formosa by the Fast Carrier Task Force.
		The primary objective of the task force was the destruction of enemy air strength on Formosa in preparation for the invasion of Luzon, and the attack on Okinawa was limited in extent because of the long distance the fighters had to fly to the target.
		The first landings in the Ryukyus were on the Kerama Islands, fifteen miles west of Okinawa.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/books/wwii/okinawa/chapter2.htm (7190 words)

	Bronfenbrenner article
		Our mission chief, a Wisconsin trained Ph.D. was to report to SCAP on why the recovery of the Ryukyus was lagging behind that of the Japanese mainland, and also on the extent to which the disinflationary perestroika of the "Dodge line" might be applied there.
		In 1958, the U.S. apparently abandoned any hope of an independent Ryukyuan economy, and put the Ryukyus on the dollar standard--still at 120 to the dollar-- abolishing the Ryukyuan monetary system as a step to closer association with the U.S. (This policy was itself reversed in 1972, when the Ryukyus were returned to Japan.
		I had what I thought was an obvious answer ready to hand: The Ryukyus should be permitted and indeed encouraged to import American consumer and investment goods, especially textiles and building materials, in view of their miserable standards of living and housing.
	www.econ.duke.edu /History/Bronfen/Ryukyus.html (1116 words)

	Politics of Uchinaa
		When the Japanese invaded Okinawa, The last King of the Ryukyus said to his people before leaving for Japan was 'Nuchi Du Takara' (Life is a Treasure).
		In 1879 the Ryukyu Kingdom was abolished and Okinawan Prefecture was established.
		The Kingdom of the Ryukyu`s had a prosperous trade with countries in Southeast Asia, China, Korea and Japan.
	home.att.net /~jf-barnes/political.html (918 words)

	Ryukyus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The first American troops to set foot in the Ryukyus were members of the 3d Battalion Landing Team, 305th Regiment, 77th Division, who landed in the Kerama Islands, fifteen miles from Okinawa at 0804 on 26 March 1945.
		The capture of the Ryukyu Islands erased any hope Japanese military leaders might have held that an invasion of the home islands could be averted.
		The Japanese formally surrendered on 2 September 1945, and the campaign Or the Ryukyus was the last major battle of World War II for the American soldier.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/brochures/ryukyus/ryukyus.htm (8305 words)

	Okinawa
		The invasion of the Ryukyus was made by troops of the U.S. Tenth Army, which had been activated on June 20, 1944 with Lt. Gen.
		The Ryukyus campaign began on March 26, 1945 with the capture of small islands near Okinawa, where forward naval bases were established.
		Capture of the Ryukyus gave Allied naval and air forces excellent bases within 700 miles of Japan proper.
	www.worldwar2history.info /Okinawa (334 words)

	Bank of the Ryukyus 50 years old - JapanUpdate.com - Okinawa News, Classifieds, Events, Culture, Forums, and more! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In 1972, when Okinawa was restored to the Japanese sovereignty, the Bank of the Ryukyus become an ordinary Japanese bank subject to local banking laws.
		With the changing times, the Bank of the Ryukyus is also looking for new ways to improve its services.
		As the liberalization of the nation's banking laws give banks more leeway to compete, the Bank of the Ryukyus is planning to offer higher interest rates for the deposits of their long-standing customers and large deposits.
	www.japanupdate.com /en?id=3954 (1270 words)

	The State News - www.statenews.com
		A large, Japanese ceramic statue donated to MSU by the University of the Ryukyus in Japan has been stolen from the entrance of the Kathleen D. and Milton E. Muelder Japanese Garden, police officials said.
		The statue, a Shi Shi, or Japanese lion-dog hybrid, is part of a pair of 40-pound statues that were located outside the Japanese Garden, which is part of the Clarence E. Lewis Landscape Arboretum on Service Road.
		In 2001, during a celebration of the 50-year relationship in Okinawa, Japan, Muelder said he showed pictures of the garden to University of Ryukyus President Moshin Morita, to which the president suggested a couple of Shi Shi would look beautiful at the entrance.
	www.statenews.com /article.phtml?pk=28104 (513 words)

	Ryukyu Islands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Ryukyu Kingdom was once an independent kingdom occupying the island chain, from YonaguniYonaguni Island in the southwest to Amami Oshima in the north.
		The Ryukyu Islands are recognized by ecologists as a distinct tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forestssubtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion.
		ITOMAN, Japan (AFP) - Still haunted by its militarist past, Japan on marked the 60th anniversary of the fall of Okinawa that signaled its defeat in World War II and left this outlying island chain out in the cold.
	www.infothis.com /find/Ryukyu_Islands (659 words)

	Bank of the Ryukyus to receive ¥40 billion fund injection - JapanUpdate.com - Okinawa News, Classifieds, Events, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Bank of the Ryukyus will receive ¥40 billion as part of the Finance Ministry’s multi-billion yen plan to inject public money to prop up shaky banks, it was announced Monday.
		Yukio Matsumoto, a representative of the Bank of the Ryukyus, said the bank intends to reduce personnel and begin a restructure program in order to place itself in a stronger and more equitable footing, which Matsumoto said the bank hopes to achieve within 10 years.
		The 4th Reggae Summer Jam, produced by the King Ryukyu Crew, great supporters of the reggae music scene on the island, will be held at the Human Stage this Friday.
	www.japanupdate.com /en?id=4947 (1051 words)

	Karate-Do, History. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Weapons Banned in the Ryukyus Until the early fifteenth century, the Ryukyus were split into three independent kingdoms - Chuzan, Nanzan, and Hokuzan.
		Origins of the Ryukyu's Unarmed Techniques Since the Ryukyus were a tributary state of China, there had been periods of frequent contact between them and Fukien on the mainland.
		The Need for Secrecy With weapons banned, the practice of weaponless combat methods was soon shrouded in secrecy, for the Ryukyus were understandably reluctant to have it known that such things even existed.
	www.lawrencetown.com /mahistory.htm (2883 words)

	Global Spartans 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A nine-person delegation from Michigan State University recently traveled to Okinawa, Japan on behalf of MSU President Peter McPherson to participate in the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the University of the Ryukyus (UR).
		The group was heartily welcomed by UR President Moshin Morita, who expressed his appreciation for MSU's "significant contribution and dedication to the development of the University of the Ryukyus." UR, now a member of the elite national university system of Japan, formally opened its doors May 22, 1950 in Shuri City.
		Numerous University of the Ryukyus students, faculty, and graduates have studied and/or taught at MSU over the years, and many of them later returned home to assume important positions at the university and in other governmental, educational, and business areas.
	www.msualum.com /globalspartans/ryukyus.html (291 words)

	A Brief History of Okinawa
		The Satsuma Clan looks into the productive capacity of the Ryukyus; divides the Amami Oshima area (the islands north of Yoron Island) from the Ryukyus: and hands down the Okite Jugo Jo (fifteen ordinances to be obeyed by all in the Ryukyus).
		As a means of keeping the Ryukyus under control, the Satsuma send a permanent administrator to Naha.
		The Meiji government abolishes the Kingdom of the Ryukyus and establishes the Ryukyu Han (feudal clan).
	www.okinawan-shorinryu.com /okinawa/history.html (2447 words)

	HyperWar: The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II: Ryukyus
		The island is dotted overall with hills, ravines, and caves--the last of natural rock and coral, providing any defender with ready-made fortifications and storehouses.
		Other propaganda tools--such as tank-mounted amplifiers, aircraft with loudspeakers, and remotely controlled radios parachuted behind enemy lines--contributed to the psychological operations effort by underlining the harsh conditions the defenders were enduring, disparaging Japanese chances for success, and promising humane treatment for those who offered no resistance to the approaching Americans.
		For those interested in the struggle for the Ryukyus, the most comprehensive treatments remain the two official histories of the campaign: Roy E. Appleman et.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/USA/USA-C-Ryukyus (8340 words)

	News@TIM: International Symposium on Tourism Industry and Human Resources Development held in Naha, Okinawa, July 19, ...
		Walter Jamieson and Director of Research George Ikeda were invited by the University of the Ryukyus to represent the School of Travel Industry Management at the International Symposium on Tourism Industry and Human Resources Development held in Naha, Okinawa on July 19, 2004.
		The University of the Ryukyus was designated by Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Arts, Science and Technology as one of two national universities in Japan to offer the Bachelor of Science degree in tourism.
		Since April, 2004, on-going discussions between the School of Travel Industry Management and the University of the Ryukyus have resulted in a cooperative partnership in which TIM will assist the University of the Ryukyus in faculty and curriculum development and participate in joint research projects of benefit to both destinations.
	newsweaver.ie /timschool/e_article000288597.cfm (329 words)

	Julie's Okinawa Page
		A map of Okinawa If you're still wondering where the heck Okinawa is and what it looks like...We lived near Nishihara and Ginowan (officially Nishihara but closer to Ginowan) at the University of the Ryukyus, right in the middle of sugar cane country.
		The University of the Ryukyus Page...and here is some information about the University of the Ryukyus, our home away from home.
		While in Japan, I was affiliated with the University of the Ryukyus as a graduate research fellow in the Department of Social Sciences.
	ucsu.colorado.edu /~jheath/okinawa.html (842 words)

	Session 89: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Korea’s first diplomatic contact with the Ryukyus came in 1389, when the king of one of the principalities which then occupied the territory we now call Okinawa sent his son to Koryo to return to Korean soil some sailors who had been captured by Japanese pilots.
		The last diplomatic exchange between those two kingdoms was in 1636, over a decade after the Kingdom of the Ryukyus had been conquered by samurai from the Japanese feudal domain of Satsuma.
		I will argue, therefore, that the diplomatic and commercial relationship between Choson Korea and the Kingdom of the Ryukyus shows that Choson Korea was a semi-state, not fully autonomous, but constantly straining to act in as autonomous a fashion as the tributary system would allow.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1998abst/korea/k89.htm (729 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		U.S. Civil Admin, Ryukyu Is. Civil Affairs Activities in the Ryukyu Islands.
		See also: "The Ryukyus Project History of the High Commissioner." MHI Oral History Topical Project II, 1975.
		Lampert, J.B. Final Report of the High Commisioner to the Ryukyu Islands, 14 May 1972.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usamhi/bibliographies/ReferenceBibliographies/Okinawa.doc (315 words)

	KERIS IN OKINAWA
		Historians believe the keris could be from either Malacca or Java as Okinawa and the its surrounding islands under the old Kingdom of Ryukyus had diplomatic and trade ties with ancient cities and ports in Asia, including Malacca, before it became a part of Japan in 1879.
		The blade measuring 22.1cm from the tip to hilt was found without the handle and sheath, as the wooden parts had been destroyed.
		Prof Dr Kurayoshi Takara a historian from the University of The Ryukyus said the discovery had not been publicised much and is unknown to people outside Okinawa and Japan.
	perso.wanadoo.fr /taman.sari/utilities/okinawa.htm (486 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News
		On Mortimer's last day in office at Bachman Hall, Moshin Morita, president of the University of the Ryukyus on Okinawa, traveled to Hawaii to confer an honorary degree to Mortimer, only the second honorary degree the university has granted and the first to an official not in Japan.
		Since 1988 the two universities have had a formal exchange agreement that allows students from both institutions to study overseas on a tuition-free basis.
		When he became UH president in 1993, Mortimer began developing UH's relationship with Ryukyus, visiting the university in 1994 to confirm policies and exchange opinions about the program between the two universities.
	starbulletin.com /2001/06/30/news/story4.html (929 words)

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